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Review of Deammonification projects and key results
Dr. Bernhard Wett
Real world wastewater technologies
Main-stream Deammonification
Emerging technology
Side-stream Deammonification
Emerged technology
Established State of the Art
Conventional N-removal technologies
Leve
l of
inn
ova
tio
n
DEMON-features –• pH-based process control• cyclone for anammox enrichment
DEMON-implementation –More than 20 full-scale plants in Europe (A, Ger, SUI, Hu, NL, Serbia, SF,..)both municipal and industrial
Side-stream applications
Einleitung
Energy self-sufficiency
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Au
g. 0
3
No
v. 0
3
Fe
b. 0
4
Ma
y. 0
4
Au
g. 0
4
No
v. 0
4
Fe
b. 0
5
Ma
y. 0
5
Au
g. 0
5
No
v. 0
5
Fe
b. 0
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Ma
y. 0
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Au
g. 0
6
No
v. 0
6
Fe
b. 0
7
Ma
y. 0
7
Au
g. 0
7
No
v. 0
7
Wh/PE
0
25
50
75
100
125
%production [Wh/PE] consumption [Wh/PE] self-sufficiency [%]Im
ple
me
nta
tio
n D
EMO
N
Incentive - resource savings
Einleitung
Start-up DEMON Heidelberg
Heidelberg / performance test, energy savings
2005 - 2007 2009
3,9 Mio kWh 2,5 Mio kWh
320‘000 pe 270‘000 pe
12,2 kWh/(pe x a) 9,7 kWh/(pe x a)
8,5 % less total energy consumption (per pe)
applications
1 Reject water
Leachate from landfills
Biogas plants
Petrochemical Industry
Pharmaceutical
Aquaculture, fishfarming
2
3
456
Waste air treatment
Domestic sewage treatment
7
8
7
Industrial (2‘400 kg N/d; yeast)
8
Landfill leachate
9
Biogas
Aquaculture
organic load fish-tank sludge-cake
trickling-filter
screen
effluent submerged-filter
applications
1 Reject water
Leachate from landfills
Biogas plants
Petrochemical Industry
Pharmaceutical
Aquaculture, fishfarming
2
3
456
Waste air treatment
Domestic sewage treatment
7
8
12
WERF-Mainstream Deammonification Project
Objective of full-scale pilots
• Demonstration projects at Strass WWTP and Glarnerland WWTP is to demonstrate the feasibility of the deammonification concept, which is already highly successful and proven in sidestream configurations at these plants, for the mainstream process.
• Using the fundamental process kinetics and the successful control mechanisms identified for NOB repression and anammox enrichment (Blue Plains bench scale pilots), process modeling was used to help identify the full scale demonstration strategy.
• Validation and advance the Blue Plains bench scale work. Data received from the trials will be systematically analyzed by calibration of a numerical model which facilitates understanding of the project results in a generic tool.
• Ultimately this model will help the design and implementation of this innovative technology.
Mainstream Deammonification –
Basic process mechanisms
• Competition for oxygen between AOB and NOB (controlled by DO-level and aeration time and -regimen)
• Competition for nitrite between NOB and Anammox(different nitrite half saturation and temperature sensitivity)
Main process components
• AOB Bioaugmentation and NOB Repression (Activity Measurements and Ko Determination)
• Anammox Bioaugmentation and Retention Efficiency (Activity Measurements and Particle Tracking)
WERF-Project-Meeting 15th May 2012
Operational data Strass
Full-scale experiments at WWTP GlarnerlandOperational modes and -phases at the Strass pilot
0.00mg/L0.15-0.20 0.50-0.55 0.14mg/L
0.01mg/L
0.30-0.400.40-500.10mg/L0.01mg/L 0.00mg/L
Hydro-cyclonesPurpose – to seperate flocs (mainly AOB) and granules (mainly AMX) in order to select for different SRTs
Cyclone sizing and configuration
Medium size Q=10m3/h per cyclone
Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland
Cyclon for selective SRT
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
NH4-N NO3-N NO2-N
N-c
on
cen
trat
ion
(mgN
/L)
time (min)
cyclone under-flow (recycled) and overflow (wasted)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
NH4-N NO3-N NO2-N
N-c
on
cen
trat
ion
(mgN
/L)
time (min)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Dis
solv
ed O
xyge
n ( m
g/l)
Time (days)
Data
Model
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Rate
DO
Monod saturation
measured rate
Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
Dis
solv
ed O
xyge
n ( m
g/l)
Time (days)
Data
Model
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Rate
DO
Monod saturation
measured rate
Spread-sheet models for systematic analyses of declining DO-tests
Calibration of maximum growth-rates (linear range of depletion profile) and DO half saturation coefficients (curvature of profiles)
Image analyses based on particle size calculation color filtration
Allows particle number counts, prticle size distribution and estimation of total volume or mass of anammox granules, respectively
Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland
Daily nitrogen effluent concentration with nitrite level indicating the two most successful operation modes for NOB-repression (SND-type
low DO and MLE-type high DO)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
17-May-11 6-Jul-11 25-Aug-11 14-Oct-11 3-Dec-11 22-Jan-12 12-Mar-12 1-May-12 20-Jun-12
NH4-N effluent [mg/l] NO3-N effluent [mg/l] NO2-N effluent [mg/l]
Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland
Comparison of this year’s and last year’s operational data of the full-scale pilot Strass indicating advanced NOB-repression (typically high nitrate level at Christmas peak-load; similar temperature conditions of ca. 10°C , load conditions and ammonia effluent concentrations of ca. 2-5 mgN/L for both years)
Total SRT
0
5
10
15
20
25
1-Dec 21-Dec 10-Jan 30-Jan 19-Feb 10-Mar 30-Mar 19-Apr 9-May 29-May
2010/2011 NO3-N effluent 2010/2011 NO2-N effluent 2011/2012 NO3-N effluent 2011/2012 NO2-N effluent
nit
roge
n c
on
cent
rati
on
(mg
N/L
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1-Dec 21-Dec 10-Jan 30-Jan 19-Feb 10-Mar 30-Mar 19-Apr 9-May 29-May
2010/2011 NH4-N influent 2010/2011 NH4-N effluent 2011/2012 NH4-N influent 2011/2012 NH4-N effluent
nitr
ogen
con
cent
ratio
n (m
g N
/L)
Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland
Plant loading profiles (PE) and MLSS (TSS).
SVI-profiles (ml/g) and temperature (°C)
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
1-Dec 21-Dec 10-Jan 30-Jan 19-Feb 10-Mar 30-Mar 19-Apr 9-May 29-May
2010/2011 loading PE 2011/2012 loading PEP
E (
60
gB
OD
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1-Dec 21-Dec 10-Jan 30-Jan 19-Feb 10-Mar 30-Mar 19-Apr 9-May 29-May
2010/2011 temperature 2011/2012 temperature
tem
pe
ratu
re (°
C)
Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland
Specific energy demand for nitrogen removal
The last samples
show ammonia
removal during
anaerobic activity
test (anammox
activity)
Only 25% of produced NOx from ammonia oxidation is converted to nitrate during aerobic activity test of the last sample
Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland
Comparison of maximum growth rates (left) and DO half saturation ko(right) of total nitrifiers (AOB+NOB) and NOB only calculated from
measured DO depletion profiles of mainstream mixed liquor samples at 20°C and 30°C
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
PN6 PN7 PN9 PN12
ko(20°C) ko(30°C) ko(NOB,20°C) ko(NOB, 30°C)
Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland
Evolution of the anammox biomass in the mainstream (B) from sampling one to twelve - distribution of granule size fraction.
Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland
Abundance of granules mL-1 and estimated granule volume mL-1
Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland
Evolution of the anammox biomass of the mainstream cyclone underflow fraction (B-UF) from sampling one to twelve; distribution of granule size fraction (left); abundance of granules mL-1 (middle) and
estimated granule volume mL-1 (right)
Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland
Comparison of sidestream (PW) TSS and total granule volume in PW-samples over the sampling period
Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland
Impact of intensive bioaugmentation out of the DEMON-reactor on its treatment performance
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100NH4-removal efficiency (%) N-removal efficiency (%)
2011 averageNH4-removal 96%N-removal 90%
2010 averageNH4-removal 95%N-removal 88%
Denaturing gradient gel of amplified Anammox 16S DNA gene fragments of all B-samples (12 samplings at WWTP Strass) combined
with PW-samples of three samplings (sampling 1, 6 and 12); M…Marker, P…PW-samples, numbers indicate the sampling time.
Preliminary resultsGHG-emissions (NO and N2O as intermediate products in N-removal) one week campaign for measuring GHG emissions (N2O, NO, NO2, CH4, CO2) in order to compare carbon footprint before and after modifications in operation and to understand process implications on the gas phase
Raw wwater
A stage N anox1 Naer2 Effluent
Cake
Digester 1 Digester 2
SBR anoxLeachate
N aer1 N anox2
SBR aer
Si to Ss Denite
Metal addition
Model configuration of the original MLE-scheme (pre-denitrification tank represents 50% of volume; object of internal recirculation stream)
Model configuration of the new SND-scheme (aerated and anoxic zones are represented by 2 CSTR each; low DO operation)
Successful process operation and NOB repression depends on 2 parameters:
• Competition between AOB and NOB for oxygen expressed by ko (here the same ko of 0.25 mgDO/L assumed)• Competition between Anammox and NOB for nitrite expressed by ks (default for Anammox ks=1.0 NO2-N/L; for NOB ks=0.1)
process conditions & parameters AOB NOB Anammox NH4-N NO3-N NO2-N
DOmax=0.35; ko=0.25; ks(NOB)=0.1; µmax(Anammox=0.1) 40 21 35 2.6 3.9 0.61
DOmax=0.40; ko=0.25; ks(NOB)=0.1; µmax(Anammox=0.1) 42 26 34 1.9 7.4 0.39
DOmax=0.35; ko=0.25; ks(NOB)=0.1; µmax(Anammox=0.0) 42 27 30 2.9 6.9 0.72
DOmax=0.35; ko=0.25; ks(NOB)=0.5; µmax(Anammox=0.1) 39 17 36 2.5 2.1 0.58
biomass (mgCOD/L) nitrogen (mgN/L)
DEMON172 kg
B-stage360 kg
cyclone29.7 kg/d
WAS4.6 kg/d
seeding9.4 kg/d
effluent0.7 kg/d
Anammox mass-balanceunit (kg biomass COD)
AOB mass-balance
NOB mass-balance
DEMON78 kg
B-stage422 kg
cyclone2.0 kg/d
WAS38.3 kg/d
seeding4.3 kg/d
effluent0.9 kg/d
DEMON0.01 kg
B-stage225 kg
cyclone1.1 kg/d
WAS20.4 kg/d
seeding0.0 kg/d
effluent0.5 kg/d
Full-scale experiments at WWTP Glarnerland
Overlap in Findings Bench-scale vs. Full-scale
Operation mode and aeration regime
• Bench-scale reactor A (intermittent aeration) was more successful in NOB-repression and anammox enrichment compared to the continuously aerated control.
• During the full-scale testing, the intermittent aeration pattern (either along the flow-path or the time axis) creating transient anoxic conditions was found more effective for repressing NOBs.
• ko of NOB can adapt to low DO-conditions, therefore low-DO operation is not successful.
Full-scale experiments at WWTP GlarnerlandProcess engineering fairy-tales
Once upon a time there were
nitrification and denitrification.....