Review from last classReview from last class

• What are some of the new features of What are some of the new features of the classical style (as compared to the classical style (as compared to Baroque)Baroque)

• What is a sonata cycle?What is a sonata cycle?• What are its main parts?What are its main parts?• Four movements 1. Fast sonata-allegro Four movements 1. Fast sonata-allegro

form, 2. Slow, 3. Minuet-trioform, 2. Slow, 3. Minuet-trio• 4. Fast, sonata or rondo4. Fast, sonata or rondo

Review from last classReview from last class

• What is sonata-Allegro form?What is sonata-Allegro form?• Define exposition, development, and Define exposition, development, and

recapitulationrecapitulation• What is Rondo form?What is Rondo form?• ABACAABACA

The Classical OrchestraThe Classical Orchestra

• Instrumentation...Instrumentation...• Central body of stringsCentral body of strings• Small group of woodwinds (2 each)Small group of woodwinds (2 each)• Trumpets and drums for special Trumpets and drums for special

occasionsoccasions• No trombones, tuba, etc.No trombones, tuba, etc.

Joseph Haydn (1732-Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)1809)

• lost his voice -- and his choral lost his voice -- and his choral position at sixteenposition at sixteen

• Followed teaching, freelancingFollowed teaching, freelancing• Then service of the Esterhazy- Then service of the Esterhazy-

Hungarian princesHungarian princes• Haydn had huge duties, but Haydn had huge duties, but

special opportunities to special opportunities to experimentexperiment

Haydn’s WorksHaydn’s Works

• chamber musicchamber music• operaopera• vocal music (masses & vocal music (masses &

oratorios - in Handelian oratorios - in Handelian tradition)tradition)

• over 100 symphoniesover 100 symphonies

Haydn’s Symphony Haydn’s Symphony 9494

• One of 12 written for special One of 12 written for special tours in Londontours in London

• Called the “Surprise” (LG 28)Called the “Surprise” (LG 28)• 2nd movement2nd movement

• form-- combines theme & variations with ternary ABA form

• Loud timpani crash is the surprise

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

• Known as a transitional figure from Known as a transitional figure from Classical to Romantic periodsClassical to Romantic periods

• Born in Bonn, GermanyBorn in Bonn, Germany• Influenced by ideals of Enlightenment…Influenced by ideals of Enlightenment…• FreedomFreedom• Individual rightsIndividual rights• Equality, brotherhoodEquality, brotherhood

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

• Patronage system was decliningPatronage system was declining• One of the first to successfully make One of the first to successfully make

it as a freelance musicianit as a freelance musician• Had wealthy patrons who paid him a Had wealthy patrons who paid him a

stipend….stipend….• But no full-time positionBut no full-time position

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

• Started to go deaf around 1800Started to go deaf around 1800• This personal crisis lead to changes in This personal crisis lead to changes in

his music.his music.• Heligenstadt Testament…Heligenstadt Testament…• Beethoven comments on his personal Beethoven comments on his personal

crisis and the role of art in saving himcrisis and the role of art in saving him• These ideas look forward to the These ideas look forward to the

Romantic eraRomantic era

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

• Three compositional periods…Three compositional periods…• First period: based on style of Haydn First period: based on style of Haydn

and Mozartand Mozart• Second period: expands these Second period: expands these

traditional forms (eg. longer traditional forms (eg. longer development sections)development sections)

• Third period: transcendent, defies a Third period: transcendent, defies a concise descriptionconcise description

Beethoven’s 5th Beethoven’s 5th

• MovementsMovements• 1. Sonata (4-note motive)1. Sonata (4-note motive)• 2. Theme and variations (4-note 2. Theme and variations (4-note

motive)motive)• 3. Scherzo (4-note motive) (same 3. Scherzo (4-note motive) (same

form as Minuet) …form as Minuet) …• NO BREAK - 4. Sonata-allegro NO BREAK - 4. Sonata-allegro

form (4 note motive) (with 3rd form (4 note motive) (with 3rd movt. coming back). movt. coming back).

Beethoven’s 5thBeethoven’s 5th

• Motive Short-short-short-LONGMotive Short-short-short-LONG• This motive of three shorts and a This motive of three shorts and a

long returns in each movement, long returns in each movement, making it CYCLIC.making it CYCLIC.

• We will focus on the first movement We will focus on the first movement and third movement (starting at CD 4 and third movement (starting at CD 4 track 35 and CD 4 track 48)track 35 and CD 4 track 48)

Beethoven’s 5thBeethoven’s 5th

• Listening to the first movement...Listening to the first movement...

• Listen for the many different versions Listen for the many different versions of this motive.of this motive.

• Occurs in accompaniment, reverse Occurs in accompaniment, reverse melodic direction, variation, etc.melodic direction, variation, etc.

Beethoven’s 5thBeethoven’s 5th

• Listening to the first movement…Listening to the first movement…• First theme (based on that 4-note First theme (based on that 4-note

motive)motive)• Second themeSecond theme• Long development section Long development section

(Compared to Mozart) based on (Compared to Mozart) based on first themefirst theme

• RecapitulationRecapitulation

Beethoven’s 5thBeethoven’s 5th

• Third movement is a SCHERZO...Third movement is a SCHERZO...• a substitute for the minuet in the classical a substitute for the minuet in the classical

symphonysymphony• Means “joke”Means “joke”• Characterized by abrupt changes in moodCharacterized by abrupt changes in mood• Triple meter, rhythmically drivingTriple meter, rhythmically driving• Like the minuet, as a trio section in the Like the minuet, as a trio section in the

middle, making it ABA formmiddle, making it ABA form

Beethoven’s 5thBeethoven’s 5th

• Second movementSecond movement• Theme and variation form. With two Theme and variation form. With two

different themesdifferent themes• Theme 2 used the 4-note motiveTheme 2 used the 4-note motive• Listen for the variation formListen for the variation form

Classical Concerto vs. Classical Concerto vs. BaroqueBaroque

• emphasis shifts to solo (1 solo) emphasis shifts to solo (1 solo) vs. orchestravs. orchestra

• more integration of orchestra more integration of orchestra and soloand solo

• Has three movements, fast-Has three movements, fast-slow-fast slow-fast

• featuring a cadenza …featuring a cadenza …

Mozart Piano Mozart Piano ConcertosConcertos

•most were written for himself or his sister Nannerl

•As a vehicle for self-promotion• 3 movements (rather than 4 of 3 movements (rather than 4 of

typical sonata-cycle)typical sonata-cycle)• Sonata/Concerto, Slow movt, Sonata/Concerto, Slow movt,

RondoRondo