REVIEW FOR THE

SPRING MIDTERM

EXAM

INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and

answer each question in the packet; the slide numbers

are listed for each question

All three empires were able to conquer neighboring people by forming strong armies

that used rifles and artillery

The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires were known as the “Gunpowder Empires”

All three empires

were Islamic and ruled by

Muslim leaders

Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent’s

greatest accomplishment was establishing a stable government for the

Ottoman Empire through the law code he created

Babur began the Mughal Empire in what is now India and Pakistan; his grandson Akbar became the

Mughals’ greatest ruler; Akbar was a Muslim ruling over an empire made up mostly of Hindus

The greatest example of the Mughal Empire’s architecture is the Taj Mahal, which was built in 1631

In 1644, northern

invaders called the Manchus

conquered China and

created the second foreign

dynasty in Chinese

history, the Qing Dynasty

Qing Dynasty (1644 CE to 1911 CE)

The introduction of new American crops like corn and sweet

potatoes led to a dramatic increase in

the Chinese population

The sharp rise in the number of Chinese

peasants would lead to intense

competition for land and violent

rebellions when poverty grew

The second challenge to Qing China was the arrival of European missionaries and merchants in Asia who

were eager to gain access into China

Europeans arrived with superior military technology, demanded that China trade with them, and refused to

accept Chinese customs

Japanese Feudalism Farmers traded land to strong

warlords called daimyo, who

offered protection in

exchange for land Daimyo actually had

more power than the emperor and were

served by loyal warriors called samurai The emperor held the highest rank, but had

little real power

Tokugawa Ieyasu

During the time of Tokugawa’s rule, the

actual power was held by the shogun, not the

emperor

Tokugawa was the shogun who

completed the unification of Japan; he moved the capital

city to Edo and created a line of successors who would rule for another 250 years

Nagasaki Bay

Japan

Deshima

Dutch shipsJapan’s policy with foreigners was one of

isolationism: the Japanese port at Deshima in Nagasaki Bay remained open, but ONLY to

Dutch and Chinese merchants

During the Scientific Revolution, scholars applied logic and reason; this inspired the Enlightenment thinkers to also use

logic and reason as they came up with new ideas about economics and government

John Locke said that the purpose of government was to protect citizens’

natural rights

Locke believed that people are born with

natural rights: rights to life, liberty, and property

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment

Capitalism is an economic model based on private ownership of property and the

goal is to make profits

“Laissez-faire” (“hands off”) is the idea that the economy thrives

when there is minimal government

involvement in the economy and business

Adam Smith thought the best type of economy

was capitalism

The Swiss philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed in individual

freedom

Rousseau believed that people are naturally good,

but too much power corrupts them

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment

Much like Montesquieu and Locke, Rousseau was in

favor of governments with limited power

To pay off war debts, Britain created a series of new taxes (such as the Stamp Act) for the

American colonists

The colonists were upset that the Parliament in

England would pass laws and taxes without the

colonists’ approval

The American colonists’ slogan became: “No taxation without representation”, which meant that colonists believed that they should be able to

vote on taxes and laws that affected them

The unfairness of taxation without representation would be the main reason the American colonists

broke away from England in 1776

Latin Americans were inspired to

gain independence because of the success of the American and

French Revolutions

Also, the ideas of the Enlightenment inspired desire for independence in Latin American

countries

Enlightenment ideas were used in the American,

French, and Mexican

Revolutions

After each, revolution, a democratic government was started

In 1791, Haitian slaves rose in revolt against their French

rulers; Toussaint L’Ouverture became the

leader of the slave uprising and

helped free all the slaves by 1801

From 1811 to 1824, Venezuelan

creole Simon Bolivar led an

army of revolutionaries in the independence

movement against Spain

Argentinean creole San

Martín led the independence movement in

southern South America

In order rule France more effectively,

Napoleon created a comprehensive set of

laws called the Napoleonic Code

He also improved France’s tax system and

public education

After the fall of Napoleon in 1815, European leaders met at the Congress of

Vienna to restore monarchies and create a balance of power in Europe

From 1793 to 1794, any French citizens who were accused of being

disloyal to the new republic were

executed

Robespierre executed 30,000 “traitors” during an era known as

the Reign of Terror (until he, too, was

executed)

Absolute monarchs like Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia made all government

decisions without the consent of their people; they never listened to demands of their citizens

GARIBALDI: UNIFIER OF ITALY

Garibaldi, who always wore a red shirt in battle, named his

forces the “Redshirts”

Giuseppe Garibaldi wanted a unified Italy under a republic style

of government

BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY

Otto von Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia in the 1860s

Bismarck’s goal was the unification of the German

states under the leadership of Prussia

WHAT IS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

“The Industrial Revolution” refers to the time period when there was a huge increase of machine-made

goods, which replaced work done by hand

The Industrial Revolution led to (1) lower costs of producing goods, (2) mass production of goods,

increased profits, (3) movement of people to cities, and (4) more people working low-skilled factory jobs

Like socialists, communists want equality in society,

but want to get it in a different way: Marx which predicted a war between the

“haves” and “have nots”, where the

workers would rise up and overthrow the

privileged class

In 1765, James Watt invented the first steam engine

Steam engines produced more power and allowed factories to be built in cities near workers

Henry Bessemer invented a cheap

process for making steel

(which is stronger than iron)

STEEL-MAKING PROCESS

IMPERIALISM is the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country. The stronger country dominates weaker countries politically, economically, and socially. The reason: the stronger country gains power with the money it makes from using the weaker country.

MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM

ECONOMIC

Economic motives included (1) the desire to make money, (2) to expand and control foreign trade, (3) to create new markets for products, and (4) to acquire raw materials and cheap labor (this was the main reason for European imperialism in Africa)

In 1884, 14 European nations met at the

Congress of Berlin to “set the rules” for colonizing in Africa

The main agreement: any nation could claim land in

Africa by notifying the other nations and showing

it could control the areaNo African nations were invited to attend

Among all of Britain’s colonies, the most valuable was India (which they called “The Jewel in the

Crown of the British Empire”)

India had this nickname because it produced so many

profitable cash-crops (such as tea, cotton, coffee, and opium)

The Sepoy MutinyIn 1857, Sepoys refused to use new

ammunition cartridges greased with pork/beef fat

The tops of the new type of cartridges needed to be bitten off before they could be loaded into

the new guns The sepoys were either Muslim or

Hindu; the cow is sacred to Hindus and pork is forbidden to Muslims

The anger over their religions being offended led to the Sepoys

and then all of India rebelling against the British

In 1900, frustrated Chinese led the Boxer Rebellion to expel foreigners from China; it was defeated

The growth of foreign influence, poverty among peasants, and Christianity upset many Chinese

The British refused to end the opium trade and China declared war on Britain

Britain used its modern navy to easily win the Opium Wars, which resulted in even more

Western trade and influence in Asia

AMERICAN SHIPS vs. JAPANESE BOATS

“Hey, Japan. Trade with us… or else!”

Japanese officials realized they were

overmatched by U.S. naval ships, so their

immediate action was to open up ports to trade with the U.S.

In an effort to end spheres of influence in China, USA proposed an Open Door Policy in China, so merchants from all nations could trade freely in all Chinese ports

End of the feudal system

LandRedistribution

Human Rights & ReligiousFreedom

Build aModern Navy

(Britain)

Public schools(Germany, USA,

& France)

Modernize the Army

(Germany)

EmperorWorship

Intensified

WrittenConstitution(Germany)

Modernbanking system Meiji

Reforms

The United States was also a major imperial power in the world; the U.S. was the “police power” in the

Western Hemisphere and controlled the Panama Canal

The U.S. also had a lot of influence in Asia and the Pacific: controlling the Philippines, overthrowing Queen Liliuokalani

and annexing Hawaii, and taking over many other islands

This cartoon shows how the complicated system of alliances between the competing nations in Europe

created tensions that led to World War I

The spark that ignited World War I was the

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a

Serbian nationalist

named Gavrilo Princip

Nations committed to TOTAL WAR to win World War I(1) Factories were converted to make

war equipment (2) Resources were rationed (limited) in

order to prioritize military needs

(3) Propaganda was created to generate support for the war(4) People were drafted into military service

When War Breaks Out, Names and Alliances Change

ALLIED POWERS (formerly the Triple Entente)

CENTRAL POWERS (formerly the Triple Alliance)

BRITAIN

FRANCE

RUSSIA

GERMANY

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

ITALY

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

“What a bloodbath. Hell cannot be this dreadful.”-a French soldier at the Battle of Verdun, 1916

Germany planned to “bleed France to death” by attacking Verdun. When the battle was over, a million soldiers were dead with no clear winner

Here is a French fort before the attack… and after.

German submarine attacks on passenger ships played a role in bringing the United

States into World War I

CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: By early 1917, citizens were rioting across Russia, blaming the

Romanov czar for Russia’s terrible losses in World War I and for food and fuel shortages

Vladimir Lenin’s message of

“peace, land, and bread” helped him gain popularity among the

Russian people

Inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx and his

“Communist Manifesto”, Vladimir Lenin led the

Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution of

1917

WILSON’S 14 POINTS

Woodrow Wilson’s outline for world peace were the “14 Points”: the most important Point was the creation of a

League of Nations to promote peace

The Bolsheviks were victorious in the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War

Lenin and the Bolsheviks transformed Russia into a Communist nation called the Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin used a secret police and the Great Purge to eliminate political opponents

Stalin’s Five Year Plans and collective farms improved the Soviet Union’s industrial and

agricultural output, but at great cost in Russian lives

This chart shows the effect of Stalin’s “Five Year Plans”: production in key industries increased

Spain

Russia

France

Italy

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Great Britain

Turkey/Ottoman Empire

SerbiaBulgaria

Greece

Sicily

Denmark

Belgium

Netherlands

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

ATLANTIC OCEAN

NORTH SEA

BLACK SEARomania

Portugal

Switzerland

Norway

Sweden

Albania

Montenegro

IrelandBALTIC SEA

Luxembourg

Spain

France

U.S.S.R.

Italy

Finland

Germany

Greece

Great Britain

Yugoslavia

Estonia

Poland

Turkey

Sicily

Switz. Austria

Czechoslovakia

Bulgaria

Latvia

RomaniaHungary

Norway

Portugal

Ireland

North Ireland

LithuaniaDenmark

Sweden

Netherlands

LuxBelgium

Danzig

East Prussia

Albania

NORTH SEA

BALTIC SEA

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

BLACK SEA

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Most of the changes in the map were caused by land taken from defeated empires being formed

into new countries

On June 28, 1919, Germany and the major Allied Powers signed the Treaty of Versailles, ending World War I: Germany was forced to accept blame

for the war and pay reparations

YOU WILL NOT PASS THE MIDTERM EXAM WITH LACK OF WORK AND LAZINESS, BUT

THROUGH

BLOOD AND IRON!

AND ALSO BY ANSWERING ALL OF

THE QUESTIONS IN THIS REVIEW, OF COURSE.