REVIEW FOR THE FALL SEMESTER FINAL

EXAM

INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in

the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question

REVIEW FOR THE FALL SEMESTER FINAL

EXAM

Neolithic Revolution The Neolithic Revolution is when humans learned how to farm; farming

changed the way humans lived:People no longer had to be

roaming nomads and became farmers

People domesticated animals and established

villages

Farming villages became established along river valleys; the rivers offered good soil, irrigation,

and sources of drinking water

In Mesopotamia (and other civilizations, like Egypt) being located in a river valley provided rich soil ideal for farming

LASTING CONTRIBUTIONSGOVERNMENT:

Babylonian King Hammurabi created the first written code of law

Hammurabi’s Code had 282 laws based on justice and retaliation (for example: “an eye for an eye”)

LASTING CONTRIBUTIONSGovernment:

If it was decided a Chinese leader lost the Mandate of Heaven, overthrowing him and starting a new dynasty could be justified

Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) taught that people can achieve Nirvana by following the “Four Noble Truths”; this

is the most significant teaching of Buddhism

LASTING CONTRIBUTIONSAncient Egypt had a hierarchy of

specialized workers; the “pharaoh” is the Egyptian king

LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS

In Han China, the teachings of the philosopher Confucius had great influence on their society

Confucianism focused on filial piety (respect for elders)

For a bureaucrat to get a government job, he would have to pass a civil service exam based on Confucius’ teachings

When ruling their empire, the Persians were tolerant of conquered people’s cultures, built an extensive road system, and used standardized coins to promote business and trade

PERSIA’S ORGANIZED EMPIRE

Mountains covered about 75% of Greece; these barriers divided the Greek people into

separate mountain valleys; this led to the development of independent city-states

The Hindu religion used the “caste

system”, which ranked people according to

social status

The society of Sparta focused on military

strength, not freedom, art, and

learning (like Athens)

Ancient Greece is considered a

“classical civilization”

because Greek culture contributed to philosophy, art,

entertainment, literature,

architecture, science, education,

and democracy

Alexander the Great’s main legacy was not his empire-building; the most significant effect of his conquests was

spreading Hellenistic civilization (a blend of Greek, Persian, and Egyptian culture) throughout his empire

ROME: AN EMPIRE OF INNOVATIONRome’s location on the

Mediterranean Sea allowed for trade and cultural diffusion

(blending of cultures) with other people, especially the Greeks

Through the cultural diffusion, the Romans were able to borrow the best ideas from other civilizations (especially

the Greeks) and improve upon them

The Government of Ancient Rome

A republic is a form of

government in which citizens

have the right to elect their

leaders (Senators)

THE PAX ROMANA

Pax Romana

Julius’ assassination led to the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Roman Empire

Julius Caesar was assassinated by senators who feared his power; Julius’ death led to Augustus Caesar taking

revenge, then becoming Rome’s first emperor

CHRISTIANITY BECOMES RECOGNIZED

Christianity spread throughout the Roman

Empire and gained popularity

Emperor Constantine made Christianity

legal, which shifted Rome away from its polytheistic religion

Attempts To Reform The Roman EmpireEMPEROR DIOCLETIAN

Diocletian’s most important reform was dividing the Roman Empire into two parts: the Eastern Empire and

the Western Empire; he did this to make controlling the enormous empire easier

BELIEFS OF ISLAM

Islam is monotheistic,

worshipping only one God (the same God of Judaism and Christianity)

Muslims believe in the Five Pillars of Islam:

Faith: belief in one God, Allah, and the Prophet MuhammadPrayer: 5 times per day towards Mecca Alms: 2.5% to charityFasting: During the month of RamadanHajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca

FIVE PILLARS

The Sunni-Shi’a SplitBefore the Umayyads, caliphs were

elected members of Muhammad’s familyShi’a Muslims

rejected the rule of the Umayyads

The Shi’a believe that caliphs must

come directly from Muhammad’s

bloodline

Sunni Muslims accepted the rule of

the UmayyadsThe Sunni believe

that caliphs should follow Muhammad’s example, but do not have to be relatives

Medicine

Muslims of the Islamic Empire established the

world’s first hospitals and based their

medical knowledge on

that of Mesopotamia,

Egypt, and Greece

Ibn Sina created and developed medical encyclopedias

Islamic Empire and Gupta Empire

Wealth from trade led to

“golden ages” for the Islamic and

Gupta Empires, a time of great

achievements in science,

mathematics, medicine, and architecture

EAST AFRICA

Muslim merchants brought their

religion with them to East Africa

Islam was introduced to

the East African trade cities

AFRICAN RELIGION CHANGES

When Islam was introduced, the Animist religions and Islam were blended; however, many Africans chose to

keep their traditional Animistic beliefs

WEST AFRICA: GHANA

The gold-salt trade led to increased wealth in West Africa and the formation

of empires

A West African kingdom, Ghana, amassed vast

wealth by taxing merchants

WEST AFRICA: MALI

A kingdom neighboring Ghana, Mali, eventually overthrew Ghana and

absorbed its territory into the new Mali Empire

The gold-salt trade led to increased wealth in West Africa and the formation

of empires

University in Timbuktu

For example, Timbuktu became a trade city that

attracted scholars, religious leaders, and doctors

Because of his pilgrimage to Mecca, Mansa Musa expanded Islamic learning and culture in Mali

The Eastern Roman Empire, now known as the Byzantine Empire, not only remained together but

survived for nearly a thousand more years

When the Roman Empire split in two, the Western side was taken over by the Germanic tribes, while the

Eastern side stayed strong

The Justinian CodeTo oversee his empire, Justinian ordered legal experts to consolidate

Roman laws into a single law code

It was called the “Justinian Code” and

served as the legal basis for criminal justice, marriage, property,

slavery, and women’s rights

The Code would serve as the model for Europe’s

legal systems

Culture of the Byzantine Empire

The Hagia Sophia (which means “Holy Wisdom” in Greek) was originally a Christian church; it remains the greatest example of Byzantine architecture, which was influenced

by Roman-style domes and arches

Disagreements over the use of religious icons during

prayer and who should hold authority over the Church led

to a division in Christianity

The Great Schism (split) occurred in

1054 CE

The Byzantines

From contact with the

Byzantine Empire, the

early Russians gained the

Cyrillic alphabet, the Orthodox religion, and

different styles of art and

architecture BYZANTINES

RUSSIA

Feudalism is a system in

which land is given to

knights by lords in

exchange for military

service and loyalty

After the fall of the Roman Empire, a new political and social system called feudalism developed

The Role of the Medieval ChurchRoman Catholicism was the dominant religion in Western Europe during the

Middle Ages The Catholic Church

gave people a sense of security and the goal of reaching Heaven; the Catholic Church provided unity and stability in Western Europe during the

Middle Ages

Charlemagne was the greatest Medieval

king because he did something no other Medieval king was

able to do: create an organized empire

One of Charlemagne’s greatest legacies was spreading Christianity throughout Western

Europe

Effects of the CrusadesA long-term result of the Crusades was the growth

of cultural exchanges between Europe and the

Middle East

They increased desires for luxury goods like silk,

cotton, sugar, and spices

They introduced technologies like compass,

astrolabe, ship designs, and gunpowder

They introduced ideas like Arabic numbers, chemistry,

algebra, and telescopes

Aztecs worshipped many gods,

especially the sun god; they made

thousands of human sacrifices each year

to the sun god

The demise of the Aztecs and Incas came when the Spanish conquistadors arrived in America

and conquered the two empires

This era of stability was called “Pax Mongolica”, which means “Mongol Peace”

Because of the safety of Pax Mongolica, there was enormous increase in trade between Asia and Europe

through the Silk Road

Equally intelligent and vicious, Genghis Khan would lead the

creation of the Mongol Empire, the largest land empire in human history

From 1200 to 1206, Genghis Khan

(“Universal Ruler”) united all of the

Mongol clans under his rule

MARCO POLO’S TRAVELS

Marco Polo traveled throughout Asia and Europe, making a written record

that would later increase Europe’s interest in Asian luxury goods

The voyages led by Chinese admiral Zheng He led to the Chinese coming into contact with people from

numerous other cultures

CHINESE INNOVATIONS CHINESE INNOVATIONS

1. Mechanical clock 6. Chinese writing

2. Magnetic compass 7. Ship building

3. Gunpowder 8. Vaccinations

4. Printing press 9. Silk weaving

5. Paper money 10 Porcelain

CHINESE INNOVATIONS DURING THE TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES

During the Renaissance, humanists emphasized the importance of human potential and achievement

Michelangelo’s sculpture,“David”,

is considered a masterpiece; he is perhaps most well-

known for the painting of the ceiling of the

Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo

Greek Renaissance

Ancient Greek art and Renaissance art both emphasized realism and perfecting the human form

Italian city-states became centers of learning and trade

The most important Italian city-state was Florence; in this wealthy trade city, the Renaissance began

Dismayed at the corruption of the

Catholic Church he served, Erasmus

wrote “In Praise of Folly”, which sharply criticized the abuses

of Church leaders and called for reform of the

Catholic ChurchErasmus’ writings paved the way for

the Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther strongly disagreed with the Church’s selling of

indulgences, which he saw as false salvation

Martin Luther

Martin Luther’s actions led to the Protestant Reformation, which was a movement to reform the practices of the Catholic

Church; this led to new versions of Christianity

The Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches still shared the basic ideas of

Christianity, though (such as belief in Jesus and the Bible)

THE COUNCIL OF TRENT

In 1545, Pope Paul III created a committee of Catholic leaders called the Council of Trent; its purpose

was to review Church practices, make reforms, and emphasize core Catholic beliefs

The Protestant Reformation led to a decline in the power of the Roman Catholic Church, but it still remained the largest religion in

Europe (especially in Italy, Portugal, France, and Spain)

The Effect of the Printing Press

This invention revolutionized the way ideas were spread around Europe

From the 1400s to the 1700s, Europe experienced an “Age of Exploration”

The Renaissance helped lead to the Age of Exploration because it encouraged a desire for

new things and new trade routes

Vasco da Gama of Portugal was the first explorer to find a direct trade route to Asia by

going around Africa to get to India

Vasco da Gama’s route took him along the west coast of Africa, around the southern tip of

Africa, and up to India

In Portugal, Prince Henry (A.K.A. “Henry the Navigator”) started a school of navigation to train sailors

He brought in Europe’s best map-makers, ship-builders,

and sailing instructors

The introduction of American potatoes and corn helped improve the diets and life

expectancy of people throughout the world

The introduction of European grains, horses, and cattle transformed many

Indian cultures

A negative effect of the Columbian Exchange: the introduction of European

diseases like smallpox and influenza killed millions of Native

Americans

Czar Peter the Great wanted to modernize and “Westernize” Russia to catch up with Europe

In disguise, Peter toured Western Europe to learn new ways to modernize

Russia

Together, the Magna Carta and

Bill of Rights created a

“constitutional monarchy” in

England by serving as written limits

on the monarchy’s power

Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun, an

idea known as the “heliocentric theory”

Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer and mathematician, proved Copernicus’

theory to be true; he also proved that the planets move in elliptical orbits

GALILEO GALILEI Galileo was one of the most influential scientists of all time

Some of Galileo’s accomplishments: (1) he improved the telescope

(2) He made observations about the Moon and our

Solar system

(3) He created the Law of Inertia and (4) he

perfected the scientific method

ISAAC NEWTON

Newton discovered and explained the theory of gravity

IF YOU HAVE CORRECTLY

ANSWERED ALL OF THE QUESTIONS ON

YOUR REVIEW PACKET, YOU WILL BE READY FOR THE FALL FINAL EXAM

Originally created byChristopher Jaskowiak

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