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Small Ruminant Research 67 (2007) 235–242

Residues in milk and production performance of goats followingthe intake of a pesticide (endosulfan)

Subir K. Nag ∗, S.K. Mahanta, Mukesh K. Raikwar, B.K. BhadoriaPlant Animal Relationship Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi 284003, Uttar Pradesh, India

Received 16 September 2004; received in revised form 11 October 2005; accepted 11 October 2005Available online 29 November 2005

bstract

A trial was conducted on 12 lactating Barberi milch goats (body weight 18.1 ± 0.9 kg, 2nd to 3rd parity, mid lactation), dividednto three groups (G1, G2 and G3) of four animals each, in which endosulfan, an organochlorinated insecticide, was administeredia the diet in two doses, i.e. 15 mg/goat/day in the G2 and 30 mg/goat/day in the G3 groups for 25 consecutive days. The G1 grouperved as a control. Endosulfan residues comprising of �, � isomers and endosulfan sulfate were present in milk samples, but theransfer coefficient, i.e. the percentage of daily intake of a pesticide excreted into the milk each day, was very low (0.23–0.33%). Theesidue concentration gradually increased during the administration period and reached a peak on day 25, the last day of treatment.hereafter, the residues started to decline and reached approximately basis levels within 20 days after cessation of treatment. Theinetics of the decline phase followed the first-order kinetics and the statistical half-life was almost the same in both the treatmentroups (8.67 and 8.88 days for G and G , respectively). There were no perceptible changes in the utilization of nutrients, feed

2 3

ntake, milk yield and milk composition, and blood metabolites in the treated group of animals following ingestion of the pesticide.here was thus apparently no adverse effect on the performance of the animals following the intake of the pesticide, but researcheeds to be done on the long-term exposure to the pesticide in low doses.

2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

emical

eywords: Endosulfan; Goat; Milk; Nutrient utilization; Blood bioch

. Introduction

Feed and fodder offered to animals are often contam-nated with pesticide residues (Sandhu, 1980; Raikwar

nd Nag, 2003) and after feeding, these residues passhrough the body systems (Prassad and Chhabra, 2001).esticides are toxic xenobiotics, which can adverselyffect the biological systems in a number of ways.fter entry in the animal body, residues are distributed

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 517 2730446/2730908;ax: +91 517 2730833.

E-mail addresses: nagsk 67@rediffmail.com,ubirknag@yahoo.com (S.K. Nag).

921-4488/$ – see front matter © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.10.008

constituents

to different organs, tissues and also translocated tomilk in the case of milch goats. Some residues mayalso be excreted via the urine and faeces (Juliet et al.,1998). The continuous intake of pesticide residues inruminants is a particularly serious problem in the caseof the organochlorines, which are highly liposolubleand deposited in adipose tissues, body fats and remainin situ for a long time. Contamination of milk in bothanimals and humans by DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane], hexachloro cyclohexane

(HCH, commonly known as BHC), aldrin, dieldrin andheptachlor has been reported by researchers in differentcountries over the last few decades, and the use ofmost of these chemicals have been banned in certain

inant Re

2 ml × 50 ml parts of hexane. The hexane layer was againcollected and passed through anhydrous sodium sulphateinto the same round bottom flask. The combined hexaneextract was concentrated in a rotary vacuum evaporator

Table 1Chemical composition (% DM basis) of experimental diet fed to milchgoats

Parameters Concentratemixture (g/100 g)

Oat hay(g/100 g)

Organic matter (OM) 88.17 91.73Crude protein (CP) 21.44 8.22

236 S.K. Nag et al. / Small Rum

countries (Williams and Mills, 1964; Kapoor and Kalra,1988, 1997; Singhal and Mudgal, 1990; Surendra Nathet al., 1998). In India, there is for example a total banon the use of HCH, aldrin, dieldrin and heptachlor, andpermission has been given for the restricted use onlyof DDT in public hygiene programmes and for lindane(�-HCH) to be used on field crops. However, endosulfan(6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathie pine-3-oxide), a mem-ber of cyclodiene group of organochlorinated insecti-cides, is generally used in agriculture for the controlof various pests in crops in India—as a result, it hasbeen reported to be present as residues in different feedconcentrates and green fodders up to a concentration of6 ppm (Dikshit et al., 1989; Prassad, 1998; Kang et al.,2002; Imrankhan et al., 2003; Deka et al., 2004). It washowever reported that unlike the other organochlori-nated insecticides, endosulfan apparently does not passinto the milk of cattle when ingested in feed—even ata high concentration for a prolonged period of time(Surendra Nath et al., 2000). However, Indraningsihet al. (1993) administered endosulfan to goats at arate of 1 mg/kg body weight for 28 days and detectedresidues in milk for the first day samples only. Feedingexperiments with endosulfan to record its effect on feedintake and the utilisation of nutrients in large and smallruminants is very sparse. With this background, thepresent experiment was designed to determine whetherendosulfan contamination could be transferred to themilk of goats when fed material contaminated with thepesticide. A metabolic trial was also conducted duringthe pesticide administration period to observe the effectof endosulfan ingestion on feed intake and nutrientutilization, milk yield, milk quality and certain bloodbiochemical parameters.

2. Materials and methods

The experiment was conducted at the Animal Com-plex of the Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Insti-tute, Jhansi. Twelve Barberi milch goats (18.1 ± 0.9 kgbody weight, 2nd to 3rd parity, mid lactation) weredivided into three treatment groups (G1, G2 and G3)of four does each, fed a mixed diet of concentrateand oat hay. Endosulfan, an organochlorine insecticideof the cyclodiene group, was daily mixed with the

feed and fed to the goats according to the followingschedule:

Group G1 = Control with no endosulfan fed to the goatsGroup G2 = endosulfan fed at a dose of 15 mg/goat/dayfor 25 consecutive days

search 67 (2007) 235–242

Group G3 = endosulfan fed at a dose of 30 mg/goat/dayfor 25 consecutive days

Pure analytical grade endosulfan containing the twostereo isomers (� and �) was used for supplementationand treatment solutions of the desired concentration ofthe pesticide compound was prepared in acetone and theappropriate volume mixed with a small amount of feedconcentrate samples, as per the treatment. The solventwas allowed to evaporate off, where after it was offeredto the animals for ingestion.

The does were offered a mixed concentrate diet(Table 1) containing crushed maize, groundnut cake,wheat bran, mineral mixture, common salt—in a ratio of40:35:22:2:1 ratio) at 2% of body weight and oat hay adlibitum to meet their nutritional and production require-ments. The does were weighed fortnightly before feedingand watering in the morning, and the quantity of concen-trate adjusted fortnightly according to the change in bodyweight. In addition, clean drinking water was also pro-vided to each goat twice daily. Daily milk yield fromeach animal was recorded throughout the experimentalperiod.

Milk samples were collected in the morning (7:00)from all does at 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days of treatmentand 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after treatment and anal-ysed for composition. Ten milliliters of a randomizedwhole milk sample was homogenised in a mixer-blenderwith mixture of 50 ml hexane and acetone (1:1, v/v) for2 min. The homogenate was then transferred to a tubeand centrifuged for 10 min at 2000 rpm. The upper hex-ane layer was aspirated and passed through a columnof anhydrous sodium sulphate into a 500 ml round bot-tom flask. The lower layer was re-extracted twice with

Ether extract (EE) 2.34 0.94Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 30.14 71.10Acid detergent fiber (ADF) 15.71 48.38Cellulose 8.63 39.11

Total ash 11.83 8.27

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the feed to the milk. Samples collected at the 25th dayof treatment (which was the last day of feeding of endo-sulfan) recorded the presence of 0.194 mg/kg endosulfanin the G2 and 0.282 mg/kg in the G3 group. Following

Table 2The mean (±S.D.) excretion of endosulfan residues (mg/kg) in milchgoats following endosulfan treatment

Days G1 (control) G2 (15 mg)a G3 (30 mg)a

During treatment0 0.052 ± 0.007 0.062 ± 0.015 0.065 ± 0.0252 0.074 ± 0.004 0.079 ± 0.015 0.096 ± 0.0175 0.024 ± 0.006 0.096 ± 0.022 0.138 ± 0.029

10 0.062 ± 0.006 0.128 ± 0.01 0.167 ± 0.03215 0.059 ± 0.01 0.166 ± 0.032 0.210 ± 0.03320 0.117 ± 0.012 0.171 ± 0.036 0.239 ± 0.07625 0.046 ± 0.005 0.194 ± 0.037 0.282 ± 0.046

After treatment

S.K. Nag et al. / Small Rum

nd subjected to column chromatography (Suzuki et al.,979; Kapoor et al., 1981).

A mini column (300 mm × 15 mm i.d.) was preparedith 2.5 g, 60–100 mesh pre-activated florisil (magne-

ium silicate) overlaid with a cotton plug and 2 g pre-ctivated anhydrous sodium sulphate in hexane. Theoncentrated hexane layer was passed through the col-mn and eluted with 50 ml solvent, comprised of ethylcetate–benzene–hexane (1:19:180, v/v). The eluate wasoncentrated in a rotary vacuum evaporator, the volumeade up to the desired volume in hexane and subjected

o gas chromatographic analysis.The quantitative analysis was performed in a Var-

an 3800 gas chromatograph fitted with electron cap-ure detector (Ni63) and CP Sil 5 CB capillary column30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 �m film thickness) with fol-owing operating conditions:

Column temperature −180 ◦C for 1 min, then @20 ◦C/min to 240 ◦C for 10 min injector temperature−250 ◦C, detector temperature −300 ◦C.Carrier gas—nitrogen with flow of 1 ml/min throughcolumn and 30 ml/min backup.The retention time of the peaks were �-endosulfan:8.54 min, �-endosulfan: 9.60 min and endosulfan sul-fate: 10.58 min.

Towards the end of treatment, a metabolic trial wasonducted for 6 days following standard procedures forollection and aliquoting of the representative samplesf feeds offered, feed residues, faeces and urine collectedSchneider and Flatt, 1975). Representative samples ofilk and blood were also collected daily from individual

oats in the morning (7:00) before feeding and watering.Representative samples of feeds offered, residues and

xcreta (faeces/urine) were analysed for proximate prin-iples, like moisture/dry matter, crude protein, etherxtract and ash content (AOAC, 1990) and cell wall frac-ions (Goering and Van Soest, 1970). Milk samples werenalysed for total solids, milk protein, fat content (Garberethod) and ash content (AOAC, 1990). Blood samples,

ollected via jugular vein puncture from the experimen-al goats into sterilized glass tubes containing sodium flu-ride (5 mg/ml) and heparin (0.2 mg/ml), were analysedor blood glucose (Cooper and Mc.Daniel, 1970), pro-ein (Biuret method; Reinhold, 1953) and urea–nitrogenRahmatullah and Boyde, 1980).

All the data pertaining to nutrient intake, digestibility.

-balance, milk yield, milk composition and blood bio-

hemical constituents were subjected to statistical analy-is of variance in a one-way classification for treatmentssing a completely randomized design, as described by

search 67 (2007) 235–242 237

Snedecor and Cochran (1989). The test of significanceamong the treatment differences was also analysed usingthe t-test.

3. Results and discussion

Technical grade endosulfan is a mixture of twostereoisomers, namely � and �, which occur in the ratioof 2:1. In this trial, residues of endosulfan were expressedas total endosulfan comprising of both these two iso-mers and one of its most common and toxic metabolites,i.e. endosulfan sulfate. The feed offered to the controlanimals was generally contaminated with endosulfan,which was unavoidable, and this caused a basis residuelevel in the milk. The mean basis residue level in controlanimals was 0.065 mg/kg and this value was deductedwhen calculating the net residues levels of endosulfan inthe milk of the treated animals (except in the day 0 sam-ples which was recorded uncorrected). The excretion ofendosulfan residues in milk were calculated on a wholemilk basis and are set out in Table 2.

The initial residues in the milk, i.e. residues in thesample on day 0, which was collected just prior to theonset of the experimental treatment of endosulfan, was0.062 and 0.065 mg/kg for the G2 and G3 groups, respec-tively. This was taken as the background or basis residuelevel. However, the concentration of the endosulfan inmilk samples slowly increased during the feeding (treat-ment) period in both the G2 and G3 groups, up to day25, which indicated that endosulfan passes readily from

5 0.103 ± 0.005 0.164 ± 0.031 0.223 ± 0.04910 0.089 ± 0.006 0.104 ± 0.029 0.158 ± 0.08015 0.044 ± 0.007 0.079 ± 0.02 0.096 ± 0.04120 0.045 ± 0.006 0.038 ± 0.02 0.061 ± 0.028

a Background corrected except day 0 samples.

238 S.K. Nag et al. / Small Ruminant Research 67 (2007) 235–242

es via m

Fig. 1. Excretion of endosulfan residu

the cessation of feeding endosulfan, the concentrationbegan to decrease (Fig. 1). On day 5 after cessationof treatment, 0.164 mg/kg endosulfan was recorded inthe group G2, and for the G3 group the correspond-ing value was 0.223 mg/kg. A further steady decline inconcentration was observed in subsequent milk samplescollected on the 10th, 15th and 20th day following termi-nation of treatment. On day 20 sample, the residue levelwas 0.038 mg/kg and 0.061 mg/kg in G2 and G3 groups,respectively.

Endosulfan residues could not be detected in themilk of cattle, even when fed for 4 weeks at a levelof 50 mg/day (Surendra Nath et al., 2000). Only tracesof endosulfan sulfate was found in the milk samples 1week after the commencement of the feeding trial. How-ever, the presence of endosulfan residues in both bovineand human milk have been reported by other workers.Kathpal et al. (2001) reported 15 out of 100 bovine milksamples collected from different places in India to con-tain endosulfan residues above the maximum residuelimit (MRL). Nag and Raikwar (2003) also reported thatof 83 bovine milk samples collected from places in theBundelkhand region of India, 26 were found to be con-taminated with endosulfan. In the current experiment, it

was observed that the endosulfan isomers � and �, andthe toxic metabolite endosulfan sulfate could be detectedin most of the samples, even 20 days after terminationof treatment.

ilk in goats treated with endosulfan.

Three separate peaks of �, � isomers and endosulfansulfate appeared on the chromatogram of the GLC. Thefraction of total endosulfan fed, which passed on to themilk was quite low, unlike the case of DDT and HCH(Kalra and Chawla, 1985). In the trial, the average DMIwas 582 g/head/day for the does of the treatment doseof 15 mg/head/day endosulfan in the group G2 whichrealised an intake of approximately 26 mg endosulfan/kgof DM daily during the dosing period. The excretionof total endosulfan residues in milk ranged between0.062 mg/kg on day 0 and a maximum of 0.194 mg/kg onday 25 during feeding in the group G2. Thus, for an intakeof 26 mg endosulfan/kg DM/day for 25 consecutive days,only a small fraction (0.062–0.194 mg/kg) was excretedvia the milk during the treatment period. Some of theresidue may have been deposited in the tissues/organs,and some excreted via the urine and faeces. When endo-sulfan was fed at a rate of 1 mg/kg body weight per dayfor 28 days to lactating goats, the residues (�, � isomersand endosulfan sulfate) were detected mainly in the kid-neys, GIT, liver, brain, muscle and spleen (Indraningsihet al., 1993).

The average milk yield per day in the G2 group was383 g and 396 g in the G group. The average con-

3centration of endosulfan in the milk during the dos-ing period was 0.128 mg/kg in the G2 group comparedto 0.171 mg/kg in the G3 group. Thus, the averageexcretion of endosulfan was 0.049 mg/day in the G2

S.K. Nag et al. / Small Ruminant Research 67 (2007) 235–242 239

osulfan

aciw0cmatGit(a

afp1ttUA(tttem

Fig. 2. Regression for decline in excretion of end

nd 0.068 mg/day in the G3 group. The transfer coeffi-ient, which can be defined as the percentage of dailyntake of pesticide excreted into the milk each day,as approximately 0.049/15 × 100 = 0.33% for G2 and.068/30 × 100 = 0.23% for G3. When the maximumoncentration of endosulfan in the milk during the treat-ent period, i.e. 0.194 mg/kg and 0.282 mg/kg for the G2

nd G3 groups, respectively, is taken into account, thenhe transfer coefficient was 0.49% and 0.37% for G2 and

3, respectively. This transfer coefficient of endosulfann goat milk was generally very low, when comparedo the transfer coefficient of �-HCH (12–15%), �-HCH31–36%), �-HCH (2.7%) and �-HCH (8.5%) (Kapoornd Kalra, 1997).

The general mathematical model for pesticide clear-nce is a first-order rate equation, i.e. the rate of trans-ormation or degradation of the pesticide is directlyroportional to its concentration (Gunther and Blinn,955), which can be expressed by the differential equa-ion da/dt = −kA, where A is concentration of the pes-icide at any time t and K is the reaction rate constant.pon integration, the equation becomes log(A/A0) = −kt,0 being the initial concentration. The residual half-life

t1/2), i.e. time taken for the initial residues to degradeo half its initial value can be derived from the equa-

ion by replacing A0/2 for A. The half-life thus becomes1/2 = log 2/k. The regression analysis for the decline ofndosulfan residues in the milk after cessation of treat-ent was performed with the aid of a semi-logarithmic

in the milk of goats following treatment period.

graph, obtained by plotting days (considering last dayof experimental feeding of endosulfan, i.e. 25th day asday 0 and the corresponding residue level as the initialvalue), along the X-axis and the log of the residues alongthe Y-axis (Fig. 2). The dissipation of the residues wasfound to follow the first-order kinetics with high valuesof R2 (coefficient of determination). The statistical half-life of the declining phase was 8.67 days and 8.88 daysin the G2 and G3 groups, respectively. Thus, the rate ofdecline was similar in both groups.

The concentrate mixture contained 21.4% CP and30.1% NDF which provided the required nutrients formilch goats (Table 1). Oat hay contained 8.2% CP and71.1% NDF, reflecting it as a medium quality forage.All the values were within the normal range as reportedearlier in hay of different cultivars (Multani and Gupta,1986; Pachauri et al., 1998).

The average daily dry matter intake (DMI) was 527,582 and 526 g for the G1, G2 and G3 groups, respectively,with the differences not being significant (Table 3). Sim-ilarly, DMI expressed as kg/100 kg body weight, as wellas g/kg w0.75 was similar between groups. A similar aver-age DMI (2.79–3.24 kg/100 kg body weight) was alsorecorded in milch goats fed green berseem ad libitumand concentrate (Jash et al., 2001). The daily intake (g/kg

w0.75) of CP and TDN were comparable between groups,ranging between 8.71–9.20 g and 40.95–46.55 g, respec-tively. This demonstrated that treated animals weremaintained on isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. The

240 S.K. Nag et al. / Small Ruminant Research 67 (2007) 235–242

Table 3The mean (±S.E.) intake and utilization of nutrients in experimental goats following endosulfan treatment (mg/day)

Attributes Treatment

G1 (control) G2 (15 mg) G3 (30 mg)

Nutrient intakeNS

DMIg day−1 527 ± 38.7 582 ± 73.4 526 ± 29.6kg/100 kg bw 3.0 ± 0.2 3.1 ± 0.2 2.9 ± 0.1g/kg w0.75 61.0 ± 4.2 65.6 ± 4.8 59.8 ± 1.5

CPIg day−1 75.4 ± 4.7 82.0 ± 11.0 81.2 ± 6.5g/kg w0.75 8.7 ± 0.5 9.2 ± 0.6 9.2 ± 0.2

DCPIg day−1 56.4 ± 4.9 62.1 ± 9.1 60.5 ± 5.5g/kg w0.75 6.5 ± 0.5 6.9 ± 0.5 6.8 ± 0.2

TDNIg day−1 385 ± 34.6 414 ± 52.5 361 ± 22.3g/kg w0.75 44.5 ± 3.8 46.5 ± 3.1 40.9 ± 1.4

Nutrient digestibility (%)NS

DM 73.2 ± 2.0 73.6 ± 2.3 69.6 ± 1.4OM 77.2 ± 1.6 76.3 ± 1.9 72.9 ± 1.1EE 70.4 ± 1.3 72.1 ± 3.0 72.2 ± 2.3CP 74.4 ± 2.1 75.2 ± 2.3 74.2 ± 1.0NDF 68.3 ± 3.2 68.5 ± 2.2 63.5 ± 1.4ADF 65.1 ± 2.8 66.0 ± 2.5 59.8 ± 1.2Cellulose 74.1 ± 2.6 75.8 ± 1.4 69.5 ± 0.9

Nitrogen balance (g day−1)NS

N intake (NI) 12.1 ± 0.9 13.1 ± 2.0 13.0 ± 1.2Faecal-N 3.0 ± 0.2 3.2 ± 0.4 3.3 ± 0.2Urinary-N 5.6 ± 0.7 6.3 ± 1.3 6.0 ± 0.7Milk-N 2.5 ± 0.1 2.7 ± 0.4 2.7 ± 0.3Retained-N 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1

Retained-N as % of NI 8.0 ± 0.4

NS: no significant differences.

percentage digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADFand cellulose was similar between treatment groups,and generally the digestibility was high (>59%), includ-ing the ADF fraction in all the groups. Similarly, thedigestibility of various nutrients was found high in milchgoats fed a diet comprised of a concentrate mixture andforage (Singh and Mudgal, 1991).

All the animals were in a positive N balance andretained 0.97, 1.02, 0.94 g N daily in the G1, G2 andG3 groups, respectively—which was 7–8% of the N-intake. Similarly, N retention (6–7% of N intake) wasalso reported in milch goats (Singh and Mudgal, 1991).This comparable N retention between the groups was dueto the similar N intake, as well as excretion via the faeces,

urine and milk of the experimental does. Thus, feedingof endosulfan of up to 30 mg/goat/day for 25 consecu-tive days did not have any adverse effect on feed intakeand nutrient utilization as such in the milch goats. Con-

7.9 ± 0.4 7.3 ± 0.3

trary, oral supplementation of pesticides like cyperme-thrin (1.6 mg/kg live weight) and dimethoate (1 mg/kglive weight) in animals reduced DMI, digestibility ofDM, OM and CP, N utilization, as well as feed conversionefficiency (Haque, 2002). Hence, the effect of pesticideson feed intake and utilization of nutrients are variable,depending on the type and dosage of the pesticide, thespecies, and their physiological stages of maturity, modeand duration of supplementation, nutritional status of theanimals, etc. (Girdhar and Singhal, 1989; Singhal andMudgal, 1990; Haque, 2002).

The dietary treatments had no effect on the bio-chemical blood constituents (Table 4). Blood glucose,plasma protein and urea nitrogen levels were comparable

between the different groups—ranging between 47.5 and49.6 mg, 7.2 and 7.5 g, and 15.5 and 16.1 mg/dl, respec-tively. On the contrary, bucks fed concentrates and greenberseem fodder with lindane (an organochlorinated

S.K. Nag et al. / Small Ruminant Research 67 (2007) 235–242 241

Table 4The mean (±S.E.) milk yield and its composition, blood biochemical constituents in experimental goats treated with endosulfan for 25 days

Attributes Treatment

G1 (control) G2 (15 mg) G3 (30 mg)

Milk yield and its compositionNS

Yields (g day−1) 373 ± 52.2 383 ± 37.0 396 ± 27.0Total solids (%) 14.6 ± 0.3 14.9 ± 0.3 14.9 ± 0.1Fat (%) 5.3 ± 0.3 5.3 ± 0.2 5.5 ± 0.3Protein (%) 4.2 ± 0.2 4.4 ± 0.3 4.4 ± 0.2Ash (%) 0.9 ± 0.05 0.9 ± 0.04 0.91 ± 0.04

Blood biochemical constituentsNS

Glucose (mg day−1) 48.5 ± 1.6 49.6 ± 2.2 47.5 ± 2.2−1

N

i3vssHuoseTedeleo3ta

itgmrJ

4

cemc

Protein (g day ) 7.3 ± 0.4Urea-N (mg day−1) 16.1 ± 1.1

S: no significant differences.

nsecticide) up to a dose of 0.50 mg/kg DMI/day for0 consecutive days showed a decrease in packed cellolume (PCV), hyperglycaemia and higher activitites oferum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) anderum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) enzymes.aemoglobin and blood urea nitrogen levels remainednaffected (Girdhar and Singhal, 1989). Thus, the effectsf organochlorine pesticides on blood biochemical con-tituents were variable. Again in the present study, thexperimental does were fed optimally as the CP andDN intakes were higher than the recommended lev-ls of the ICAR (1985). In such a body condition, goatsid not show any negative effects, as adverse or toxicffects with organochlorine pesticides mainly occur fol-owing malnutrition (Singhal and Mudgal, 1990). How-ver, year old female Black Bengal goats fed a mixed dietf concentrate and forage, along with endosulfan (up to7.5 mg/head/day) for 90 days, showed enzyme secre-ion inhibitory effects associated with lipid metabolismnd also cholinesterase (Bose et al., 1996).

The variation in the milk yield per day and its chem-cal composition was also not significant between thereatment groups (Table 3). The milk yield per day wasenerally low as the animals were in their last phase ofid lactation. Milk with similar composition has been

eported earlier in milch goats (Baghel and Gupta, 1979;ash et al., 2001).

. Conclusion

Endosulfan present in feed in sufficiently high levels

an pass to the milk to a certain degree. Excretion ofndosulfan residues in goat milk increased as the treat-ent period increased. After cessation of treatment, the

oncentration of residues declined and reached the basis

7.4 ± 0.4 7.5 ± 0.415.9 ± 0.6 15.5 ± 0.7

levels within 20 days. The rate of decline was similar inboth the G2 and G3 treatment groups. There was no per-ceptible change in the utilization of nutrients, feed intake,milk yield, and its composition and blood metabolites asa result of feeding the pesticide to the goats. The pesti-cide may have some effect on the animals after exposurefor a long period of time, but this has to be further inves-tigated.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Head, PAR Division,and the Director, Indian Grassland and Fodder ResearchInstitute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India, for providing thenecessary facilities.

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