REVIEW: UNITS 19 — 24 English II - PUCRS

REVIEW: UNITS 19 — 24English II

Unit 19

Past PerfectBefore, After, By the time, By

Affirmative:

Negative:

Question:

FormUnit 19:Past Perfect

Affirmative: SUBJECT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE VERB

Negative:

Question:



Negative: SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE VERB

Question:



Negative: SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE VERB

Question: HAD + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE VERB


Before, After, By the time, By

💀 Before, After, and By the time show the order of events:- She had left before I arrived;- After she had left, I arrived.

💀 In sentences with by the time, you must use the Past Perfect. For example: By the time I got to the party, she had already left.

Unit 19:Past Perfect

Past Perfect x Simple Past x Present Perfect

Use the PAST PERFECT to describe the earliest event:

Use the SIMPLE PAST for the second (most recent)

event:

Unit 19:Past Perfect

e.g. She had already decided on her outfit when I picked mine.

Unit 20 & 21

ArticlesThe, A/An, some, and No Article

Articles with names of places

Unit 20: ArticlesDefinite and Indefinite Articles

🎈Use the indefinite article A (or AN) to talk about

🎈Use the definite article THE to talk about


🎈Use the indefinite article A (or AN) to talk about an item of a group of similar things (first mention):

‘A clown is waving at us.’

🎈Use the definite article THE to talk about a specific noun (second mention):

‘The clown is waving at us.’


🎈Use A (or AN)with singular countable nouns.

🎈Use THE with all nouns that can be specifically identified:

- Plural countable nouns;- Singular countable nouns;- Uncountable mass nouns.


🎈Use the indefinite article ⌀ (no article) with

uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns.

🎈Use the indefinite article SOME to talk about a nonspecific number or quantity with uncountable or plural nouns.

Unit 20: ArticlesGeneral Statements with No Article

Use ⌀ (no article) to:🎃🎃🎃🎃

Unit 20: ArticlesGeneral Statements with No Article

Use ⌀ (no article) to:🎃Make general statements;

🎃talk about plural countable nouns that are not specific;

🎃Make a general statement using uncountable mass nouns;

🎃Make general statements about a whole group or category.

Unit 21: ArticlesARTICLES with names of places

No Article The

🦇 Continents;🦇 Countries;🦇 Cities;🦇 Streets and highways;🦇 Planets;🦇 Islands;🦇 Single mountains;🦇 Lakes;🦇 Parks.

🦇 Rivers;🦇 Deserts;🦇 Oceans;🦇 Seas;🦇 Mountain ranges;🦇 Groups of Islands;🦇 Groups of lakes;🦇 Most regions;🦇 Countries that are collections.

Unit 21: ArticlesARTICLES with names of institutions

No Article The

👻 Schools, hospitals, and prisons;

👻 When the place name comes before College or University.

👻 Most tourist attractions;

👻 When University of comes before the place name.

Unit 22

The Passive

Meaning & useUnit 22:The PASSIVE

Use the Passive Voice:

🎃

🎃

Example: Pumpkins are carved every year for Halloween.

Meaning & useUnit 22:The PASSIVE

Use the Passive Voice:

🎃to focus on the Result of the action (the active voice focuses on the person);

🎃when you don’t know or don’t want to tell who performed the action, or when the person is obvious.

Example: Pumpkins are carved every year for Halloween.

Including the AGENTUnit 22:The PASSIVE

You can include the agent if that information is important, such as:

🎃 when new information is added:‘The Black Cat was published in 1843, written by famous author Edgar Allan

Poe.’

🎃 with proper names or famous people:‘IT was written by Stephen King.’

🎃 when the agent’s identity is surprising or unexpected:‘This pumpkin was carved by a 7-year-old child.’

FormUnit 22:The PASSIVE

Unit 23

Phrasal Verbs

Unit 23: Phrasal VerbsForm

😈 Phrasal Verbs have two parts: a VERB + a PARTICLE. For example:

- Please PUT AWAY your Halloween costume.- You could LOOK UP some Halloween vocabulary.- Don’t forget to HAND IN your essays on the origins of

Halloween on Friday.

Unit 23: Phrasal VerbsForm

Be careful! When you use the same VERB but with a different PARTICLE, the meaning of the phrasal verb changes:

😈 ‘You should LOOK OVER your essay before you hand it in.’

Meaning you should check or examine it.

😈 ‘Please LOOK AFTER your little sister when you go trick or treating.’

You’re being asked to take care of your little sister.

Unit 23: Phrasal VerbsTypes of Phrasal Verbs

Type I: No object

★ The party will BE OVER after midnight.★ What time do you GET UP?★ I don’t usually GO OUT during the week.

Other examples: COME ON - GO AWAY - STAND UP - SIT DOWN...

Unit 23: Phrasal VerbsTypes of Phrasal Verbs

Type 2: Phrasal Verbs that take objects (separable)

★ Don’t THROW AWAY that pumpkin!★ TURN DOWN the music! It’s too loud.★ TURN UP the TV! That’s my favourite horror film.★ He LOOKED UP the words in a dictionary.★ Can you FILL IN this form?★ I want to FIND OUT about urban legends.★ PUT ON your Halloween costume! We’re going

Trick-or-Treating.★ Could you TAKE OFF your witch hat, please?

Unit 23: Phrasal VerbsSeparating Type 2 phrasal verbs

😈 When the object is a NOUN, you can:- put the object after the particle: She turned on THE TELEVISION.- put the object between the verb and the particle: She turned THE TELEVISION on.

😈 When the object is a PRONOUN, you must put the object BETWEEN the verb and the particle: She turned IT (pronoun) on.

Unit 23: Phrasal VerbsInseparable Phrasal Verbs

> I’m LOOKING AFTER my sister when we go trick-or-treating.> I’m really LOOKING FORWARD TO Halloween this year.> I’m LOOKING FOR my outfit from last year.> I don’t want to CARRY ON dressing as a witch.

With these phrasal verbs, you cannot put the object between the verb and the particle, even if the object is a pronoun;

Unit 24

Adjective ClausesAnd PARTICIPLES as Adjectives

Form and Meaning; Who vs That Unit 24:Adjective Clauses

👻 Adjective clauses give identifying information about a noun;👻 Every adjective clause contains a verb;👻 An adjective clause can describe the subject or the object of the main clause.

Example: ‘The girl who/that is dressed as a vampire is my friend.’

Which vs ThatUnit 24:Adjective Clauses

To refer to things in adjective clauses, you can use WHICH or THAT. The latter is more common in informal conversation.

‘The pumpkin which/that I carved is right next to the front door.’

Participles as Adjectives: form & meaningUnit 24:Adjective Clauses

👻 Adjective participles are formed by adding -ing or -ed to a verb.

👻 Adjectives that end with -ING usually describe the source (the thing or person that makes us feel a certain way;

👻 Adjectives that end with -ED usually describe the emotion (how we feel about something.

Participles as AdjectivesUnit 24:Adjective Clauses

‘I was FRIGHTENED when I saw the ghost.’

‘The ghost I saw was FRIGHTENING.’

Thank you

& good luck!

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REVIEW: UNITS 19 — 24 English II - PUCRS