RESULT

flow

rate(L/min)

Pressure drop (mm H2O)

Air

Water

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1.0 0 1 2 4 7 11 17 26 48

2.0 19 24 29 33 43 - - - -

3.0 11 19 25 49 - - - - -

Table 1: Pressure Drop for Wet column

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Graph of Pressure drop against air flow rate

3 LPM2 LPM1 LPM

graph

Flow rate

(L/min)

1.0 2.0 3.0 Water

Air

Gas

Flow

rate

Log

Gas

Flow

rate

Pressure

drop

(mmH2O)

Log

Pressure

drop

(mmH2O)

Pressure

drop

(mmH2O)

Log

Pressure

drop

(mmH2O)

Pressure

drop

(mmH2O)

Log

Pressure

drop

(mmH2O)

20 1.301 0 - 19 1.279 11 1.041

40 1.602 1 0 24 1.380 19 1.279

60 1.778 2 0.301 29 1.462 25 1.398

80 1.903 4 0.602 33 1.519 49 1.690

100 2.00 7 0.845 43 1.633 - -

120 2.079 11 1.041 - - - -

140 2.146 17 1.230 - - - -

160 2.204 26 1.415 - - - -

180 2.255 48 1.681 - - - -

Table 2: Log Gas Flow rate and Log Pressure drop

Air

Flow

rate

(L/min)

Air

Flow

rate

(m3/h)

GG

(kg/ms2)

K4

(y-axis)

FLV (1

LPM)

FLV (2

LPM)

FLV (3

LPM)

Pressure drop

correlated in mm H20

(1LPM) (2LPM)

(3LPM)

20 1.2 0.0779 0.0154 1.454 2.912 4.362 1.52 5.08 12.7

40 2.4 0.156 0.062 0.727 1.456 2.181 5.08 10.16 25.4

60 3.6 0.234 0.139 0.484 0.971 1.454 8.89 25.4 38.1

80 4.8 0.311 0.245 0.364 0.729 1.093 12.7 40.64 50.8

100 6.0 0.389 0.383 0.292 0.584 0.874 25.4 45.72 -

120 7.2 0.467 0.553 0.243 0.468 0.728 40.64 - -

140 8.4 0.545 0.753 0.208 0.416 0.624 43.18 - -

160 9.6 0.623 0.989 0.182 0.365 0.546 50.80 - -

180 10.8 0.701 1.245 0.162 0.324 0.485 55.89 - -

Table 3: Theoretical Flooding Point

1.301 1.602 1.778 1.903 2 2.079 2.146 2.204 2.2550

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Graph of Log Pressure Drop against Log Gas Flow Rate

3 LPM2 LPM1 LPM

Log Gas Flow Rate, Gy

Log

Pres

sure

Dro

p, m

mH2

O

Figure Graph of Log Pressure Drop against Log Gas Flow Rate

0.0154 0.062 0.139 0.245 0.383 0.553 0.753 0.989 1.2450

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Graph of K4 against FLV

3 LPM2 LPM1 LPM

CALCULATION

Information given :

Density of air, ρair = 1.175 kg/m3

Density of water, ρwater = 996 kg/m3

Column diameter, Dc = 80 mm

Area of packed diameter,

Ac=π4D2= π

4(0 .08m )2=5 .027×10−3m2

Packing Factor: Fp = 900 m-1

Water viscosity, µwater = 0.001 Ns/m2

LIQUID

Calculate liquid flow rate, GL (kg/m2) (1 LPM)

GL=G×ρAc

=

1Lmin

× 1min60 s

× 1m3

1000l× 996 kg

m3

5.027×10−3m2 ¿3.302 kg

m2 . s

Calculate liquid flow rate, GL (kg/m2) (2 LPM)

GL=G×ρAc

=

2Lmin

× 1min60 s

× 1m3

1000l× 996 kg

m3

5.027×10−3m2 =6.614 kgm2 . s

Calculate liquid flow rate, GL (kg/m2) (3 LPM)

GL=G×ρAc

=

3Lmin

× 1min60 s

× 1m3

1000l× 996 kg

m3

5.027×10−3m2 =9.907 kgm2 . s

Water Flow Rate (L/min)GL (

kgm2 . s

)

1.0 3.302

2.0 6.614

3.0 9.907

Table

Theoretical Flooding Point for 20 L/min

Gy = 20Lmin

× 1m3

1000 L× 60min

1h

= 1.2m3 /h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

GG=G y ×ρAc

¿

1.2m3

h× 1h3600 s

× 1.175 kgm3

5.027×10−3m2=0.0779 kg

m2 . s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4 , y-axis

K 4=

13.1 (GG )2F p( μL

ρL )0.1

ρG (ρL−ρG )

¿13.1( 0.0779 kgm2 s )

2

(900m−1 )( 0.001N .s /m2

996 kg/m3 )0.1

(1.175 kg/m3 ) (996 kg /m3−1.175 kg/m3 )=0.0154

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=3.302 kg

m2 . s

0.0779 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg /m3

996 kg/m3 )=1.454

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=6.614 kg

m2. s

0.0779 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg /m3

996 kg/m3 )=2.912

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=9.907 kg

m2 . s

0.0779 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg /m3

996 kg/m3 )=4.362

Theoretical Flooding Point for 40 L/min

Gy =40 Lmin

× 1m3

1000 L× 60min

1h=2.4m3/h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

GG=G y×ρAc

GG=

2.4m3

h× 1h3600 s

× 1.175 kgm3

5.027×10−3m2=0.156 kg

m2 . s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

K 4=13.1( 0.156 kgm2 s )

2

(900m−1 )( 0.001N . s/m2

996 kg /m3 )0.1

(1.175 kg /m3 ) (996 kg/m3−1.175 k g/m3 )=0.062

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=3.302 kg

m2 . s

0.156 kgm2. s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996 kg/m3 )=0.727

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=6.614 kg

m2. s

0.156 kgm2. s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996 kg /m3 )=1.456

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=9.907 kg

m2 . s

0.156 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996 kg /m3 )=2.181

Theoretical Flooding Point for 60 L/min

Gy = 60Lmin

× 1m3

1000L× 60min

1h=3.6m3/h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

GG=

3.6m3

h× 1h3600 s

× 1.175 kgm3

5.027×10−3m2 =0.234 kgm2 . s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

K 4=13.1( 0.234 kgm2 s )

2

(900m−1 )( 0.001N .s /m2

996 kg /m3 )0.1

(1.175 kg/m3 ) (996 kg /m3−1.175 kg /m3 )=0.139

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=3.302 kg

m2 . s

0.234 kgm2. s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996 kg /m3 )=0.484

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=6.614 kg

m2 . s

0.234 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996kg /m3 )=0.971

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=9.907 kg

m2. s

0.234 kgm2. s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996kg /m3 )=1.454

Theoretical Flooding Point for 80 L/min

Gy = 80 Lmin× 1m3

1000L× 60min

1h=4.8m3/h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

GG=

4.8m3

h× 1h3600 s

× 1.175 kgm3

5.027×10−3m2=0.311 kg

m2 . s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

K 4=13.1( 0.156 kgm2 s )

2

(900m−1 )( 0.001N . s/m2

996 kg /m3 )0.1

(1.175 kg/m3 ) (996 kg /m3−1.175 kg/m3 )=0.245

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=3.302 kg

m2 . s

0.311 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg /m3

996kg /m3 )=0.364

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=6.614 kg

m2 . s

0.311 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996kg /m3 )=0.729

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=9.907 kg

m2 . s

0.311 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996kg /m3 )=1.093

Theoretical Flooding Point for 100 L/min

Gy = 100Lmin

× 1m3

1000 L× 60min

1h=6.0m3/h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

GG=

6.0m3

h× 1h3600 s

× 1.175 kgm3

5.027×10−3m2 =0.389 kgm2 . s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

K 4=13.1( 0.156 kgm2 s )

2

(900m−1 )( 0.001N . s/m2

996 kg /m3 )0.1

(1.175 kg/m3 ) (996 kg /m3−1.175 kg/m3 )=0.383

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=3.302 kg

m2 . s

0.389 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg /m3

996 kg/m3 )=0.292

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=6.614 kg

m2 . s

0.389 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996 kg /m3 )=0.584

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=9.907 kg

m2 . s

0.389 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996 kg /m3 )=0.874

Theoretical Flooding Point for 120 L/min

Gy = 120Lmin

× 1m3

1000 L× 60min

1h=7.2m3/h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

GG=

7.2m3

h× 1h3600 s

× 1.175 kgm3

5.027×10−3m2 =0.467 kgm2 . s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

K 4=13.1( 0.467 kgm2 s )

2

(900m−1 )( 0.001N . s/m2

996 kg /m3 )0.1

(1.175 kg/m3 ) (996 kg /m3−1.175 kg/m3 )=0.553

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=3.302 kg

m2 . s

0.467 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996 kg/m3 )=0.243

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=6.614 kg

m2. s

0.467 kgm2. s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996 kg /m3 )=0.486

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=9.907 kg

m2 . s

0.467 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996kg /m3 )=0.728

Theoretical Flooding Point for 140 L/min

Gy = 140Lmin

× 1m3

1000 L× 60min

1h=8.4m3/h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

GG=

8.4m3

h× 1h3600 s

× 1.175 kgm3

5.027×10−3m2=0.545 kg

m2 . s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

K 4=13.1( 0.545 kgm2 s )

2

(900m−1 )( 0.001N .s /m2

996 kg/m3 )0.1

(1.175 kg/m3 ) (996 kg /m3−1.175 kg/m3 )=0.753

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=3.302 kg

m2 . s

0.545 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg /m3

996 kg/m3 )=0.208

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=6.614 kg

m2. s

0.545 kgm2. s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996 kg /m3 )=0.416

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=9.907 kg

m2 . s

0.545 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996 kg /m3 )=0.624

Theoretical Flooding Point for 160 L/min

Gy = 160Lmin

× 1m3

1000 L× 60min

1h=9.6m3/h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

GG=

9.6m3

h× 1h3600 s

× 1.175 kgm3

5.027×10−3m2=0.623 kg

m2 . s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

K 4=13.1( 0.623 kgm2 s )

2

(900m−1 )( 0.001N .s /m2

996 kg/m3 )0.1

(1.175 kg/m3 ) (996 kg /m3−1.175 kg/m3 )=0.989

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=3.302 kg

m2 . s

0.623 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg /m3

996 kg/m3 )=0.182

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=6.614 kg

m2 . s

0.623 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996kg /m3 )=0.365

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=9.907 kg

m2. s

0.623 kgm2. s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996 kg /m3 )=0.546

Theoretical Flooding Point for 180 L/min

Gy = 180Lmin

× 1m3

1000 L× 60min

1h=10.8m3/h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

GG=

10.8m3

h× 1h3600 s

×1.175 kgm3

5.027×10−3m2 =0.701 kgm2. s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

K 4=13.1( 0.701 kgm2 s )

2

(900m−1 )( 0.001N .s /m2

996 kg/m3 )0.1

(1.175 kg /m3 ) (996 kg /m3−1.175 kg/m3 )=1.245

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=3.302 kg

m2 . s

0.701 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg /m3

996 kg /m3 )=0.162

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=6.614 kg

m2 . s

0.701 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996kg /m3 )=0.324

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV=GL

GG(√ ρG

ρL)=9.907 kg

m2. s

0.701 kgm2 . s

(√ 1.175 kg/m3

996kg /m3 )=0.485

PERCENTAGE ERROR %

1LPM

Total pressure drop = 116 mm H20

Percentageerror ,%= theoritical value−experimental valuetheoritical value

×100%

¿ 244.1−116244.1

×100%=52.48%

2LPM

Total pressure drop = 148 mm H20

Percentageerror ,%= theoritical value−experimental valuetheoritical value

×100%

¿ 127−148127

×100%=−16.54%

3LPM

Total pressure drop = 104 mm H20

Percentageerror ,%= theoritical value−experimental valuetheoritical value

×100%

¿ 127−104127

×100%=18.11%