Restless Earth

Topic 1

Structu

re of the earth

Type of CrustOceanic

Continental

Thicker, less dense /lighter

Thinner, less dense /lighter

Plate boundaries

Plates pushing together

Destructive plate boundaries:

Conservative plate

boundaries:

Plates rubbing past each other

Constructi

ve plate

boundaries:

Plates pulling apart

Conv

ectio

n cu

rrent

s: cu

rrent

in

the m

ante

l tha

t mov

e plat

es

Volcanoes

Types

Shield

They are low, with gently sloping sides.They are formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava.Eruptions tend to be frequent but relatively gentle

Composite

made up of alternating layers of lava and ash. Eruptions are explosive/ pyroclastic, hot steam, ash, rock and dust

Case Studies

LEDCMEDC

Pred

ict, p

repa

re, r

elie

f

Destructive plate boundary

Destructive plate boundary

Oceanic plate and Continental plates push together, creating volcanoes

Continental and Continental plates push together – creating fold mountains

Example: Nazca and South American plates

Constructive plate boundary

Plates pull apart creating volcanoes and earthquakes

EXAMPLE: Eurasian and North American Plates

Conservative Plate Boundary

Plates push past each other. They can be traveling in different directions

Or in the same direction but one is faster than the other.

Cause Earthquakes

Example north American plate and the pacific plate

Plate boundaries

Constructive Plate Boundary

Destructive Plate Boundary

Conservative Plate Boundary

The structure of the earth

What are the layers of the earthHow hot are they

Are they solid or liquid

4 layers• The inner core is in the centre and is the

hottest part of the Earth. It is solid and made up of iron and nickel with temperatures of up to 5,500°C. With its immense heat energy, the inner core is like the engine room of the Earth.

• The outer core is the layer surrounding the inner core. It is a liquid layer, also made up of iron and nickel. It is still extremely hot, with temperatures similar to the inner core.

• The mantle is the widest section of the Earth. It has a diameter of approximately 2,900 km. The mantle is made up of semi-molten rock called magma. In the upper parts of the mantle the rock is hard, but lower down the rock is soft and beginning to melt.

• The crust is the outer layer of the earth. It is a thin layer between 0-60 km thick. The crust is the solid rock layer upon which we live.

Shield Volcanoe

They are low, with gently sloping sides.They are formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava.Eruptions tend to be frequent but relatively gentleExample: Hawaii

Composite volcano

Composite Volcanoes are made up of alternating layers of lava and ash. Eruptions are explosive/ pyroclastic, hot steam, ash, rock and dust

Example: Mount Pinatubo Philippines

Earthquake

Movement of ground cases by release of energy from a sudden shift of rocks in the earths crust

Epicentre

The point below Earths surface where movement of rock produces

an earthquake

Focus

• The point below earth’s surface where movement of rock produces a

earthquake

Aftershock

A smaller earthquake that occurs after a larger

earthquake

Magnitude

The measurement of the total strength or amount of energy

release by an earthquake

Richter scale

A measurement of the magnitude of an earthquake based on the readings of a seismography. It ranges from 0-9.

(each number represents a 10 fold increase in ground motion)