Upload
learning
View
1.549
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Respiratory DisordersNio C. Noveno, RN ,MAN
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 2
PneumoniaAcute inflammatory process of the alveolar spaces
lung consolidation exudate [alveoli]
Classification CAP: most common; occurs in the community or
48 H before hospitalizationS. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. pneumoniae
Nosocomial: onset of S/S is 48-72 H post-hospitalizationP. aeruginosa, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae
Aspiration pneumoniaS. pneumoniae, H. influenza, S. pneumoniae, gastric contents
nionoveno@hc respi disorders 3
PneumoniaTypes
Bacterial pneumonia Lobar [Strep] – constant dry, hacking cough,
pleuritic pain, watery to rust-colored sputum Bronchopneumonia [Strep/Staph] – due to
aspiration, productive cough w/ yellow or green sputum
Alveolar pneumonia [viral] – scanty sputum
Atypical pneumonia [rickettsial] – “walking”, non-productive cough
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 4
PneumoniaClinical Manifestations
CoughChills
DyspneaElevated temperature
Crackles Rhonchi
Pleural friction rubSputum production
Rusty, green, or bloody: pneumococcalYellow-green: BPN
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 5
PneumoniaPneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Opportunistic infectionOften related to HIV
& other immunocompromised conditions
Clinical ManifestationsIncreasing SOB
Nonproductive coughLow-grade fever
TreatmentCotrimoxazolePentamidine
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 6
PneumoniaManagement
Increase OFI 3-4 L/day.Administer O2.Assess respiratory status.
Monitor VS, I/O, lab studies, & pulse oxMonitor & record color, consistency,
& amount of sputumHome care
Recognize s/sx of infection.Avoid exposure to people with infections.
Increase OFI at 3 L/day.
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 7
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseBronchitis
EmphysemaCauses
Congenital weaknessRespiratory irritants: smoke, polluted air,
chemical irritantsRespiratory tract infections
Genetic predisposition
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 8
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseChronic
BronchitisExcessive bronchialmucus
productionChronic or recurrent
productive cough
Smoking, RTI, PollutantsSmoking, RTI, Pollutants
Mucosal edemaMucosal edema
InflammationInflammationBradykinin, Histamine, PGsBradykinin, Histamine, PGs
Fluid/Cellular ExudationFluid/Cellular Exudation
Hypersecretion of mucusHypersecretion of mucusPersistent CoughPersistent Cough
Capillary permeabilityCapillary permeability
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 9
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
EmphysemaDestruction of elastin alters alveolar walls& narrows airways
Enlargement of air spaces distal
to terminal bronchioles leads to coalesced alveoli
& air trapping
Smoking, heredity,Smoking, heredity,aging processaging process
Loss of elastic recoilLoss of elastic recoil
Disequilibrium betweenDisequilibrium betweenelastase & antielastaseelastase & antielastase
Overdistention of alveoliOverdistention of alveoliCO2 retentionCO2 retention
HypoxiaHypoxiaRespiratory acidosisRespiratory acidosis
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 10
EmphysemaEmphysema
No cyanosis (Pink)Thin appearance
Exertional dyspneaIneffective cough
Barrel chestPursed-lip breathingProlonged expiration
Use of accessory musclesR-sided Heart Failure
Pulmonary HPNSpontaneous
pneumothorax
ChronicChronicBronchitisBronchitis
Cyanosis (Blue)Edematous
Exertional dyspneaRecurrent cough w/Sputum production
Digital clubbingRespiratory rateUse of accessory
musclesR-sided Heart FailureCor pulmonale
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 11
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseManagement
Rest: O2 demand of tissues Fluid intake: 3 L/day Diet: calorie, CHON, CHO, vit. C Low-flow O2 therapy: 1-3 LPM Breathing exercises [pursed-lip] Avoid cigarette smoking, alcohol, pollutants CPT: postural drainage percussion vibration Bronchial hygiene measures: steam, aerosol,
medimist inhalation Pharmacotherapy: Antitussives, bronchodilators,
antihistamine, steroids, antimicrobials
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 12
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseBronchiectasis
Destruction of bronchial mucosa with fibrous scar
tissue formation
Loss of resilience& airway dilation causes
pooling of secretions
Obstruction of airflow
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 13
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseAsthma ALLERGY (Extrinsic)
INFLAMMATION (Intrinsic)
BronchospasmMucosal edema
Hypersecretion of mucus
Histamine, Bradykinin,
PG, Serotonin, Leukotrienes…
Narrowing of AWs, work of breathing
Hypoxia & Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory effortExhaustion
Hypoventilation Air trapping
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 14
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Clinical Manifestations
OrthopneaRestlessness
Dyspnea, tachypneaTachycardiaNasal flaringRetractions
CoughChest tightness
Cold clammy skinWheezingCyanosis
Asthma Management Pharmacotherapy
Beta agonists [Epinephrine, Terbutaline]
Methylxanthines [Aminophylline]
CorticosteroidsAnticholinergics [Atropine]Mast cell inhibitors
[Cromolyn] Oxygen via nasal cannula Fluids to 3L/day Breathing exercises Metered dose inhaler
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 15
Acute Respiratory Distress SyndromeClinical syndrome of respiratory insufficiency
Damaged capillary membranesInterstitial edema
Intraalveolar hemorrhageHypoxemia
CausesViral pneumonia
Fat emboliSepsis
Decreased surfactant production
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 16
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 17
Acute Respiratory Distress SyndromeClinical
ManifestationsDyspnea
TachypneaCracklesRhonchiAnxiety
Breath sounds
Management Intubation & mechanical
ventilation using PEEP Pharmacotherapy
AntibioticsAnalgesicsSteroidsNeuromuscular blocking
agentsDiagnosticsABGs:
Respiratory acidosis,
hypoxemiaCXR:
interstitial edema
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 18
Chest PhysiotherapyPostural drainage Percussion Vibration
Nursing CarePerform before or 3-4 hrs after mealBronchodilators 15-20 mins before
Remove all tight clothingPercuss on area approx 3mins during I & E
Vibrate on area during EAssist pt in coughing & positioning
Provide good oral hygiene
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 19
Chest PhysiotherapyPostural Drainage
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 20
Pulmonary TuberculosisAirborne, infectious, communicable
Acute or chronicMycobacterium tuberculosis
Clinical ManifestationsFatigue, malaise
Anorexia, weight lossNight sweats
Late afternoon low-grade feverProductive chronic coughHemoptysis (advanced)
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 21
Pulmonary TuberculosisDiagnosticsMantoux test
Read after 48-72 H[>10 mm induration]
Chest x-rayCalcified lesionsSputum exam
Acid-fast bacillus
ManagementTB medications [6-12 mos]
INH, RIF, (6 mos);PZA, ethambutol, streptomycin
(2 mos)Pt non-infectious 2-3wks of Tx
9 mos continuous therapy
RIF: discoloration ; hepatotoxicINH: peripheral neuropathy (B6), liver function test (AST,
ALT)PZA: thrombocytopenia, hyperurecemia → ↑ OFIETHAMBUTOL: optic neuritis STREPTOMYCIN: hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, ototoxic, given
IM
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 22
Pleural Effusion & PneumothoraxCausesTrauma
Thoracic surgeryPositive pressure
ventilationThoracentesis
CVP line insertionEmphysema
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 23
Pleural Effusion & PneumothoraxClinical ManifestationsSudden sharp chest painShortness of breath (SOB)
Restlessness/anxietyTachycardia, tachypneaDiminished/absent BS
Chest asymmetryTracheal deviation
towards unaffected sideTympany
ManagementHigh-Fowler’s
Pain reliefO2 therapy
Chest tube insertionThoracentesisChest x-ray
ABGsMonitor for shock
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 24
Pulmonary EmbolismUndissolved substance in pulmonary vasculature
obstructs blood flow
Types: Fat, Air, Thrombus
CausesFlat or long bone fractures
ThrombophlebitisVenous stasis
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 25
Pulmonary EmbolismClinical Manifestations
Dyspnea, tachypnea, crackles
DiagnosticsABGs
Respiratory alkalosis, hypoxemiaLung Scan
Pulmonary circulation & blood flow obstructionAngiography
Location of embolusFilling defect of pulmonary artery
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 26
Pulmonary Embolism
ManagementIntubation & mechanical ventilation
AnticoagulantsThrombolytics
Assess for (+) Homan’s signMonitor PT & PTT
WOF S/S of excessive anticoagulation
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 27
Bronchogenic CarcinomaPrimary pulmonary tumors arising from bronchial
epithelium; metastasis primarily by direct extension,via the circulatory or the lymphatic systems
IncidenceMen > 40 years; 1 out of 10 heavy smokers
Right lung > Left lungEtiology
Inhaled carcinogens [cigarette smoke, asbestos, nickel, iron oxides]
Pre-existing pulmonary DO [COPD, TB]
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 28
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Clinical ManifestationsPersistent cough
[productive, blood-tinged]Chest pain, dyspneaUnilateral wheezing
Friction rubFatigue, anorexia
Nausea & vomitingPallor
DiagnosticsCXR
Presence of tumor; metastasis
Sputum for cytology Malignant cellsThoracentesis
Pleural fluidwith malignant cells
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 29
Bronchogenic CarcinomaManagement
Depends on cell type, stage of disease,and condition of the patient
Radiation therapyChemotherapy
Surgery
Provide support & guidance to clientRelief/control of pain and nauseaMeds as ordered, monitor effects
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 30
Lung CancerMaybe metastatic or primaryLeading cause of mortality
Smoking-relatedPoor prognosisDies in 5 years
AdenocarcinomaMost prevalent typeSmall cell carcinoma
Poorest prognosis
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 31
Laryngeal CarcinomaRisk Factors
Cigarette smokingChronic laryngitis
Vocal abuseAlcohol abuse
Familial tendency
TypesGlottic
Hoarseness for >2 weeksDyspnea
SupraglotticLocalized throat pain
Burning when drinking hot liquids or orange juice
Lump in the neckDysphagia, odynophagia
nionoveno@yc respi disorders 32
Laryngeal CarcinomaManagement
Subtotal laryngectomy: retains voice Total: absolute loss of voice Tracheostomy: temporary or permanent Maintain patent airway HOB elevated 45º Assist patient in communicating; provide writing
materials, etc. Practice swallowing Cover tracheostomy with porous material Avoid powder, spray, aerosol near trachea
Respiratory DisordersNio C. Noveno, RN ,MAN
THANK YOU!