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Responsibility of stakeholders for voltage dips. Math Bollen Energy Markets Inspectorate Eskilstuna, Sweden. The compatibility gap. Immunity of installations and processes. Residual voltage. The compatibility gap. Continuity of supply regulation. Duration of the dip. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Responsibility of stakeholders for voltage dips
Math BollenEnergy Markets Inspectorate
Eskilstuna, Sweden
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
The compatibility gap
Immunity of installations and processes
Continuity of supply regulation
Duration of the dip
Res
idua
l vol
tage
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Bridging the gap – immunity
CIGRE/CIRED/UIE working group C4.110 Process immunity time as a tool for improving
the immunity of an industrial process Equipment with higher immunity is slowly
entering the market Fault-ride-through for wind turbines
No developments in standardization
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Bridging the gap - emission
EMC directive: the power system is an installation Voltage dips are emission by the power system to
the customer No IEC standards on voltage-dip emission EN 50160 gives no information either European regulators took up the issue in their
”voltage quality conclusion paper”
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Responsibility sharing curve
Installations should tolerate these dips
Voltage-quality regulation
Duration of the dip
Res
idua
l vol
tage
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
South Africa
0.15s 0.6s
70%
85%80%
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
France
70%
0.6s
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Working group C4.110
0.2s 0.5s 1s
40%
70%
80%
50%
2s
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
Class C Class A
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Voltage dips: Swedish regulation
Installations should tolerate these dips
A reasonable number of dips is acceptable
Dips are unacceptable
Duration of the dip
Res
idua
l vol
tage
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
How to choose the curves?
Dips, up to 45 kV CIGRE/CIRED/UIE working group C4.110
Dips, above 45 kV Discussion between the stakeholders
Swells, up to 1 kV Protection requirements microgeneration Highest overvoltages during earthfaults Experiments on equipment damage
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
The resulting limits
0.2s 0.5s 1s 5s
40%
70%
90%
60s
80%
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
Red: above 45 kVGreen: 45 kV and less
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
What is a reasonable number of events?
South Africa: 95% of sites France: comparing with previous years Sweden
comparing with similar networks elsewhere In case of a disagreement the network operator
has to convince the regulator that the number of dips is reasonable
Experience with this to be gained in the coming years
Area B is also to be defined in contracts
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Stakeholder Responsibility
Network Operator Prevent dips in Area C Limit the number of dips in Area B
Customer Process to be immute to dips in Area A Impact of dips in Area B to be limited
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Stakeholder Responsibility (2)
Equipment manufacturer Equipment to be immune to dips in Area A Different classes of equipment immunity to
cover Area B Standard-setting organisation
New standardization to cover Area A and B Consider immunity of processing, not just of
equipment Consider balanced and unbalanced dips
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
What next?
Gaining experience What is a reasonable number of events? How to do the measurements? Can simulations be used?
Extending to balanced and unbalanced dips In area B
Power-quality contracts
Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a
