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Dpto. Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco,  Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC,) Donostia, Spain       http://dipc.ehu.es/arubio      E-mail: [email protected] Angel Rubio Freie Universitat Berlin Response functions from a TDDFT-based formalism: applications to low dimensional structures MPIKS-Colloqium:    International Workshop on ``Atomic Physics'', Nov. 28 - Dec. 2, 2005, Dresden     Motivation: spectra, reactivity, bio, nano     Basic formalism     Applications to bio-chromophores  and                               nano-structures (nanotubes, polymers)          Molecular transport

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Page 1: Response functions from a TDDFTbased formalism ...nano-bio.ehu.es/files/dresden-2005.pdf · Summary for finite systems TDDFT is a powerful tool to handle the combined dynamics of

Dpto. Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco, Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC,) Donostia, Spain

      http://dipc.ehu.es/arubio     E­mail: [email protected]

Angel RubioFreie Universitat Berlin

Response functions from a TDDFT­based formalism: applications to low dimensional structures

MPIKS­Colloqium:    International Workshop on ``Atomic Physics'', Nov. 28 ­ Dec. 2, 2005, Dresden

    Motivation: spectra, reactivity, bio, nano    Basic formalism    Applications to bio­chromophores  and                               nano­structures (nanotubes, polymers)

         Molecular transport

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Physical Processes: Spectroscopies

Time­dependent approach: TDDFT?

excited states

Ground state

transporthv

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Photoexcitation and relaxation

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 Dark Structures in Molecular Radiationless Transitions Determined by Ultrafast Diffraction, Science, Vol 307, 558­563 (2005)

R. J. Levis et al, Science 292, 709 (2001)

Quantum control Theory

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Biological molecules: photoreceptors   QM/MM + TDDFT   approach

M.A.L Marques, X. Lopez, D. Varsano, A. Castro, and A. R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 158101 (2003)

F. Gai et al. Science 279, 1886 (1998)

Bridging spatial and time scales:     multiscale modeling!!!!!

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J.Phys.Chem.B 108, 9646, (2004)

Electron transfer processes in molecular devices

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Density Functional versus Many­body perturbation theory

groundstate

KS­equationsWhat about excited­state properties: electron­ion dynamics, spectroscopies

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Time Dependent Density Functional Theory     (Runge and Gross 1984)Electron­dynamics first, then e­ion problem

HK­like theorem:                v(r,t) <­­­­­­> (r,t)The  time  dependent  density  determines  uniquely  the  time­dependent external  potential and therefore all physical observables

Kohn­Sham formalism:The  time  dependent  density  of  the  interacting  system  can  be calculated as the density of an auxilary non­interacting system

Same time­dependent 

density n(r,t)

Object 2 ?

Object 3

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By the Runge­Gross theorem ALL observables are functionals of the TD density

Absorption spectra:    from the power spectrum of the TD dipole moment   d(t) = < r n(r,t) > ­­­­­­ d(w)=FT[d(t)]

........... and current response

Ionisation yields:

Excited state densities and transition probabilities

.......................      and many more observables!!!!!!

Object 17

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Time dependent multicomponent KS theoremtransformation to a body­fixed coordinate frame required 

T.Kreibig and E.K.U Gross PRL (2001)The densities , N of the interacting system can be calculated as 

densities of a non­interacting (KS) system

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                             potential

t (R)| g>

|e>

|(t)>=C1(t)|e>+C2(t)|g> ????

 beyond BO   H  = E

F = m

Electron dynamics

MD

within BO

MD under electronic excitation needs to include finite lifetime

Object 8

Ehrenfest's dynamics

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The octopus project is aim to the first principle description of the excite state electron­ion dynamics of nanostructures and extended systems within TDDFT

M.A.L. Marques, A. Castro, G. Bertsch, AR Comp.Phys.Comm. (2002)C. Rozzi, M.A.L. Marques, A. Castro, E.K.U. Gross A. R. (to be published)

http://www.tddft.org/programs/octopus

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✗DFT) in the Local Density Approximation(LDA) or beyond (EXX+RPA)✗Plane wave and/or real­space grid expansion✗Pseudopotentials ✗TDDFT for Response Calculations

        and excited­state dynamicstogether with a MBPT (GW+BS) input for new fxc  that deals with excitonic effects

First­principle calculations 

M.A.L. Marques, A. Castro, G. Bertsch, AR Comp.Phys.Comm. (2002)C. Rozzi, M.A.L. Marques, A. Castro, E.K.U. Gross A. R. (to be published)

OCTOPUS project: http://www.tddft.org/programs/octopus

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Applications to biochromophores

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Time Scales

Multi­scale approaches are needed: time and space

Page 16: Response functions from a TDDFTbased formalism ...nano-bio.ehu.es/files/dresden-2005.pdf · Summary for finite systems TDDFT is a powerful tool to handle the combined dynamics of

QM/MM Hamiltonian  For Local Phenomena

1. Warshel , A.; Levitt, M. J. Mol. Biol., 1976, 103, 2272. Field, M.J.; Bash, P.A.; Karplus, M. J. Comp. Chem., 1990, 11, 700

Why QM? 

Photoexcitations                                                 Polarization??F. Gai et al. Science 279, 1886 (1998)

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Van der Waals Interactions

QM/MM Electrostatics 

SCF

QM/MM Boundary

H­Link Atom

Reuter et al, ; J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 1720. 

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP).(Aequorea victoria: jellyfish)

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      A "poor" condensed matter physics view !!QM/MM + TDDFT   approach

M.A.L Marques, X. Lopez, D. Varsano, A. Castro, and A. R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 158101 (2003)

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP).(Aequorea victoria: jellyfish)

Biological molecules: photoreceptors   

T.M.H. Creemers et al,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.. USA (1999)

Page 19: Response functions from a TDDFTbased formalism ...nano-bio.ehu.es/files/dresden-2005.pdf · Summary for finite systems TDDFT is a powerful tool to handle the combined dynamics of

HSA

Neutral

HSD

HSE

HSP

AnionCation

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Towards the color of plants:   porphyrines

Page 22: Response functions from a TDDFTbased formalism ...nano-bio.ehu.es/files/dresden-2005.pdf · Summary for finite systems TDDFT is a powerful tool to handle the combined dynamics of

Towards the color of plants:   The real Chlorophyll molecule

Page 23: Response functions from a TDDFTbased formalism ...nano-bio.ehu.es/files/dresden-2005.pdf · Summary for finite systems TDDFT is a powerful tool to handle the combined dynamics of

GOAL:   address the complexity of the Photosyntetic Unit

LH­I­RC LH­II­RC

Hu X.,  Damjanovic A., Ritz T., Schulten K. PNAS, 1998, 95, 5935 

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Azobenzene: spectroscopy along femtosecond­laser        induced photoisomerization

S. Spörlein et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 99, 7998 (2002)

HOMO

LUMO

T. Hugel et al, Science, 296, 1103 (2002) Y. Yu et al, Nature 425, 145 82003)

Azobenzene dyes are known to  isomerize at  the central N­N bond within  fractions of picoseconds at high quantum yield [T. Nägele et al, Chem. Phys. Lett. 272, 489 (1997)]. 

 Single­Molecule Optomechanical Cycle

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CIS

TRANS

Azobenzene: spectroscopy along femtosecond­laser induced photoisomerization

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Nanotechnology Application: Optics of C and BN nanotubes

Page 27: Response functions from a TDDFTbased formalism ...nano-bio.ehu.es/files/dresden-2005.pdf · Summary for finite systems TDDFT is a powerful tool to handle the combined dynamics of

Bandstructure (DFT­LDA)

Graphine­layer BN­sheet

(transparent)(black)

NB

Page 28: Response functions from a TDDFTbased formalism ...nano-bio.ehu.es/files/dresden-2005.pdf · Summary for finite systems TDDFT is a powerful tool to handle the combined dynamics of

Simple model for the electronic structure: TB of C­tubes

Page 29: Response functions from a TDDFTbased formalism ...nano-bio.ehu.es/files/dresden-2005.pdf · Summary for finite systems TDDFT is a powerful tool to handle the combined dynamics of

Optical Absorption Spectroscopy

●structural characterisation ●Role of packing: tube-tube interaction

x

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A.G. Marinopoulus, L. Reining, A.R. PRL (2003)

Optical Properties of C­Tubes: A way to elucidate tube­chirality

Polarisation dependenceBand­structure effectsExcitonic effects      (Louie and Mele)Bundling

Weismann Science (2002)Zeolite type AlPo4­5

N. Wang et al, Nature 408, 51 (2000)

CandidatesC(3,3)C(5,0)C(4,2)

Z.M..Lie et al, PRL (2001)

Zeolite type AlPo4­5

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very strong“depolarization 

effects”antenna

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Hot carrier relaxation in nanotube

Relaxation of hole and electron after photo-excitation

Y. Miyamoto, D. Tomanek, AR (unpublished)

Ichida, et al., Physica B 323, 237 (2002)

* Time evolution of wave function with ionic motion: electron phonon coupling*Time evolution of charge density: electron-electron coupling within DFT

TDDFT-MD is parameter free and treats

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Present case: (3,3) nanotube

Γ X

Randomized ionic velocities under the Maxwell­Boltzmann distribution with 

300K as an initial condition

23

29

Transition considered: Optically allowed, with E/(tube axis)

Page 34: Response functions from a TDDFTbased formalism ...nano-bio.ehu.es/files/dresden-2005.pdf · Summary for finite systems TDDFT is a powerful tool to handle the combined dynamics of

electron-phonon is dominant

Energy transfer with longer time-scale/9

6 at

om Potential and kinetic energy (ions)

electron-electron is dominant

Page 35: Response functions from a TDDFTbased formalism ...nano-bio.ehu.es/files/dresden-2005.pdf · Summary for finite systems TDDFT is a powerful tool to handle the combined dynamics of

 Optical absorption of extended systems 

G. Onida, L. Reining and AR,  Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 601 (2002)

TDDFT: ­ Problems with standard exchange­correlation functionals

­ A new fxc derived from Many­body perturbation theoryproper description of excitonic effects!!!

Object 18

Single­pole approximati

on

Page 36: Response functions from a TDDFTbased formalism ...nano-bio.ehu.es/files/dresden-2005.pdf · Summary for finite systems TDDFT is a powerful tool to handle the combined dynamics of

Independent Electrons  (KS!) Hedin's GW  (1965)

=Kohn­Sham states=Plasmons/Electron­hole states

The self­energy physics

P = i G0G

0 Γ

Σ = iG0W

W=v+vP0W

 Γ=δ+δΣ/δG G0G

G = G0 + G

0 (Σ ­ v

xc) G

Dyson's Eqn

+ Abs α

Screening effects:         ε = 1 – v P      polarisation

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Many­Body approach to the Exchange­Correlation Kernel of TDDFT

A. Marini, R. Del Sole and AR, PRL (2003) L. Reining, V. Olevano, AR, G. Onida, PRL88,  0664041 (2002);F. Sottile et al, PRL (2004) ; S. Botti et al, PRB (2004).; F. Bruneval et al (2005) 

HypothesisIt exists a ''many­body xc­kernel'' such that the TDDFT and Many­Body polarization 

functions  are identical

Consequently TDDFT equation can be used as an equation for the xc­kernel and as a formal solution can be found in terms of an iterative equation for 

the nth order contribution

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Many­Body approach to the Exchange­Correlation Kernel of TDDFT

A. Marini, R. Del Sole and AR, PRL (2003) L. Reining, V. Olevano, AR, G. Onida, PRL88,  0664041 (2002);F. Sottile et al, PRL (2004) ; S. Botti et al, PRB (2004).; F. Bruneval et al (2005) 

4­point equations!!!!

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BN nanotubes Dimensionality effect: Exciton in (quasi­) 1­D, 2­D, 3­D

L. Wirtz, A. Marini, AR (2005)

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Park, Spataru, Louie (2005)Wirt, Marini, Rubio (2005)

Exciton localisation in C and BN nanotubes

Frenkel

High Luminiscence yield in BN!!!

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Low dimensional systems (1D): polyacetylane 

M. van Faassen et al. PRL 88 186401 (2002) S.J.A. Van Gisbergen PRL 83 694 (1999)

Electric field dependence of the XC Potential  in Molecular Chains

In LDA and GGA xc potential lack of a term counteracting the applied electric field

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Low dimensional sytems (1D): polyacetylane Isolated infinite Polyacetylene chain

D. Varsano, A. Marini, AR (2005)

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Low dimensional sytems (1D): polyacetylane 

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Low dimensional sytems (1D): polyacetylane Finite­size chains

Longitudinal polarizabilty per Monomer

HF values taken from Champagne et al PRA 52 1039 (1995)VK values taken from  M. Van Faasen PRL 88 186410 (2002)

D. Varsano, A. Marini, AR (2005)

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Low dimensional sytems (1D): polyacetylane 

D. Varsano, A. Marini, AR (2005)

Finite­size chains

1D

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Effects not discussed in the present work that would be important

Memory effects and initial state dependence of the XC functionalDissipation ; lifetimes ; decoherence

Spatial non­locality:  XC derivative discontinuity                                      Orbital­dependent functionalsCharge­transfer excitationsNon­adiabatic effects in the excite state ion dynamics.                           (relation to geometrical phases!)                                                                        

Summary for finite systemsTDDFT is a powerful tool to handle the combined dynamics of electron/ion in 

response to external electromagnetic fields of nanostructures, biological molecules and extended systems.

Problem: we need better xc functionals  

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Molecular Transport

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QUESTIONS?

✔Ground-state DFT? J(r,t); virtual excitations

Landauer formalism: steady-state theory valid for independent electrons and if the underlying electron theory is DFT the resonant tunneling is at the wrong energies, therefore this theory would not give the exact current even in the exact XC is used.

Similar problem for present implementations of Non equilibrium Greens functions approach based on DFT

✔Dissipation effects: Temperature and e-phon coupling?

✔Role of contacts and the molecule: weak versus strong coupling

Object 4

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Why time dependent  Transport?✔ allows the study of transients, AC effects, laser fields, etc..

✔ allows a proper description of non-equilibrium processes since excitation energies are accessible in TDDFT in contrast to DFT

✔ allows the inclusion of interaction effects, i.e., the longitudinal current of TDDFT is equal to the exact longitudinal current of the interacting system if the exact XC is used (an alternative would be TD-current DFT)

perturbation local in space

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S. Kurt, G. Stefanucci, C.O. Amblath, AR , E.K.U Gross, PRB72, 35308 (2005)

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Electron pumping

net current in the device by applying a TD potential to the device regionRealisation: pumping in C nanotubes using surface acustic waves                     (Archimidean screw, ca. 250 bc)

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ConclusionsTheoretical spectroscopy is nowadays a very reliable tool to 

characterising nanostructures, biomolecules and their assemblies

MBPT  marriage with TDDFT

The optics of low­dimensional structures is dominated by excitons          ­ luminiscence can be drastically increased by exciton localisation          ­ Weak diameter dependence in BN nanotubes          ­ “The ultra­non­local” potential needed for describing the              optical properties of polyacetylane is captured by the new               developed TDDFT  xc­kernel 

Molecular Transport:  description of the non­equilibrium dynamics

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  Acknowledgements

 M. A. L. Marques,  F. Sottile,  X. López, L Wirtz, D. Varsano  Department of Material Physics, Centro Mixto CSIC­UPV, University of the Basque 

Country,  and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Spain

L. Reining, V. OlevanoÉcole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France

A. Marini and  R. Del Sole Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia e Dipartimento di Fisica 

dell'Università di Roma ``Tor Vergata'',  Roma, Italy

A. Castro, C.A. Rozzi, S. Kurth, G. Stefanucci, and E. K. U. GrossInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany

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  Papers and further details                http://dipc.ehu.es/arubio

THANK YOU

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Femtosecond dynamics:   High Harmonic Generation

Harmonic Spectrum of H2

Object 6

Object 7

ω=1.6eVI

peak=1014W/cm2

Harmonic Spectrum of C6H

6

1, (nN±1)(n=1,2,...)

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Identification of Identification of SW defects by SW defects by optically induced optically induced local vibrationlocal vibration

Optical excitation on Stone-Wales defects in nanotubes

hybridized state(hole)

* state (electron)

6 eV

Y. Miyamoto, S. Beber, M. Yoon, D. Tomanek, AR , PRB (2004)

Å

=17 fs (1962cm-1)

Å

Excitation with ultraviolet

Excitation with infrared

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Two­dimensional spectroscopy of electronic couplings in photosynthesis Nature 434, 625  (2005)