Respiratory System

Health Science I

Structures of Upper Respiratory System

•Nose•Sinuses•Pharynx•Epiglottis•Larynx•Trachea

The Nose•Nasal Cavity- space

behind the nose•Nasal Septum-

divides nasal cavities into R and L sides

•Turbinates-bones that protrude into nasal cavity, increase surface

•Cilia-the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles

The Sinuses•Cavities in the skull,

ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air▫Frontal▫Maxillary▫Ethmoid▫Sphenoid

•Gives voice resonance

The Pharynx• Throat • Passageway for air

and food, about 5” long▫Nasopharynx-

above and behind soft palate, Eustachian tubes open in this

▫Oropharynx- oral part of the mouth

▫Laryngopharynx▫Epiglottis-

cartilage flap that prevents food from entering trachea

The Larynx•Voice box is the

triangular chamber below pharynx

•vocal cords or glottis▫Sound is formed

by vibrations•Adam’s Apple

The Trachea•Windpipe; 4 ½ in.

long•Walls are alternate

bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage – to keep trachea open

•Lined with ciliated mucous membrane

•Coughing gets rid of dust-laden mucous

•Branches off L and R

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL6oW8OdkxU

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

•Lungs•Pleura•Mediastinum

The Lungs•Cone shaped

organs which fill the thoracic cavity

•Upper part = apex Lower part = base

•Lung tissue porous and spongy

•R Lung has 3 lobes•L lung has 2

The Lungs•Bronchi

▫similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage

•Bronchial tubes▫cartilaginous plates

•Bronchioles▫thinner walls of

smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium

•Alveoli

The Lungs•Alveoli

▫O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries

▫Inner surfaces covered with surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing

▫Surrounded by capillaries

The Pleura•Thin, moist slippery

membrane that covers lungs

•Double-walled sac▫Parietal pleura▫Visceral pleura▫Pleural fluid is

between•Pleural cavity is space

where lungs sit▫filled with pleural

fluid to prevent friction

The Mediastinum

•Interpleural space, between the lungs•Contains the thymus, aorta, pulmonary

artery and veins, superior/inferior vena cava, esophagus, trachea, thoracic duct, lymph nodes and vessels

Diaphragm•From muscular system•Aids with breathing, lung expansion and

contraction

What is the Function of the….•Nose•Sinuses•Pharynx•Epiglottis•Larynx•Trachea•Lungs•Pleura•Mediastinum

Functions of the Respiratory System

•Respiration•Production of sound

Respiration• Allows the exchange of

gases• Inspiration

▫ Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward increasing lung volume

• Expiration▫ Intercostal muscles

depress ribs inward, sternum lowers and the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward decreasing lung volume

INSPIRATION

EXPIRATION

Respiration•1 inspiration + 1 expirations = 1

respiration•Normal adult = 14 - 20 respirations per

minute•Increases with exercise, body

temperature, certain diseases.•Age - newborn = 40-60/min•Sleep = respirations •Emotion can or rate

Calculate Your Respirations

Situations That Alter Respirations•Coughing

▫deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tract

•Hiccups▫spasm of the

diaphragm and spasmodic closure of the glottis – irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve

Situations That Alter Respirations•Sneezing

▫air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract

•Yawning▫deep prolonged

breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood

Control of Breathing

•Neural Factors▫Medulla Oblongata

Respiratory center located on CO2 or O2 in the blood will trigger

respiratory center▫Phrenic nerves

stimulates the diaphragm▫Vagus nerve

Stimulates nose, larynx, lungs

Control of Breathing

•Chemical Factors▫Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood ▫Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid

arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2

▫^ in CO2 = ^ breathing

Types of Breathing

•Apnea- temporary stop breathing•Dyspnea-difficult or labored breathing•Eupnea- normal breathing•Hyperpnea- increased depth and rate•Orthopnea- difficult breathing when

horizontal•Tachypnea- rapid shallow breathing•Hyperventilation- rapid breathing

Lung Capacity and Volume•Spirometer

▫Measures volume of air during respiration

Lung Capacity and Volume•Tidal Volume

▫Amount of air move in and out of lungs w/ each breath~500mL

•Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)▫Amount of air you can force a person to

take in over tidal volume~2100-3000mL•Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

▫Amount of air you can force a person to expel over tidal volume~1000mL

Lung Capacity and Volume•Vital Lung Capacity

▫Tidal volume + IRV + ERV~ 4500mL•Residual Volume

▫Amount of air that cannot be voluntarily expelled~1500mL

•Functional Residual Capacity▫ERV + residual volume~2500mL

•Total Lung Capacity▫Tidal volume +IRV + ERV + residual

volume ~6000mL

Respiratory System Disorders•Asthma•Bronchitis•Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease•Common cold•Emphysema•Influenza•Pneumonia•Pneumothorax•Sinusitis•Tuberculosis

Asthma• Inflammatory airway

obstruction• Caused by allergen or

psychological stress• 5% of US population

has asthma• Symptoms include

wheezing, dyspnea, difficulty exhaling and chest tightness

• Treatment is anti-inflammatory meds, inhaled bronchodilators

Bronchitis• Inflammation of the

mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous, chronic or acute

• Symptoms-cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound)

• Chronic- last for 3 months for 2 consecutive years, cure is to stop smoking

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseCOPD

•Term used to indicate chronic lung conditions▫Emphysema▫Chronic bronchitis

Common cold• Contagious viral respiratory infection• Indirect causes - chilling, fatigue, lack of

proper food, and not enough sleep• Treatment-stay in bed, drink warm liquids

and fruit juice, good nutrition•AKA Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)•Handwashing – best preventative

measure

Emphysema• Alveoli become over-dilated, lose elasticity,

can’t rebound, may rupture• Air is trapped, can’t exhale – forced

exhalation required• Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2

•Dyspnea increases as disease progresses•Treatment

▫alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2

Influenza•Viral infection causing inflammation of

the mucous membrane•Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular

pain, extreme exhaustion•Complications – pneumonia, neuritis,

otitis media and pleurisy•Treatment is to treat the symptoms

Do you need a yearly flu shot?

Pneumonia•Infection of the

lung•Caused by bacteria

or virus•Alveoli fill with

exudates (thick fluid)

•Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills, dyspnea

•Treatment – O2 and antibiotics

Pneumothorax•Collapsed lung•Buildup of air in

pleural cavity•Unaffected lung

still works•Caused by trauma

to chest wall or lung disease (COPD, CF)

•Treatment- small will heal self large require chest tube

Sinusitis• Infection of mucous

membrane that lines sinus cavities

• Caused by bacteria or virus

• Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance

• Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis

Tuberculosis• Infectious bacterial

lung disease• Tubercles (lesions)

form in the lungs• Symptoms: cough, low

grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweats

• Diagnosis – TB skin test

• If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample

• RX – antibiotics

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjXtfWWt3jM

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aktIMBQSXMo

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBdC9H00BHY