REVIEWER FOR MAS10 WRITTEN EXAMS:

When, Why, What???

Cave Art

also known as "parietal art", or occasionally "Ice Age rock art" - is a general term used to describe any kind of man-made image on the walls, ceiling or floor of a cave or rock shelter. Cave paintings are paintings found on cave walls and ceilings, and especially those of prehistoric origin, which date back to some 40,000 years ago in both Asia and Europe.

Venus of Willendorf – era, significance, material

25,000 BCE A masterpieceof prehistoric mobiliary art, One of the most famous

items of prehistoric sculpture.

The carving was discovered in 1908 by Austrian archeologist Josef Szombathy during systematic investigations of the local Gravettian settlements in lower Austria, near Krems.

The figurine is roughly 11 centimetres in height and a

maximum of 4 centimetres in width. Sculpted from yellowish limestone, tinted red by traces of ochre, the stumpy female

figure features pendulous breasts, an obese middle and belly, and pronounced buttocks. A realistic representation of a severely overweight woman. Scarcity (problem) of

food and the unlikely prevalence of overweight females.

Egyptian Pyramids

Ziggurat (“to build on a raced area”)

Mesopotamian Ziggurat at Ur, c. 2100 B.C.

Is a temple tower of the ancient Mesopotamian valley and Iran, having the form of a terraced

Ziggurats were a form of temple common to the Sumerians, Babylonians and Assyrians of ancient Mesopotamia.

Built in receding tiers upon a rectangular, oval, or square platform, the ziggurat was a pyramidal structure. Sun-baked bricks made up the core of the ziggurat with facings of fired bricks on the outside. The facings were often glazed in different colors and may have had astrological significance.

Notable examples of this structure include the Great Ziggurat of Ur and Khorsabad in Mesopotamia.

The Mesopotamian ziggurats were believed to be dwelling places for the gods. Through the ziggurat the gods could be close to mankind and each city had its own patron god.

Egyptians gods

TOP 10 FAMOUS EGYPTIAN GODS• AMUN-Ra “The Hidden One”• MUT “The Mother Goddess”• OSIRIS “The King of Living”• ANUBIS “The Divine Embalmer”• RA “The God of Sun & Radiance”• HORUS “God of Vengeance”• THOTH “God of Knowledge and Wisdom”• HATHOR “Goddess of Motherhood”• SEKHMET “Goddess of War and Healing”• GEB “God of Earth”

Ancient Mesopotamia (c.3500-300 BCE) "cradle of civilization" The ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia are the

source of the earliest surviving art; these civilizations were situated between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. Art was made from natural resources such as stone, shells, alabaster and marble, and was often created as didactic pieces. No artist signatures can be found on most of the work, because the pieces were meant to embody the subject matter, rather than the creator. Popular items that typify this time period include cylindrical seals, steles, narrative relief sculptures, and lavishly decorated tombs.

The major civilizations that flourished during the Mesopotamian time were the Sumerians - depicting war and peace (3500-2300 BC), Akkadians (2180-2340 BC), Babylonians (1792-1750 BC), Hitties (1600-1200 BC), Assyrians (1000-612 BC) and the Persians (559-331 BC).

Hellenistic SculptureHellenistic sculpture takes the naturalism of the body's form and expression to level of hyper-realism where the expression of the sculpture's face and body elicit an emotional response. The sculptures are full of pathos and drama and no longer focus on the ideal. Hellenistic era was more exciting, and typically featured more movement and stronger emotion. Hellenistic Period began around the death of Alexander

the Great

A portrait of Demosthenes by Polyeuktos from 280 BCEIndividual portraits being popular

Archaic SculptureThe earliest attempts at sculpture in the round take the form of small figures of men, gods and animals in clay or bronze. By the end of the 8th century the influence of Syria begins to be felt, in what is to become an Orientalizing Revolution in the Greek world. This leads, in the 7th century, to stone figures, standing or seated and usually less than life size, which were

used as dedications or to decorate buildings. Their form (called 'Daedalic') is broadly Syrian, with a preference for frontal figures, big heads, and rather triangular faces.

Figure support for a basin, from Olympia. About 600 BC

Classical SculpturePoses became more naturalistic, sculptors were not only creating works for temples, but also mortuary statues to show tribute to deceased loved ones. The sculptures would often show the deceased person in a relaxed pose.

Laocoon and his Sons

Sculptors: Athenodoros of Rhodes, Polydorus of Rhodes, Agesander of Rhodes

Is a monumental statue which is on display at the Museo Pio Clementino, in the Vatican Museums, Rome

It is a marble copy of a bronze sculpture Depicted the Trojan priest Laocoon and his two sons Antiphas and Thymbraeus being

killed by giant snakes from the poem Aenid by Virgil. most famous ancient sculptures ever since it was excavated in Rome in 1506 and placed

on public display in the Vatican

Etruscan sarcophagi

PantheonPantheon is the best preserved building from ancient Rome and was completed in c. 125 CE in the reign of Hadrian. Its magnificent dome is a lasting testimony to the genius of Roman architects and as the building stands virtually intact it offers a unique opportunity for the modern visitor to step back 2,000 years and experience the glory that was Rome.

Roman emperors Roman emperors were the designated ruler of Roman empire which started after the end of Roman republic: the period of ancient roman civilization that began with the end of roman kingdom. The legitimacy of an emperor’s rule was dependent upon his control of the army and the recognition by the Senate; an emperor would normally be proclaimed by his troops, or invested with imperial titles by the Senate, or both. But the Roman people regarded their emperors as equivalent of kings, even though the very first emperor Augustus the great absolutely refused to be taken as a monarch. The age of Roman Republic came to an end with the death of Julius Caesar and then Augustus marked the era of Roman empire that lasted from 27 BC to 476 AD. Throughout this period, a number of emperors ruled the Roman empire with their rules divided over a number of dynasties.

Justinian (482 AD – 14 November 565 AD) - well known for creating a unified code of laws – The Justinian Code

Aurelius (Feb 272 AD- May 337 AD) - famous emperor, who went on to become the first christian emperor in the history, was a ruler of major historical importance.

Antoninus Pius (19 September, 86 AD – 7 March, 161 AD) - The adopted son and successor of emperor Hadrian. He was one of the most peaceful ruler in the history of Roman Empire

Vespasian (November, 9 AD – 23 June 79 AD) - A famous Roman emperor, He founded the Flavian dynasty that went on to rule the Roman empire for 27 years.

Hadrian (January, 76 AD – 10 July, 138 AD) - A known admirer of Greece, he soughted to bring Greek architecture to its old glory. He rebuilt the Pantheon and constructed the temple of venus and Roma. He also built the Hadrian’s wall which marked the northern limit of Roman Britain.

Claudius ( August 10 BC – 13 October 54 AD) - His rule was seen vulnerable by the eyes of nobility and senate for they thoroughly opposed his ascend to the throne, but he got his biggest support from the military.

Tiberius (16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37 AD) - A sombre ruler who never really desired to be emperor, yet was thrusted upon with that responsibility.

Marcus Aurelius (April 121 AD – 17 March 180 AD) - a cquired the reputation of a philosopher king within his lifetime, and the title would remain after his death; both Dio and the biographer call him “the philosopher”.

Trajan ( September 53 AD – 8 August 117 AD) - empire reached its largest extent. He was remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presided over the greatest military expansion in Roman history.

Augustus ( September 63 BC – 19 August 14 AD) - he was given the name ‘Augustus’ by the senate as an honour for his great achievements. He went on to avenge the death of Caesar together with Mark Antony, before falling out with him. He defeated Mark Antony together

with the famous Egyptian queen Cleopatra and thereafter, together with the senate of Rome, created a new constitution for the great empire.

Chiaroscurofrom Italian: chiaro, “light,” and scuro, “dark”Technique employed in the visual arts to represent light and shadow as they define three-dimensional objects. Ancient Greek and Roman artists used chiaroscuro effects. Chiaroscuro became a primary technique for many painters, and by the late 17th century the term was routinely used to describe any painting, drawing, or print that depended for its effect on an extensive gradation of light and darkness. Contrapposto poseis when a figure stands with one leg holding its full weight and the other leg relaxed. This classic pose causes the figure’s hips and shoulders to rest at opposite angles, giving a slight s-curve to the entire torso.

Michelangelo’s David really is the perfect example of contrapposto in Renaissance sculpture. You can easily see why contrapposto was considered the perfect pose for the human figure—it’s a very natural, very “human” stance.

Contrapposto was actually created by the ancient Greeks in order to give their statues more “human” characteristics.

Barrel vaultAlso known as tunnel fault, simplest form of a vault, consisting of a continuous surface of semicircular or pointed sections. It resembles a barrel or tunnel which has been cut in half lengthwise

PedimentIn architecture, triangular gable forming the end of the roof slope over a portico (the area, with a roof supported by columns, leading to the entrance of a building); or a similar form used decoratively over a doorway or window. The pediment was the crowning feature of the Greek temple front. Arcade

Why Greeks and Romans do depicted their gods in human form?

Romans pioneered which architectural structures and construction materials?

IDENTIFY:

From left to right

Corinthian Column, Tuscan Column, Ionic Column, Composite Column, Doric Column

Early Middle Ages to Neo Classical

1. Characterized by a rich use of colour and figures which seem flat and stiff. The figures also tend to appear to be floating, and to have large eyes. Backgrounds tend to be solidly golden or toned. Intended as religious lessons, they were presented clearly and simply in order to be easily learned.a. Gothicb. Byzantinec. Romanesqued. Celtice. Carolingian-Ottonian

Academic Art applies to art in a well-established, often realistic, tradition, showing expert command of draughtsmanship and other techniques.

Romanesque architecture exterior show a heavy, fortress-like structure is enlivened by round arches, colonettes, and other Roman motifs.

The frescoes in the (Arena Chapel) Scrovegni Chapel in Padua

The Expulsion of JoachimJoachim amongst the shepherdsAn angel comes to Anna in prayer announcing the birth of MaryJoachim sacrifices a kid goat to the LordJoachim's dreamJoachim meets Anna at the Golden GateNativity of Mary and bathing the infantPresentation of Mary at the TempleThe bringing of the branchesPrayer for the blossoming of the branchesThe marriage of the VirginThe nuptial cortege

Expulsion of the Money-Changers from the TempleThe mission of the Annunciation to MaryThe AnnunciationVisitationThe Nativity of JesusThe Adoration of the MagiThe Presentation of Jesus at the TempleThe Flight into EgyptThe Massacre of the InnocentsThe Finding in the Temple (Jesus among the doctors)The Baptism of JesusThe Wedding at CanaThe Resurrection of LazarusChrist enters Jerusalem

Casting out the money changersJudas's Betrayal

Last JudgementThe Last SupperThe washing of the feetThe Kiss of JudasJesus before CaiaphasFlagellation of ChristThe ascent to CalvaryCrucifixionLamentation of ChristThe Resurrection of Jesus — "Noli me tangere"AscensionPentecostThe Last JudgmentAllegories of the Vices and the Virtues

Enrico Scrovegni of Padua commissioned the Chapel in Padua for what reason

Their family fortune was made through banking. At this time charging excess interest when loaning money was considered to be usury, a sin so grave that it resulted in exclusion from the Christian sacraments, and many early bankers were concerned lest their trade jeopardised their souls.[2] It has often been suggested that Enrico built the chapel in penitence for his father's sin of usury and to obtain absolution for his own.

KNOW THESE MEDIUMS:

Egg tempera

is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of coloured pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium

OilOil painting is the process of painting with pigments that are binded with a medium of drying oil.

InkInk is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design.

EncausticEncaustic is a wax based paint (composed of beeswax, resin and pigment), which is kept molten on a heated palette. It is applied to an absorbent surface and then reheated in order to fuse the paint.

AcrylicAcrylic paint is a fast-drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion. Also a water-soluble, but become water-resistant when dry.

The Birth of Venus (1480s) Tempera on canvas

Genre: History Painting Sandro Botticelli

What is genre painting?a style of painting depicting scenes from ordinary life, especially domestic situations.

Genre painting is associated particularly with 17th-century Dutch and Flemish artists.

What does “to commission an art work mean?”In art, a commission is the hiring and payment for the creation of a piece, often on behalf

of another. Artwork may be commissioned by private individuals, by the government or businesses.

Michaelangelo’s sculptures and paintings: David Bacchus Mosesthe PietàCreation of Man

What is fresco is painting? The art term Fresco (Italian for 'fresh') describes the method of painting in which colour pigments are mixed solely with water and then applied directly onto freshly laid lime-plaster ground (surface).

Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals and their features:

Flying buttresses

Groined vaulting and round arches used to span large areas

A floor plan in the shape of a cross

Tracery windows

Stained glass

Compare the naves of French Gothic churches &the naves of English Gothic churches

Students in 19th century art academies were taught to do which techniques in art?

What is the term that refers to objects that are of the highest rank and set a standard of excellence?

What painting was created in the early 1500’s depicting an “unknown” model showing the soft glow radiating from her skin achieved using the sfumato technique.

- Mona LisaBaroque art is emotional, decorative and a direct result of the Counter-Reformation movement in Europe. It is less complex, more realistic, and more emotionally affecting than Mannerist art. No visit to the Baroque period can end without at least a passing reference to this epitome of Baroque architecture. What is this architectural structure?

St. Peter’s BasilicaKNOW THE FOLLOWING:

A 19th century art movement that broke the rules of academic painting. Short, thick strokes of paint are used to quickly capture the essence of the subject, rather than its details. The paint is often applied impasto. - Impressionism

This style of painting flourished in France from 1898 to 1908. It used pure, brilliant colour, applied straight from the paint tubes in an aggressive, direct manner to create a sense of an explosion on the canvas. Their paintings shocked audiences because of the violence of their works and were then called Wild Beasts.- Fauvism

They render everyday characters, situations, dilemmas, and objects, all in a "true-to-life" manner. They tend to discard theatrical drama, lofty subjects and classical forms of art in favour of commonplace theme- Realism

It sought to express the meaning of "being alive” and emotional experience rather than physical reality. It is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an emotional effect; it is a subjective art form. It is exhibited in many art forms, including painting, literature, theatre, film, architecture, and music. The term often implies emotional angst. - Expressionism

This movement tried to meld the conscious and the unconscious, the world of dreams and fantasy along with reality so that the line between these ideas was completely blurred. Many artists of this time felt the unconscious was where the true centre of art lay, and that artists could tap into this genius by bending and softening the lines between what one's eyes see and the dream world. - Futurism

He was the leader of the Impressionists—and in fact, the movement was named after one of his paintings. He took his paints and canvases into the field to paint

directly from nature. He wanted to capture the momentary effects of color and light in his paintings. He created several series of paintings, in which he painted the same subject many times to capture the effects of sunlight and the seasons.- Claud Monet

He became one of the world's most famous artists for his expressive style of painting. Born and raised in Holland, he spent most of his adult life in France. His paintings use colours and thick brushstrokes to express moods and emotions—or as he said, "To suggest any emotion of an ardent temperament."- Vincent Van Gogh

He was afraid that modern techniques and tools were depriving art of emotion. He moved to Tahiti to create a new style that conveyed such passion. When he returned to France, critics called his paintings "savage" and "barbaric," but he was proud of such comments. He felt that only a simple, "barbaric" style would capture the unspoiled people and nature he found in Tahiti. - Paul Gaugin

He was French painter who founded a painting style called pointillism. He began painting in the style of Impressionism but soon became more interested in scientific colour theory. He is famous for using little dabs or points of pure bright colour to paint. When viewed from a distance, the eye mixes the colours together.- Georges Seurat

French painter, one of the greatest of the Postimpressionists, whose works and ideas were influential in the aesthetic development of many 20th-century artists and art movements, especially Cubism. His art, misunderstood and discredited by the public during most of his life, grew out of Impressionism and eventually challenged all the conventional values of painting in the 19th century through its insistence on personal expression and on the integrity of the painting itself. He has been called the father of modern painting. - Paul Cezanne

Henri Matisse

Marcel Duchamp

Mary Cassatt

Edvard Munch

Salvador Dali