Research ArticleDigital Twin-Based Ecogreen Building Design

Yang Liu 1 Yuhui Sun 2 Ang Yang 1 and Jing Gao 2

1School of Maritime Economics and Management Dalian Maritime University Dalian Liaoning 116026 China2UniSA STEM University of South Australia Adelaide SA 5001 Australia

Correspondence should be addressed to Ang Yang angyangdlmueducn

Received 21 April 2021 Revised 8 May 2021 Accepted 26 May 2021 Published 7 June 2021

Academic Editor Zhihan Lv

Copyright copy 2021 Yang Liu et al ampis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

ampe high operation cost of green building insufficient informationization and automation management capability and the lack ofeffective operation cost control seriously restrict the development of the industry and the realization of green goals In order tosolve the problem of insufficient capability of green building operation cost management based on the digital twin technology inthe manufacturing field we analyze the characteristic requirements and theoretical basis of green building operation costmanagement for system propose a green building operation cost management system based on digital twin and refine the designof each structural layer of this system It is necessary to set up a series of lines although it takes a certain amount of timeampere arefour types of applications namely the number of types of applications the completion of the effective number the comparison offunctions and the implementation capabilities ampe study shows that the proposed system framework can improve the efficiencyand quality of green building operation cost management through technology upgrade and process optimization ampe imple-mentation of digital twin and human-machine collaboration is an advanced stage in the development of digital architecturebecause virtual things and real things materials and numbers are mutually promoting processes ampe inspiration of thistechnological view for architecture is that digital twin and human-machine collaboration not only allow the interaction betweenvirtual and reality and emphasize the feedback of actual construction to virtual simulation but also promote a kind of mutualpromotion of human and machine thinking and construction ability

1 Introduction

ampe construction industry is highly energy-intensive labor-intensive and capital-intensive According to statistics fromdesign and construction to demolition buildings consumeabout 40 of the total energy of the earth and form about40 of the total waste of the earth [1] amperefore greenbuildings have received more and more attention and im-portance from more and more countries to achieve the goalsof energy water land and material conservation inbuildings and to implement the concept of sustainabledevelopment In the green building evaluation standard theconcept of green building is as follows a high-qualitybuilding that can achieve the ecological goals of reducingpollution protecting the environment saving resources andproviding people with an efficient and healthy use spaceduring the whole life of the building [2] Its evaluation indexconsists of five parts safety and durability health and

comfort convenience of life resource conservation andenvironmental livability At present many projects aredesigned and constructed according to the standards ofgreen buildings and have obtained the relevant logo certi-fication However in the operation stage many greenbuildings lack efficient operation management and real-timestatus data which often fail to achieve the expected goals andlead to a large amount of wasted financial and human re-sources [3]

In the lifetime cost of public buildings operation andmanagement costs account for about 85 and the highoperation costs make the property teams feel the pressure[4] amperefore green buildings should not only adopt newgreen and energy-saving technologies and new energysources but also solve the operation cost control problemand find the optimal solution between economic social andenvironmental benefits ampe current research on greenbuilding operation cost management mainly focuses on

HindawiComplexityVolume 2021 Article ID 1391184 10 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520211391184

incremental cost analysis [5ndash7] operation efficiency evalu-ation index construction [8ndash10] energy consumptionmanagement [11ndash13] and BIM-based whole life cyclemanagement [14ndash16] in four aspects However there is alack of real-time monitoring and management research onthe operation status of equipment and facilities and thevarious types of data and their measurement of operationalcost-effectiveness are mainly done manually which cannotbe fully computerized and automated and lack visualizationreal-time processing of information technology and supportat the operation level Since the manufacturing and con-struction industries share many common features in termsof technology and management modes learning some ad-vanced technologies and methods from the manufacturingindustry will be a good guide to improve the efficiency andquality of the construction industry Digital twin technologyhas been developing rapidly in industrial manufacturing inrecent years and its popular definition is as follows digitaltwin refers to digitally creating a virtual model of a physicalentity which is a perfect mapping of the entity not onlysimulating the entityrsquos behavior in the real environment withthe help of data but also making command operations on theentity making the production process run under theguidance of the plan To build digital twins at the assetsystem and cluster levels manufacturers and operators canuse digital twins to characterize the full lifecycle of assetsrespectively to better understand predict and optimize theperformance of each asset [17] Siemens uses digital twintechnology to help manufacturing companies digitallymanage their products from design to manufacturing [18]With the development of information technology infor-mation technology tools represented by software mapsdigital query systems and spatial analysis techniques areincreasingly integrated with city planning Informationtechnology is widely used for the development of intelligentsystems for urban traffic disaster prevention and nighttimelighting as well as analysis of urban topography climaticconditions and environmental factors

Digital tools open the doorway from the real materialspace to the virtual digital world and add the role of ma-chines and data to the simple binary relationship betweenhumans and objects making the subject-object relationshipin architecture more complex and multidimensional In thisprocess of disciplinary transformation it is particularlyimportant to explore the technical view of human-machinecollaboration in the symbiosis of the virtual and the real Ingeneral the application of digital twin in the field of urbanconstruction management has just started and is basically atthe stage of system framework design with instantiatedapplications yet to be realized In addition the application ofthe digital twin for green building operation cost manage-ment has not been considered yet amperefore this paperproposes a green building operation cost managementsystem based on digital twin to address the lack of greenbuilding operation cost management capability in China and

develops a system prototype based on this system frameworkto verify the feasibility of the system framework

2 Ecological Green Building DesignSystem Construction

21 Green Building Design Green neighborhood urbandesign is a neighborhood-level urban design that takes greenneighborhoods as the research object takes the designprinciples of green neighborhoods as the guidance takes theresearch contents of green neighborhoods as the purposecomprehensively studies the requirements of urban plan-ning architecture and other disciplines for green neigh-borhoods combines information energy savingenvironmental protection and other technical means andreflects the green ecological and humanistic concepts As amesolevel green neighborhood urban design research hasprofound practical significance it is mainly through thestudy of different ecological environment elements anddifferent spatial environment elements of the neighborhoodto realize the ecological urban design at the neighborhoodlevel drive the overall ecology of the city with the relativeecology of the neighborhood and then realize the harmo-nious coexistence between urban development and naturalenvironment ampis is the inevitable trend of urban devel-opment from design combined with nature to designobedient to nature and green neighborhood urban design isadhering to this concept seeking the correct law of har-monious coexistence between human and nature in greenneighborhood urban design ampe design obedience to natureis a kind of natural law of ldquosincerity within and fromoutsiderdquo which is the true meaning of design that calls theacademic community to reflect on reality and return tonature [19] For the BIMmanagement there is a lack of real-timemonitoring andmanagement research on the operationstatus of equipment and facilities and the various types ofdigital twin are mainly done manually which cannot be fullycomputerized and automated

As the research on ecological cities and green neigh-borhoods continues to deepen the concept of greenneighborhood urban design will also continue to expand anddeepen ampe green neighborhood urban design defined inthis paper mainly studies the research content most closelyrelated to urban design and it is not necessary to elaborateon all aspects covered by green neighborhoods one by oneAt the same time the concept is based on the existing re-search on ecourban design strategies and methods takinggreen neighborhoods as the research object absorbing andborrowing useful methods and technical means from otherdisciplines and combining traditional excellent urban de-sign methods to explore ecourban design strategies andmethods at the mesoneighborhood level ampe process offorming and refining this concept requires attention to thefollowing aspects as shown in Figure 1

2 Complexity

(1) It is necessary to start from the ecological and spatialenvironmental elements affecting green neighbor-hoods construct the technical system of greenneighborhood urban design and determine thetechnical route and research content of greenneighborhood urban design

(2) To establish an organic connection between eco-logical and environmental elements of greenneighborhoods and urban design systems to in-vestigate and study the current conditions ofneighborhoods to optimize the use of natural ele-ments of neighborhoods and to maintain the eco-logical security pattern of neighborhoods

(3) To propose effective urban design strategies andmethods for green neighborhoods under differentecological environment elements and different spa-tial environment elements

(4) Focus on the application of information technologyenergy-saving technology and other key informa-tion technology to build a green neighborhoodsustainable development pointer system and greenneighborhood management system

22 Technical Applications of the Digital Twin With thedevelopment of information technology informationtechnology means represented by software maps digitalquery systems and spatial analysis techniques are increas-ingly integrated with urban planning Information tech-nology is widely used in the analysis of urban topographyclimate conditions and environmental elements as well asthe construction of intelligent systems for urban trafficdisaster prevention planning and night lighting which haspromoted the development of ecological city design theoryand practice Among them spatial information technologyrepresented by 3S technology (Global Positioning System(GPS) Geographic Information System (GIS) and RemoteSensing (RS)) environmental simulation and analysis

technology and database analysis model are relativelyrepresentative research contents which have importanttechnical support for the realization of the goal of greenneighborhood as shown in Figure 2

Energy-saving technology refers to the development oftechnical measures that can save resources and energyaccording to their characteristics and usage According tothe type of energy saving energy-saving technology hascovered many fields such as electricity saving water savingcoal saving and gas saving Its specific energy-savingtechnology methods mainly include green building energy-saving technology transportation energy saving lightingenergy-saving technology photovoltaic solar power gener-ation technology ground source heat pump technologyexhaust air heat return technology water source heat pumptechnology and circulating water pump energy-savingtechnology According to the characteristics of the tech-nology it can be divided into low energy-saving technologyand high energy-saving technology

Spatial information technology also known as ldquo3Srdquotechnology emerged in the 1960s and includes GPS GISand RS 3S technology can be widely used in environmentswith complex topography especially in mountainous citiesBy extracting data from the topography and geomorphologygreen water system residential land and road distributionwithin the neighborhood physical elements such as eleva-tion slope and slope direction of the base can be deter-mined and the specific location of natural vegetation andwater bodies can be accurately obtained thus providingeffective guidance for the planning and design of theneighborhood

ampe construction activities are carried out in the lot withgentle terrain and suitable slope and the overall buildingspace form is stacked back along the mountain contour andthe building form scale and color are borrowed from thetraditional architectural styles to form an architectural vo-cabulary in line with the regional culture [20ndash29] ampe scaleof the street space takes into account the traffic humanpsychological comfort and disaster prevention needs

System

External database

GIS

RndashBase

Entrez

PMC

Gndashdata

PAZAR

Qndashdata

Mining regulatory relations

Environmental regulation

Manual inspection

e data clearly

Building the database

Data screening

Manual sorting

Predictive regulatoryrelation

ARNHypothesis Evaluation

Information processing and analysis

External database filtering and build

Design analysis tools

Figure 1 Ecocity design strategies and methods at the neighborhood level

Complexity 3

forming two types of horizontal and vertical street spaceformsampe environmental design fully considers the need fordisaster prevention and the overall layout of the buildingstreet and environment according to the distribution of thecurrent vegetation showing the subtle introverted andelegant style of the mountain architecture In the archi-tectural design it pays attention to the combination ofmodern technology and traditional technology in terms ofbuilding layout structure materials architectural culturalconnotation and so on inherits the excellent technologyand methods of traditional regional architecture of westernSichuan and Qiang-Tibet and integrates the innovative steelstructure building technology (patented technology ofsquare steel pipe concrete shaped column structure) whicheffectively improves the disaster prevention ability of thebuilding

Ecological urban design is closely related to the climateand environment and reasonable consideration of envi-ronmental conditions in design will provide the basis forsustainable development of neighborhoods while failure topay attention to the influence and constraints of the envi-ronment on design may result in serious consequences thatare difficult to recover Since ancient times the concept ofintegrating nature into design has become a consensus inurban construction such as the ancient Chinese idea of ldquotheunity of heaven and manrdquo Since modern society urbanplanning and architecture still follow some universal prin-ciples such as the application of the wind rose diagram inplanning and design but its application can only play arelatively rough directional guidance At present cities inmany countries and regions around the world have carriedout research on urban environmental climate maps whichare used to guide urban planning and design through acomprehensive analysis of the environmental climate con-ditions in the study area and linking environmental climatewith urban planning ampe use of urban environmental cli-mate maps makes the understanding of environmentalclimate in planning and design more scientific accurate andconvenient ampe climate zoning results shown in the urbanenvironmental climate map are based on a series of

environmental surveys and simulations of the study areaampe environmental surveys mainly include field research andspatial observation methods using 3S technology whichmainly analyze the built environment while the environ-mental simulation technology calculates and simulates thewind thermal light and sound environments of the built orproposed areas (including experimental methods andcomputer numerical simulation methods) so as to derive itsimpact on the environmental comfort of urban neighbor-hoods and to propose further improvementmeasures guidedby the analysis results

23 Evaluation System of Green Ecological ResidentialCommunity ampe single-factor evaluation index is thesimplest environmental quality index It is generally definedusing the following equation

Ki Ai

Bi

(1)

where Ai is the ith evaluation factor in the environment ofthe observed value Bi is the standard value of the ithevaluation factor

ampe single-factor environmental quality index is a di-mensionless number which indicates the extent to which theobserved value of an evaluation factor in the environment isrelative to the environmental quality evaluation criteria ampevalue of Ki is relative to an evaluation criterion and changeswhen the evaluation criterion is changed amperefore whencomparing environmental quality indices horizontally it isimportant to note whether they have the same evaluationcriteria

ampese indices are mainly used for the evaluation ofnonpolluting ecological factors in the environment becausethe ecological factors are very territorial and it is difficult toestablish uniform national standards on a large scale ampesefactors are evaluated by using the environmental quality oflocations within the evaluation area that is far away from thepopulation and not affected by human influence or by theenvironmental quality of areas designated by environmental

DC (data centre)

Unified device model

Unified organizational structure

Unified organizational structure

Business data

Automatic computingservice

Data conversioncalculation

Graphic data

Implementing evaluation

Standardized acquisition ofpower equipment image data

Transformerscircuit breakers

Currenttransformer e lightning rodCombination

electric applianceCable termination

Defect management Program management CBM management

State detection

Figure 2 Environmental simulation analysis techniques and database analysis model

4 Complexity

experts For example soil environmental quality often usesregional soil background or background values to calculatethe calculation of soil pollution index In the ecologicalassessment the calibration value of the location with betterenvironmental quality is often used as the evaluation cri-terion to calculate the calibration relative quantity coefficientas the evaluation index and the expression is

Qi Ai

Aki

(2)

where Ai is the vegetation growth biomass species volumeand soil organic matter storage Ak i is the vegetation cal-ibration growth calibration biomass calibration speciesand calibration soil organic matter storage Qi is the cali-brated growth coefficient calibrated relative biomass cali-brated relative species volume and calibrated relativestorage volume

As Ai is usually smaller than Ak i the Q value is smallerthan 1 Unlike the pollution index the larger theQ value thebetter the environmental quality ampe smaller the Q valuethe worse the quality of the environment ampe so-calledcalibration value is relative to the environmental quality ofthe control point In addition there are some socioeconomicdevelopment indicators in the comprehensive evaluation ofenvironmental quality that can be evaluated with referenceto the development goals of the country or location Forexample the evaluation standard of population growth usesthe national population growth rate Soil erosion shouldmeet the basic control target of soil erosion in the regionalplan which requires the relative size of the incidence rate ofa certain epidemic disease and the average incidence rateannounced by the state

Relative percentages of environmental quality are nowincreasingly used in landscape ecology assessment andbiodiversity assessment Since these values are alreadyrelative percentages themselves they can be directly usedas evaluation indices for that single factor For examplelandscape ecology evaluates ecological quality throughspatial structure analysis and function and stabilityanalysis Among them the landscape diversity index iscalculated as

p 1113936

NI1 (I(q x))

m (3)

where p is the percentage area of a certain type of landscapeq is the number of landscape types

ampe larger the value the better the landscape diversityampe ecological stability evaluation is calculated by foursingle-factor indices which are ecological adaptability ofland (the score is given by the size of ecological adapt-ability of land the score is 0ndash100) vegetation cover (theactual cover of land is used as the weight value thethreshold value is divided by 100 according to the actualcover) the resistance to degradation assignment (thecommunity resistance to degradation is assigned to 100when it is strong 80 when it is stronger 60 when it isaverage and 0 when it is below average) and the resilienceassignment (the community resilience is assigned to 100

when it is strong 80 when it is stronger and 60 when it isaverage) ampese indicators are scored by environmentalexperts using their comprehensive ability and are them-selves relative percentages which can be directly quotedas the evaluation index of the single factor

ampis type of index calculation does not directly use theevaluation criteria but based on the relationship betweenpollution parameters and pollution hazards in the measureddata an index calculation formula similar to the empiricalformula is established to obtain the dimensionless single-factor pollution index Greenrsquos proposed SO2 pollutionindex and soot concentration are expressed as pollutionindices using smoke coefficients that indirectly measure thecontent of particulate matter in the air which are defined asfollows

SO2 pollution index

qS SO2( 1113857 84S0431

(4)

COH pollution index

qS(COH) 84S0431

(5)

where S is the concentration of the measured pollutant q isthe average reference value

For SO2 and smog coefficient it is suggested that thedaily average values of the desired alert and limited levelsare used as the construction criteria and the two pollutionindices of SO2 and smog coefficient are expressed in the formof power functions From the developmental point of viewthis index is less adaptable with respect to the ever-im-proving environmental quality standards and the coeffi-cients used are artificially subjective in their designation asshown in Table 1 ampese single-factor indices are now lessfrequently used

ampe summation-type subindex is a composite indexobtained by summing several comparable single-factorevaluation indices According to the way of summation itcan be divided into the following categories Simple sum-mation-type environmental quality index is a compositeindex obtained by summing several single-factor indices Itscalculation formula is

Q 1113944k

i1Qi (6)

ampe vector summation environmental quality score in-dex is a composite score index in which multiple single-factor evaluation indices are vector summed Its calculationformula is

Q

1113944

k

i1Qi

11139741113972

(7)

ampe weighted summation environmental quality sub-index is a simple summation or vector summation of eachsingle-factor evaluation index multiplied by a weightingfactor according to the environmental characteristics ofdifferent evaluation factors ampe calculation formula is

Complexity 5

Q 1113936

ki1 aiQi

1113936ki1 Qi

Q

1113936ki1 aiQi

1113936ki1 Qi

11139741113972

(8)

Depending on the chosen weighting factors this type canbe derived into mean-type subindices and weighted rootmean square-type subindices Most subindexes use thismethod such as the Water Quality Index Nanjing AirQuality Index and Canadian Air Quality Index proposed bythe Ohio River Sanitation Commissionampe first two of thesethree summation methods can be regarded as the specialcase of the third method of weighting coefficients the meanmethod of finding subindices can be summarized as thespecial case of weighting coefficients and the ecologicalstability evaluation subindex mentioned above is the averageof four single-factor indices Its calculation formula is

P 1113936

ki1 aipi

4 (9)

Compared with simple summation the vector sum-mation can highlight the contribution of the larger onemore In the case of pollution indices the contribution of thepollutants with severe exceedances to the subindex is greaterwhich is more in line with the principle of designing indices(Table 2)

3 Results and Analysis

Compared with ordinary residential communities greenecological residential communities are equipped with greenenergy collection and utilization devices sewage treatmentand reuse facilities the use of advanced high thermal per-formance wall materials and low-polluting decorativematerials and sometimes have to spend a lot of money tobuild waste disposal facilities ecological landscape wetlandsand so on In this way although the ecological residentialcommunity is more scientific its construction maintenanceand management costs are bound to be greater than theordinary community the price of housing is inevitably highIn this era of outrageous prices the high price will makehome buyers frown in front of the ecological communitywhich also adds to the burden of developers We tend toemphasize only the initial investment but rarely consider theeconomic benefits and other good effects after completionwhich is obviously short-sighted thinking In the face ofgreen ecological residential community we must take the

consciousness of sustainable development with a long-termvision to understand the problem to make a fair andcomprehensive economic evaluation For developers theconstruction cost of some facilities in the ecological com-munity may be high but after years of operation it will payfor itself and even make a profit and the positive ecologicaleffect generated in the process is truly priceless For homebuyers the price of the ecological community may be highbut if you can use the money to buy back health theneveryone will be willing to pay ampe United Nations pro-posed ldquonever die of ignorancerdquo which embodies the dia-lectical relationship between health and economy

For neighborhood land layout flexible division can bemade according to the development and construction re-quirements using the smallest unit of the neighborhood toform a flexible layout mode that can be divided or combinedA flexible neighborhood land division can better protect theland for the slow walking system and public green space inthe neighborhood ampe Sino-Singapore Tianjin Ecocity plandefines 400mtimes 400m as the basic unit of the neighborhoodand innovatively introduces the concept of urban slowwalking system reserving a 20m wide green zone as apedestrian space within the neighborhood in an attempt torelieve the pressure of urban motor vehicles (Eco0 Eco1Eco2 and Eco3 as shown in Figure 3) To ensure that theslow walking system in the neighborhood is not encroachedupon land optimization can be carried out by adjusting theroad network structure of the neighborhood Following theprinciple of ecological priority and moderate flexibility aminimum unit of 100mtimes 100m is divided and the two-dimensional scale of the neighborhood can be large or smallaccording to the specific situationWhile satisfying the trafficdemand of the neighborhood the native green areas andnew green areas are preserved asmuch as possible and can bedirectly connected with the external space of the city to formurban greenways thus satisfying the comprehensive re-quirements of planning concept development constructionand humanization and providing a safe livable and ener-getic living environment for citizens

ampe ecocity has also encountered certain problems in theimplementation of green transportation ampe first mani-festation is the low percentage of green travel mainly due tothe low type of local employment opportunities and the lowattractiveness to talents resulting in a substandard em-ployment-housing balance number From the perspective ofurban design the lack of flexibility in the division of the two-dimensional planning scale of the block has led to a low landmix and the public facilities of the block generally cannotserve the public making it difficult to form an attractiveblock During the construction process the original Eco

Table 1 Measured pollutant concentration changes

Pollutants Pollution index Concentration (mmolL) ChangesSO2 A++ 07325 23COH A+ 09944 24CO A++ 04205 12SO3 A 05951 42PM25 B 07187 12

Table 2 Pollution index

Pollutants Statistics Significance IndexSO2 0534 2 11024COH 0157 2 12346CO 0876 2 12876SO3 0133 2 16844PM25 0534 2 09276

6 Complexity

Valley concept became a single-function urban strip parkand was blocked by the private communities on both sidesfacing the problem of low utilization rate (Figure 4)

In summary the transportation improvement strategyfor green neighborhoods needs to be based on effectivenessand the establishment of a healthy efficient and pleasantgreen transportation system In the urban design of greenneighborhoods the transit-led development mode isstrengthened and the functional mix of the neighborhood isincreased In the specific planning it is necessary to considerthe definition of the scope of the work-living balance reducethe phenomenon of pendulum travel and try to increase theemployment opportunities within the range of suitabletransit travel To determine the process of controlling in thecyber model and feedback the adjustment instructionstransportation system and open space pedestrian system thatmeets the basic requirements of public transport and greenscale and green travel On the premise of not affecting thecomfort of the neighborhood increase the functional mix ofthe neighborhood and the development capacity of thepublic center set up high-rise office or commercial facilitiesand form a comprehensive service center with mixedfunctions through a three-dimensional development mode(Figure 5) At the same time it is also necessary to meet the

comfort and green and ecological requirements of the greenneighborhood such as meeting the green space rate stan-dards and spatial scale requirements

ampe intensive use of resources and energy is the coredesign principle of green neighborhoods and for thecharacteristics of water quality shortage in Tianjin Ecocitythe protection and recycling of water resources are the corecomponents of energy conservation amperefore in the urbandesign of green neighborhoods it is necessary to considerthe use of design means to realize water recycling and in-tensive use of water bodies and to explore the ecologicalrestoration of polluted water bodies the mode of frac-tionated water supply and the comprehensive use of un-conventional water resources At the same time technologydevelopment and use of renewable and clean energy such asgreen building energy conservation solar and wind energyare actively promoted to improve the efficiency of resourceand energy utilization (Figure 6) In the urban design ofgreen neighborhoods it is necessary to determine sustain-able energy development goals pay attention to shapingneighborhood spatial forms that meet green and energy-saving needs in terms of land use transportation systemsand open spaces and form compact and intensive devel-opment patterns oriented by public transportation and

0

2

4

6

8

10

Traffi

c effi

cien

cy5 100

Time (days)

Eco0

Eco1

Eco2

Eco3

Figure 3 City motor vehicle traffic

ndash30

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

Ener

gy effi

cien

cy

5 10 15 20 25 30 350Used time (days)

Energy usageWater usage

Heating usageCooling usage

Figure 4 Change in usage of Eco Valley

Complexity 7

pedestrian systems to meet the basic requirements of greenscale and green travel

Combined with the natural vegetation and water bodiesin the neighborhood the design of the neighborhood watercirculation system is guided by the concept of low impactWith the slow walking system as the core the neighborhoodunit is divided into 4 groups and within each group waterstorage units are set up in combination with group parksand water collection areas are set up in combination with

neighborhood parks which can take the form of rain gar-dens grass planting ditches water storage ponds and so onIn the process of determining and controlling the networkmodel it is necessary to feed back adjustment instructionstransportation systems and open space pedestrian systemsthat meet the basic requirements of public transportationgreen scale and green travel Collected rainwater throughthe surface runoff first into the water storage unit and finallyinto the water collection area ampe rainwater volume is

Highndashrise office

Com

mer

cial

faci

litie

s

Public center

1702

Pixel = 1Pixel = 1

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 322

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

20

30

ndash164019

ndash247788

ndash31556

ndash36477

ndash396318

ndash414399

ndash425726

ndash438269

ndash459773

0 10 20 30ndash10

ndash20

Figure 5 Functional changes in Eco Valley

ndash50ndash45ndash40ndash35ndash30ndash25ndash20ndash15ndash10

ndash50

Reso

urce

rang

e

B C D EA

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(a)

ndash80

ndash60

ndash40

ndash20

0

20

40

Ener

gy ra

nge

G H I JF

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(b)

Figure 6 Comparison of resource and energy use efficiency

8 Complexity

controlled through the water catchment area and some ofthe rainwater is retained as landscape water in the neigh-borhood while the remaining water bodies can be remittedto the rivers or lakes nearby In addition combined with thegreen building design requirements a water treatmentsystem is set up inside the building to form a perfect waterrecycling mode (Figure 7)

Green building is an important element in the energy-saving design of green neighborhoods Tianjin Ecocityproposes a system design approach for green buildingscovering roof gardens floor heating systems rainwatercollection water treatment barrier-free design solarlighting water-saving equipment and so onampemain focusis on passive energy-saving technologies moderately ex-ploring the application of new technologies and through thelayout orientation structure and skin design of thebuildings themselves combined with environmental simu-lation technology and the use of recyclable energy to achievethe intensive use of resources At the same time the eval-uation and grade of green buildings are divided through thedevelopment of green building evaluation standards eval-uation technical rules and design guidelines which lay asolid foundation for the implementation of green buildings

4 Conclusion

Based on the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo in the manufacturingindustry this paper analyzes the requirements and theo-retical basis of the software system for green building op-eration cost management proposes a green buildingoperation cost management system based on digital twinand develops a system prototype based on Bentley Systemsusing laser scanning and photogrammetry technology Asystem prototype was developed based on Bentley Systemssoftware using laser scanning and photogrammetry

technologies ampe system establishes a digital twin ecosystemfor securely sharing data connections through standardizeddata management and interoperability which can provideowners property managers and government regulators withreal and accurate real-time information related to the op-erating costs of green buildings such as environmentecology buildings equipment and operation and cancorrectly reflect the actual operating costs of green buildingsproviding a good basis for green building operating costcontrol management and decision-making At the sametime the relevant parties can directly control and managethe green building entities through the operation of thesystem according to their own authority which is a goodrealization of the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo

Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasetswere generated or analyzed during the current study

Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual partic-ipants included in the study references

Conflicts of Interest

ampe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest

References

[1] F Tao et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designmanufacturing and service with big datardquo -e InternationalJournal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology vol 94 no 9pp 3563ndash3576 2018

[2] W Kritzinger M Karner G Traar J Henjes and W SihnldquoDigital twin in manufacturing a categorical literature reviewand classificationrdquo IFAC-PapersOnLine vol 51 no 11pp 1016ndash1022 2018

[3] Q Qi and F Tao ldquoDigital twin and big data towards smartmanufacturing and industry 40 360 degree ComparisonrdquoIEEE Access vol 6 pp 3585ndash3593 2018

[4] F Tao H Zhang A Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twin inindustry state-of-the-artrdquo IEEE Transactions on IndustrialInformatics vol 15 no 4 pp 2405ndash2415 2019

[5] F Tao F Sui A Liu et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designframeworkrdquo International Journal of Production Researchvol 57 no 12 pp 3935ndash3953 2019

[6] F Tao M Zhang Y Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twindriven prognostics and health management for complexequipmentrdquo CIRP Annals vol 67 no 1 pp 169ndash172 2018

[7] C Zhuang et al ldquoDigital twin-based smart productionmanagement and control framework for the complex productassembly shop-floorrdquo -e International Journal of AdvancedManufacturing Technology vol 96 no 1 pp 1149ndash1163 2018

[8] S Haag and R Anderl ldquoDigital twin-proof of conceptrdquoManufacturing Letters vol 15 pp 64ndash66 2018

[9] Q Qi F Tao Y Zuo and D Zhao ldquoDigital twin servicetowards smart manufacturingrdquo Procedia CIRP vol 72pp 237ndash242 2018

[10] J Leng H Zhang D Yan Q Liu X Chen and D ZhangldquoDigital twin-driven manufacturing cyber-physical system for

0

5

10

15

20

Wat

er sa

ving

inde

x

15 20 25 3010Time for water cycle (hour)

1st cycle

2nd cycle

3rd cycle

Figure 7 Water-saving index of the water cycle process

Complexity 9

parallel controlling of smart workshoprdquo Journal of AmbientIntelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1155ndash1166 2019

[11] A Rasheed O San and T Kvamsdal ldquoDigital twin valueschallenges and enablers from a modeling perspectiverdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 21980ndash22012 2020

[12] K Ding F T S Chan X Zhang G Zhou and F ZhangldquoDefining a digital twin-based cyber-physical productionsystem for autonomous manufacturing in smart shop floorsrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 20pp 6315ndash6334 2019

[13] Q Qi F Tao T Hu et al ldquoEnabling technologies and tools fordigital twinrdquo Journal of Manufacturing Systems vol 58pp 3ndash21 2021

[14] JWang L Ye R X Gao C Li and L Zhang ldquoDigital twin forrotating machinery fault diagnosis in smart manufacturingrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 12pp 3920ndash3934 2019

[15] W Luo T Hu C Zhang and Y Wei ldquoDigital twin for CNCmachine tool modeling and using strategyrdquo Journal ofAmbient Intelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10no 3 pp 1129ndash1140 2019

[16] P D Urbina Coronado R Lynn W Louhichi M PartoE Wescoat and T Kurfess ldquoPart Data integration in the shopfloor digital twin mobile and cloud technologies to enable amanufacturing execution systemrdquo Journal of ManufacturingSystems vol 48 pp 25ndash33 2018

[17] Y Zheng S Yang and H Cheng ldquoAn application frameworkof digital twin and its case studyrdquo Journal of Ambient In-telligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1141ndash1153 2019

[18] M Kunath and HWinkler ldquoIntegrating the digital twin of themanufacturing system into a decision support system forimproving the order management processrdquo Procedia CIRPvol 72 pp 225ndash231 2018

[19] P Jain J Poon J P Singh C Spanos S R Sanders andS K Panda ldquoA digital twin approach for fault diagnosis indistributed photovoltaic systemsrdquo IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics vol 35 no 1 pp 940ndash956 2020

[20] Q Liu H Zhang J Leng and X Chen ldquoDigital twin-drivenrapid individualised designing of automated flow-shopmanufacturing systemrdquo International Journal of ProductionResearch vol 57 no 12 pp 3903ndash3919 2019

[21] R Dong C She W Hardjawana Y Li and B Vucetic ldquoDeeplearning for hybrid 5G services in mobile edge computingsystems learn from a digital twinrdquo IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications vol 18 no 10 pp 4692ndash47072019

[22] A Fuller Z Fan C Day and C Barlow ldquoDigital twin en-abling technologies challenges and open researchrdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 108952ndash108971 2020

[23] T Ni Y Yao H Chang et al ldquoLCHR-TSV novel low cost andhighly repairable honeycomb-based TSV redundancy archi-tecture for clustered faultsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems vol 39 no 10pp 2938ndash2951 2019

[24] J-H Wu W Wei L Zhang et al ldquoRisk assessment of hy-pertension in steel workers based on LVQ and Fisher-SVMdeep excavationrdquo IEEE Access vol 7 pp 23109ndash23119 2019

[25] J Hu M Wang C Zhao Q Pan and C Du ldquoFormationcontrol and collision avoidance for multi-UAV systems basedon Voronoi partitionrdquo Science China Technological Sciencesvol 63 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2020

[26] X Zhao B Chen Y H Li W D Zhu F J Nkiegaing andY B Shao ldquoForced vibration analysis of Timoshenko double-beam system under compressive axial load by means ofGreenrsquos functionsrdquo Journal of Sound and Vibration vol 464Article ID 115001 2020

[27] F Orujov R Maskeliunas R Damasevicius W Wei andY Li ldquoSmartphone based intelligent indoor positioning usingfuzzy logicrdquo Future Generation Computer Systems vol 89pp 335ndash348 2018

[28] J Yang J Zhang and H Wang ldquoUrban traffic control insoftware defined internet of things via a multi-agent deepreinforcement learning approachrdquo IEEE Transactions onIntelligent Transportation Systems vol 99 pp 1ndash13 2020

[29] A Makhsoos H Mousazadeh S S Mohtasebi et al ldquoDesignsimulation and experimental evaluation of energy system foran unmanned surface vehiclerdquo Energy vol 148 pp 362ndash3722018

10 Complexity

(1) It is necessary to start from the ecological and spatialenvironmental elements affecting green neighbor-hoods construct the technical system of greenneighborhood urban design and determine thetechnical route and research content of greenneighborhood urban design

(2) To establish an organic connection between eco-logical and environmental elements of greenneighborhoods and urban design systems to in-vestigate and study the current conditions ofneighborhoods to optimize the use of natural ele-ments of neighborhoods and to maintain the eco-logical security pattern of neighborhoods

(3) To propose effective urban design strategies andmethods for green neighborhoods under differentecological environment elements and different spa-tial environment elements

(4) Focus on the application of information technologyenergy-saving technology and other key informa-tion technology to build a green neighborhoodsustainable development pointer system and greenneighborhood management system

22 Technical Applications of the Digital Twin With thedevelopment of information technology informationtechnology means represented by software maps digitalquery systems and spatial analysis techniques are increas-ingly integrated with urban planning Information tech-nology is widely used in the analysis of urban topographyclimate conditions and environmental elements as well asthe construction of intelligent systems for urban trafficdisaster prevention planning and night lighting which haspromoted the development of ecological city design theoryand practice Among them spatial information technologyrepresented by 3S technology (Global Positioning System(GPS) Geographic Information System (GIS) and RemoteSensing (RS)) environmental simulation and analysis

technology and database analysis model are relativelyrepresentative research contents which have importanttechnical support for the realization of the goal of greenneighborhood as shown in Figure 2

Energy-saving technology refers to the development oftechnical measures that can save resources and energyaccording to their characteristics and usage According tothe type of energy saving energy-saving technology hascovered many fields such as electricity saving water savingcoal saving and gas saving Its specific energy-savingtechnology methods mainly include green building energy-saving technology transportation energy saving lightingenergy-saving technology photovoltaic solar power gener-ation technology ground source heat pump technologyexhaust air heat return technology water source heat pumptechnology and circulating water pump energy-savingtechnology According to the characteristics of the tech-nology it can be divided into low energy-saving technologyand high energy-saving technology

Spatial information technology also known as ldquo3Srdquotechnology emerged in the 1960s and includes GPS GISand RS 3S technology can be widely used in environmentswith complex topography especially in mountainous citiesBy extracting data from the topography and geomorphologygreen water system residential land and road distributionwithin the neighborhood physical elements such as eleva-tion slope and slope direction of the base can be deter-mined and the specific location of natural vegetation andwater bodies can be accurately obtained thus providingeffective guidance for the planning and design of theneighborhood

ampe construction activities are carried out in the lot withgentle terrain and suitable slope and the overall buildingspace form is stacked back along the mountain contour andthe building form scale and color are borrowed from thetraditional architectural styles to form an architectural vo-cabulary in line with the regional culture [20ndash29] ampe scaleof the street space takes into account the traffic humanpsychological comfort and disaster prevention needs

System

External database

GIS

RndashBase

Entrez

PMC

Gndashdata

PAZAR

Qndashdata

Mining regulatory relations

Environmental regulation

Manual inspection

e data clearly

Building the database

Data screening

Manual sorting

Predictive regulatoryrelation

ARNHypothesis Evaluation

Information processing and analysis

External database filtering and build

Design analysis tools

Figure 1 Ecocity design strategies and methods at the neighborhood level

Complexity 3

forming two types of horizontal and vertical street spaceformsampe environmental design fully considers the need fordisaster prevention and the overall layout of the buildingstreet and environment according to the distribution of thecurrent vegetation showing the subtle introverted andelegant style of the mountain architecture In the archi-tectural design it pays attention to the combination ofmodern technology and traditional technology in terms ofbuilding layout structure materials architectural culturalconnotation and so on inherits the excellent technologyand methods of traditional regional architecture of westernSichuan and Qiang-Tibet and integrates the innovative steelstructure building technology (patented technology ofsquare steel pipe concrete shaped column structure) whicheffectively improves the disaster prevention ability of thebuilding

Ecological urban design is closely related to the climateand environment and reasonable consideration of envi-ronmental conditions in design will provide the basis forsustainable development of neighborhoods while failure topay attention to the influence and constraints of the envi-ronment on design may result in serious consequences thatare difficult to recover Since ancient times the concept ofintegrating nature into design has become a consensus inurban construction such as the ancient Chinese idea of ldquotheunity of heaven and manrdquo Since modern society urbanplanning and architecture still follow some universal prin-ciples such as the application of the wind rose diagram inplanning and design but its application can only play arelatively rough directional guidance At present cities inmany countries and regions around the world have carriedout research on urban environmental climate maps whichare used to guide urban planning and design through acomprehensive analysis of the environmental climate con-ditions in the study area and linking environmental climatewith urban planning ampe use of urban environmental cli-mate maps makes the understanding of environmentalclimate in planning and design more scientific accurate andconvenient ampe climate zoning results shown in the urbanenvironmental climate map are based on a series of

environmental surveys and simulations of the study areaampe environmental surveys mainly include field research andspatial observation methods using 3S technology whichmainly analyze the built environment while the environ-mental simulation technology calculates and simulates thewind thermal light and sound environments of the built orproposed areas (including experimental methods andcomputer numerical simulation methods) so as to derive itsimpact on the environmental comfort of urban neighbor-hoods and to propose further improvementmeasures guidedby the analysis results

23 Evaluation System of Green Ecological ResidentialCommunity ampe single-factor evaluation index is thesimplest environmental quality index It is generally definedusing the following equation

Ki Ai

Bi

(1)

where Ai is the ith evaluation factor in the environment ofthe observed value Bi is the standard value of the ithevaluation factor

ampe single-factor environmental quality index is a di-mensionless number which indicates the extent to which theobserved value of an evaluation factor in the environment isrelative to the environmental quality evaluation criteria ampevalue of Ki is relative to an evaluation criterion and changeswhen the evaluation criterion is changed amperefore whencomparing environmental quality indices horizontally it isimportant to note whether they have the same evaluationcriteria

ampese indices are mainly used for the evaluation ofnonpolluting ecological factors in the environment becausethe ecological factors are very territorial and it is difficult toestablish uniform national standards on a large scale ampesefactors are evaluated by using the environmental quality oflocations within the evaluation area that is far away from thepopulation and not affected by human influence or by theenvironmental quality of areas designated by environmental

DC (data centre)

Unified device model

Unified organizational structure

Unified organizational structure

Business data

Automatic computingservice

Data conversioncalculation

Graphic data

Implementing evaluation

Standardized acquisition ofpower equipment image data

Transformerscircuit breakers

Currenttransformer e lightning rodCombination

electric applianceCable termination

Defect management Program management CBM management

State detection

Figure 2 Environmental simulation analysis techniques and database analysis model

4 Complexity

experts For example soil environmental quality often usesregional soil background or background values to calculatethe calculation of soil pollution index In the ecologicalassessment the calibration value of the location with betterenvironmental quality is often used as the evaluation cri-terion to calculate the calibration relative quantity coefficientas the evaluation index and the expression is

Qi Ai

Aki

(2)

where Ai is the vegetation growth biomass species volumeand soil organic matter storage Ak i is the vegetation cal-ibration growth calibration biomass calibration speciesand calibration soil organic matter storage Qi is the cali-brated growth coefficient calibrated relative biomass cali-brated relative species volume and calibrated relativestorage volume

As Ai is usually smaller than Ak i the Q value is smallerthan 1 Unlike the pollution index the larger theQ value thebetter the environmental quality ampe smaller the Q valuethe worse the quality of the environment ampe so-calledcalibration value is relative to the environmental quality ofthe control point In addition there are some socioeconomicdevelopment indicators in the comprehensive evaluation ofenvironmental quality that can be evaluated with referenceto the development goals of the country or location Forexample the evaluation standard of population growth usesthe national population growth rate Soil erosion shouldmeet the basic control target of soil erosion in the regionalplan which requires the relative size of the incidence rate ofa certain epidemic disease and the average incidence rateannounced by the state

Relative percentages of environmental quality are nowincreasingly used in landscape ecology assessment andbiodiversity assessment Since these values are alreadyrelative percentages themselves they can be directly usedas evaluation indices for that single factor For examplelandscape ecology evaluates ecological quality throughspatial structure analysis and function and stabilityanalysis Among them the landscape diversity index iscalculated as

p 1113936

NI1 (I(q x))

m (3)

where p is the percentage area of a certain type of landscapeq is the number of landscape types

ampe larger the value the better the landscape diversityampe ecological stability evaluation is calculated by foursingle-factor indices which are ecological adaptability ofland (the score is given by the size of ecological adapt-ability of land the score is 0ndash100) vegetation cover (theactual cover of land is used as the weight value thethreshold value is divided by 100 according to the actualcover) the resistance to degradation assignment (thecommunity resistance to degradation is assigned to 100when it is strong 80 when it is stronger 60 when it isaverage and 0 when it is below average) and the resilienceassignment (the community resilience is assigned to 100

when it is strong 80 when it is stronger and 60 when it isaverage) ampese indicators are scored by environmentalexperts using their comprehensive ability and are them-selves relative percentages which can be directly quotedas the evaluation index of the single factor

ampis type of index calculation does not directly use theevaluation criteria but based on the relationship betweenpollution parameters and pollution hazards in the measureddata an index calculation formula similar to the empiricalformula is established to obtain the dimensionless single-factor pollution index Greenrsquos proposed SO2 pollutionindex and soot concentration are expressed as pollutionindices using smoke coefficients that indirectly measure thecontent of particulate matter in the air which are defined asfollows

SO2 pollution index

qS SO2( 1113857 84S0431

(4)

COH pollution index

qS(COH) 84S0431

(5)

where S is the concentration of the measured pollutant q isthe average reference value

For SO2 and smog coefficient it is suggested that thedaily average values of the desired alert and limited levelsare used as the construction criteria and the two pollutionindices of SO2 and smog coefficient are expressed in the formof power functions From the developmental point of viewthis index is less adaptable with respect to the ever-im-proving environmental quality standards and the coeffi-cients used are artificially subjective in their designation asshown in Table 1 ampese single-factor indices are now lessfrequently used

ampe summation-type subindex is a composite indexobtained by summing several comparable single-factorevaluation indices According to the way of summation itcan be divided into the following categories Simple sum-mation-type environmental quality index is a compositeindex obtained by summing several single-factor indices Itscalculation formula is

Q 1113944k

i1Qi (6)

ampe vector summation environmental quality score in-dex is a composite score index in which multiple single-factor evaluation indices are vector summed Its calculationformula is

Q

1113944

k

i1Qi

11139741113972

(7)

ampe weighted summation environmental quality sub-index is a simple summation or vector summation of eachsingle-factor evaluation index multiplied by a weightingfactor according to the environmental characteristics ofdifferent evaluation factors ampe calculation formula is

Complexity 5

Q 1113936

ki1 aiQi

1113936ki1 Qi

Q

1113936ki1 aiQi

1113936ki1 Qi

11139741113972

(8)

Depending on the chosen weighting factors this type canbe derived into mean-type subindices and weighted rootmean square-type subindices Most subindexes use thismethod such as the Water Quality Index Nanjing AirQuality Index and Canadian Air Quality Index proposed bythe Ohio River Sanitation Commissionampe first two of thesethree summation methods can be regarded as the specialcase of the third method of weighting coefficients the meanmethod of finding subindices can be summarized as thespecial case of weighting coefficients and the ecologicalstability evaluation subindex mentioned above is the averageof four single-factor indices Its calculation formula is

P 1113936

ki1 aipi

4 (9)

Compared with simple summation the vector sum-mation can highlight the contribution of the larger onemore In the case of pollution indices the contribution of thepollutants with severe exceedances to the subindex is greaterwhich is more in line with the principle of designing indices(Table 2)

3 Results and Analysis

Compared with ordinary residential communities greenecological residential communities are equipped with greenenergy collection and utilization devices sewage treatmentand reuse facilities the use of advanced high thermal per-formance wall materials and low-polluting decorativematerials and sometimes have to spend a lot of money tobuild waste disposal facilities ecological landscape wetlandsand so on In this way although the ecological residentialcommunity is more scientific its construction maintenanceand management costs are bound to be greater than theordinary community the price of housing is inevitably highIn this era of outrageous prices the high price will makehome buyers frown in front of the ecological communitywhich also adds to the burden of developers We tend toemphasize only the initial investment but rarely consider theeconomic benefits and other good effects after completionwhich is obviously short-sighted thinking In the face ofgreen ecological residential community we must take the

consciousness of sustainable development with a long-termvision to understand the problem to make a fair andcomprehensive economic evaluation For developers theconstruction cost of some facilities in the ecological com-munity may be high but after years of operation it will payfor itself and even make a profit and the positive ecologicaleffect generated in the process is truly priceless For homebuyers the price of the ecological community may be highbut if you can use the money to buy back health theneveryone will be willing to pay ampe United Nations pro-posed ldquonever die of ignorancerdquo which embodies the dia-lectical relationship between health and economy

For neighborhood land layout flexible division can bemade according to the development and construction re-quirements using the smallest unit of the neighborhood toform a flexible layout mode that can be divided or combinedA flexible neighborhood land division can better protect theland for the slow walking system and public green space inthe neighborhood ampe Sino-Singapore Tianjin Ecocity plandefines 400mtimes 400m as the basic unit of the neighborhoodand innovatively introduces the concept of urban slowwalking system reserving a 20m wide green zone as apedestrian space within the neighborhood in an attempt torelieve the pressure of urban motor vehicles (Eco0 Eco1Eco2 and Eco3 as shown in Figure 3) To ensure that theslow walking system in the neighborhood is not encroachedupon land optimization can be carried out by adjusting theroad network structure of the neighborhood Following theprinciple of ecological priority and moderate flexibility aminimum unit of 100mtimes 100m is divided and the two-dimensional scale of the neighborhood can be large or smallaccording to the specific situationWhile satisfying the trafficdemand of the neighborhood the native green areas andnew green areas are preserved asmuch as possible and can bedirectly connected with the external space of the city to formurban greenways thus satisfying the comprehensive re-quirements of planning concept development constructionand humanization and providing a safe livable and ener-getic living environment for citizens

ampe ecocity has also encountered certain problems in theimplementation of green transportation ampe first mani-festation is the low percentage of green travel mainly due tothe low type of local employment opportunities and the lowattractiveness to talents resulting in a substandard em-ployment-housing balance number From the perspective ofurban design the lack of flexibility in the division of the two-dimensional planning scale of the block has led to a low landmix and the public facilities of the block generally cannotserve the public making it difficult to form an attractiveblock During the construction process the original Eco

Table 1 Measured pollutant concentration changes

Pollutants Pollution index Concentration (mmolL) ChangesSO2 A++ 07325 23COH A+ 09944 24CO A++ 04205 12SO3 A 05951 42PM25 B 07187 12

Table 2 Pollution index

Pollutants Statistics Significance IndexSO2 0534 2 11024COH 0157 2 12346CO 0876 2 12876SO3 0133 2 16844PM25 0534 2 09276

6 Complexity

Valley concept became a single-function urban strip parkand was blocked by the private communities on both sidesfacing the problem of low utilization rate (Figure 4)

In summary the transportation improvement strategyfor green neighborhoods needs to be based on effectivenessand the establishment of a healthy efficient and pleasantgreen transportation system In the urban design of greenneighborhoods the transit-led development mode isstrengthened and the functional mix of the neighborhood isincreased In the specific planning it is necessary to considerthe definition of the scope of the work-living balance reducethe phenomenon of pendulum travel and try to increase theemployment opportunities within the range of suitabletransit travel To determine the process of controlling in thecyber model and feedback the adjustment instructionstransportation system and open space pedestrian system thatmeets the basic requirements of public transport and greenscale and green travel On the premise of not affecting thecomfort of the neighborhood increase the functional mix ofthe neighborhood and the development capacity of thepublic center set up high-rise office or commercial facilitiesand form a comprehensive service center with mixedfunctions through a three-dimensional development mode(Figure 5) At the same time it is also necessary to meet the

comfort and green and ecological requirements of the greenneighborhood such as meeting the green space rate stan-dards and spatial scale requirements

ampe intensive use of resources and energy is the coredesign principle of green neighborhoods and for thecharacteristics of water quality shortage in Tianjin Ecocitythe protection and recycling of water resources are the corecomponents of energy conservation amperefore in the urbandesign of green neighborhoods it is necessary to considerthe use of design means to realize water recycling and in-tensive use of water bodies and to explore the ecologicalrestoration of polluted water bodies the mode of frac-tionated water supply and the comprehensive use of un-conventional water resources At the same time technologydevelopment and use of renewable and clean energy such asgreen building energy conservation solar and wind energyare actively promoted to improve the efficiency of resourceand energy utilization (Figure 6) In the urban design ofgreen neighborhoods it is necessary to determine sustain-able energy development goals pay attention to shapingneighborhood spatial forms that meet green and energy-saving needs in terms of land use transportation systemsand open spaces and form compact and intensive devel-opment patterns oriented by public transportation and

0

2

4

6

8

10

Traffi

c effi

cien

cy5 100

Time (days)

Eco0

Eco1

Eco2

Eco3

Figure 3 City motor vehicle traffic

ndash30

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

Ener

gy effi

cien

cy

5 10 15 20 25 30 350Used time (days)

Energy usageWater usage

Heating usageCooling usage

Figure 4 Change in usage of Eco Valley

Complexity 7

pedestrian systems to meet the basic requirements of greenscale and green travel

Combined with the natural vegetation and water bodiesin the neighborhood the design of the neighborhood watercirculation system is guided by the concept of low impactWith the slow walking system as the core the neighborhoodunit is divided into 4 groups and within each group waterstorage units are set up in combination with group parksand water collection areas are set up in combination with

neighborhood parks which can take the form of rain gar-dens grass planting ditches water storage ponds and so onIn the process of determining and controlling the networkmodel it is necessary to feed back adjustment instructionstransportation systems and open space pedestrian systemsthat meet the basic requirements of public transportationgreen scale and green travel Collected rainwater throughthe surface runoff first into the water storage unit and finallyinto the water collection area ampe rainwater volume is

Highndashrise office

Com

mer

cial

faci

litie

s

Public center

1702

Pixel = 1Pixel = 1

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 322

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

20

30

ndash164019

ndash247788

ndash31556

ndash36477

ndash396318

ndash414399

ndash425726

ndash438269

ndash459773

0 10 20 30ndash10

ndash20

Figure 5 Functional changes in Eco Valley

ndash50ndash45ndash40ndash35ndash30ndash25ndash20ndash15ndash10

ndash50

Reso

urce

rang

e

B C D EA

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(a)

ndash80

ndash60

ndash40

ndash20

0

20

40

Ener

gy ra

nge

G H I JF

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(b)

Figure 6 Comparison of resource and energy use efficiency

8 Complexity

controlled through the water catchment area and some ofthe rainwater is retained as landscape water in the neigh-borhood while the remaining water bodies can be remittedto the rivers or lakes nearby In addition combined with thegreen building design requirements a water treatmentsystem is set up inside the building to form a perfect waterrecycling mode (Figure 7)

Green building is an important element in the energy-saving design of green neighborhoods Tianjin Ecocityproposes a system design approach for green buildingscovering roof gardens floor heating systems rainwatercollection water treatment barrier-free design solarlighting water-saving equipment and so onampemain focusis on passive energy-saving technologies moderately ex-ploring the application of new technologies and through thelayout orientation structure and skin design of thebuildings themselves combined with environmental simu-lation technology and the use of recyclable energy to achievethe intensive use of resources At the same time the eval-uation and grade of green buildings are divided through thedevelopment of green building evaluation standards eval-uation technical rules and design guidelines which lay asolid foundation for the implementation of green buildings

4 Conclusion

Based on the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo in the manufacturingindustry this paper analyzes the requirements and theo-retical basis of the software system for green building op-eration cost management proposes a green buildingoperation cost management system based on digital twinand develops a system prototype based on Bentley Systemsusing laser scanning and photogrammetry technology Asystem prototype was developed based on Bentley Systemssoftware using laser scanning and photogrammetry

technologies ampe system establishes a digital twin ecosystemfor securely sharing data connections through standardizeddata management and interoperability which can provideowners property managers and government regulators withreal and accurate real-time information related to the op-erating costs of green buildings such as environmentecology buildings equipment and operation and cancorrectly reflect the actual operating costs of green buildingsproviding a good basis for green building operating costcontrol management and decision-making At the sametime the relevant parties can directly control and managethe green building entities through the operation of thesystem according to their own authority which is a goodrealization of the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo

Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasetswere generated or analyzed during the current study

Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual partic-ipants included in the study references

Conflicts of Interest

ampe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest

References

[1] F Tao et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designmanufacturing and service with big datardquo -e InternationalJournal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology vol 94 no 9pp 3563ndash3576 2018

[2] W Kritzinger M Karner G Traar J Henjes and W SihnldquoDigital twin in manufacturing a categorical literature reviewand classificationrdquo IFAC-PapersOnLine vol 51 no 11pp 1016ndash1022 2018

[3] Q Qi and F Tao ldquoDigital twin and big data towards smartmanufacturing and industry 40 360 degree ComparisonrdquoIEEE Access vol 6 pp 3585ndash3593 2018

[4] F Tao H Zhang A Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twin inindustry state-of-the-artrdquo IEEE Transactions on IndustrialInformatics vol 15 no 4 pp 2405ndash2415 2019

[5] F Tao F Sui A Liu et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designframeworkrdquo International Journal of Production Researchvol 57 no 12 pp 3935ndash3953 2019

[6] F Tao M Zhang Y Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twindriven prognostics and health management for complexequipmentrdquo CIRP Annals vol 67 no 1 pp 169ndash172 2018

[7] C Zhuang et al ldquoDigital twin-based smart productionmanagement and control framework for the complex productassembly shop-floorrdquo -e International Journal of AdvancedManufacturing Technology vol 96 no 1 pp 1149ndash1163 2018

[8] S Haag and R Anderl ldquoDigital twin-proof of conceptrdquoManufacturing Letters vol 15 pp 64ndash66 2018

[9] Q Qi F Tao Y Zuo and D Zhao ldquoDigital twin servicetowards smart manufacturingrdquo Procedia CIRP vol 72pp 237ndash242 2018

[10] J Leng H Zhang D Yan Q Liu X Chen and D ZhangldquoDigital twin-driven manufacturing cyber-physical system for

0

5

10

15

20

Wat

er sa

ving

inde

x

15 20 25 3010Time for water cycle (hour)

1st cycle

2nd cycle

3rd cycle

Figure 7 Water-saving index of the water cycle process

Complexity 9

parallel controlling of smart workshoprdquo Journal of AmbientIntelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1155ndash1166 2019

[11] A Rasheed O San and T Kvamsdal ldquoDigital twin valueschallenges and enablers from a modeling perspectiverdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 21980ndash22012 2020

[12] K Ding F T S Chan X Zhang G Zhou and F ZhangldquoDefining a digital twin-based cyber-physical productionsystem for autonomous manufacturing in smart shop floorsrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 20pp 6315ndash6334 2019

[13] Q Qi F Tao T Hu et al ldquoEnabling technologies and tools fordigital twinrdquo Journal of Manufacturing Systems vol 58pp 3ndash21 2021

[14] JWang L Ye R X Gao C Li and L Zhang ldquoDigital twin forrotating machinery fault diagnosis in smart manufacturingrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 12pp 3920ndash3934 2019

[15] W Luo T Hu C Zhang and Y Wei ldquoDigital twin for CNCmachine tool modeling and using strategyrdquo Journal ofAmbient Intelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10no 3 pp 1129ndash1140 2019

[16] P D Urbina Coronado R Lynn W Louhichi M PartoE Wescoat and T Kurfess ldquoPart Data integration in the shopfloor digital twin mobile and cloud technologies to enable amanufacturing execution systemrdquo Journal of ManufacturingSystems vol 48 pp 25ndash33 2018

[17] Y Zheng S Yang and H Cheng ldquoAn application frameworkof digital twin and its case studyrdquo Journal of Ambient In-telligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1141ndash1153 2019

[18] M Kunath and HWinkler ldquoIntegrating the digital twin of themanufacturing system into a decision support system forimproving the order management processrdquo Procedia CIRPvol 72 pp 225ndash231 2018

[19] P Jain J Poon J P Singh C Spanos S R Sanders andS K Panda ldquoA digital twin approach for fault diagnosis indistributed photovoltaic systemsrdquo IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics vol 35 no 1 pp 940ndash956 2020

[20] Q Liu H Zhang J Leng and X Chen ldquoDigital twin-drivenrapid individualised designing of automated flow-shopmanufacturing systemrdquo International Journal of ProductionResearch vol 57 no 12 pp 3903ndash3919 2019

[21] R Dong C She W Hardjawana Y Li and B Vucetic ldquoDeeplearning for hybrid 5G services in mobile edge computingsystems learn from a digital twinrdquo IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications vol 18 no 10 pp 4692ndash47072019

[22] A Fuller Z Fan C Day and C Barlow ldquoDigital twin en-abling technologies challenges and open researchrdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 108952ndash108971 2020

[23] T Ni Y Yao H Chang et al ldquoLCHR-TSV novel low cost andhighly repairable honeycomb-based TSV redundancy archi-tecture for clustered faultsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems vol 39 no 10pp 2938ndash2951 2019

[24] J-H Wu W Wei L Zhang et al ldquoRisk assessment of hy-pertension in steel workers based on LVQ and Fisher-SVMdeep excavationrdquo IEEE Access vol 7 pp 23109ndash23119 2019

[25] J Hu M Wang C Zhao Q Pan and C Du ldquoFormationcontrol and collision avoidance for multi-UAV systems basedon Voronoi partitionrdquo Science China Technological Sciencesvol 63 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2020

[26] X Zhao B Chen Y H Li W D Zhu F J Nkiegaing andY B Shao ldquoForced vibration analysis of Timoshenko double-beam system under compressive axial load by means ofGreenrsquos functionsrdquo Journal of Sound and Vibration vol 464Article ID 115001 2020

[27] F Orujov R Maskeliunas R Damasevicius W Wei andY Li ldquoSmartphone based intelligent indoor positioning usingfuzzy logicrdquo Future Generation Computer Systems vol 89pp 335ndash348 2018

[28] J Yang J Zhang and H Wang ldquoUrban traffic control insoftware defined internet of things via a multi-agent deepreinforcement learning approachrdquo IEEE Transactions onIntelligent Transportation Systems vol 99 pp 1ndash13 2020

[29] A Makhsoos H Mousazadeh S S Mohtasebi et al ldquoDesignsimulation and experimental evaluation of energy system foran unmanned surface vehiclerdquo Energy vol 148 pp 362ndash3722018

10 Complexity

forming two types of horizontal and vertical street spaceformsampe environmental design fully considers the need fordisaster prevention and the overall layout of the buildingstreet and environment according to the distribution of thecurrent vegetation showing the subtle introverted andelegant style of the mountain architecture In the archi-tectural design it pays attention to the combination ofmodern technology and traditional technology in terms ofbuilding layout structure materials architectural culturalconnotation and so on inherits the excellent technologyand methods of traditional regional architecture of westernSichuan and Qiang-Tibet and integrates the innovative steelstructure building technology (patented technology ofsquare steel pipe concrete shaped column structure) whicheffectively improves the disaster prevention ability of thebuilding

Ecological urban design is closely related to the climateand environment and reasonable consideration of envi-ronmental conditions in design will provide the basis forsustainable development of neighborhoods while failure topay attention to the influence and constraints of the envi-ronment on design may result in serious consequences thatare difficult to recover Since ancient times the concept ofintegrating nature into design has become a consensus inurban construction such as the ancient Chinese idea of ldquotheunity of heaven and manrdquo Since modern society urbanplanning and architecture still follow some universal prin-ciples such as the application of the wind rose diagram inplanning and design but its application can only play arelatively rough directional guidance At present cities inmany countries and regions around the world have carriedout research on urban environmental climate maps whichare used to guide urban planning and design through acomprehensive analysis of the environmental climate con-ditions in the study area and linking environmental climatewith urban planning ampe use of urban environmental cli-mate maps makes the understanding of environmentalclimate in planning and design more scientific accurate andconvenient ampe climate zoning results shown in the urbanenvironmental climate map are based on a series of

environmental surveys and simulations of the study areaampe environmental surveys mainly include field research andspatial observation methods using 3S technology whichmainly analyze the built environment while the environ-mental simulation technology calculates and simulates thewind thermal light and sound environments of the built orproposed areas (including experimental methods andcomputer numerical simulation methods) so as to derive itsimpact on the environmental comfort of urban neighbor-hoods and to propose further improvementmeasures guidedby the analysis results

23 Evaluation System of Green Ecological ResidentialCommunity ampe single-factor evaluation index is thesimplest environmental quality index It is generally definedusing the following equation

Ki Ai

Bi

(1)

where Ai is the ith evaluation factor in the environment ofthe observed value Bi is the standard value of the ithevaluation factor

ampe single-factor environmental quality index is a di-mensionless number which indicates the extent to which theobserved value of an evaluation factor in the environment isrelative to the environmental quality evaluation criteria ampevalue of Ki is relative to an evaluation criterion and changeswhen the evaluation criterion is changed amperefore whencomparing environmental quality indices horizontally it isimportant to note whether they have the same evaluationcriteria

ampese indices are mainly used for the evaluation ofnonpolluting ecological factors in the environment becausethe ecological factors are very territorial and it is difficult toestablish uniform national standards on a large scale ampesefactors are evaluated by using the environmental quality oflocations within the evaluation area that is far away from thepopulation and not affected by human influence or by theenvironmental quality of areas designated by environmental

DC (data centre)

Unified device model

Unified organizational structure

Unified organizational structure

Business data

Automatic computingservice

Data conversioncalculation

Graphic data

Implementing evaluation

Standardized acquisition ofpower equipment image data

Transformerscircuit breakers

Currenttransformer e lightning rodCombination

electric applianceCable termination

Defect management Program management CBM management

State detection

Figure 2 Environmental simulation analysis techniques and database analysis model

4 Complexity

experts For example soil environmental quality often usesregional soil background or background values to calculatethe calculation of soil pollution index In the ecologicalassessment the calibration value of the location with betterenvironmental quality is often used as the evaluation cri-terion to calculate the calibration relative quantity coefficientas the evaluation index and the expression is

Qi Ai

Aki

(2)

where Ai is the vegetation growth biomass species volumeand soil organic matter storage Ak i is the vegetation cal-ibration growth calibration biomass calibration speciesand calibration soil organic matter storage Qi is the cali-brated growth coefficient calibrated relative biomass cali-brated relative species volume and calibrated relativestorage volume

As Ai is usually smaller than Ak i the Q value is smallerthan 1 Unlike the pollution index the larger theQ value thebetter the environmental quality ampe smaller the Q valuethe worse the quality of the environment ampe so-calledcalibration value is relative to the environmental quality ofthe control point In addition there are some socioeconomicdevelopment indicators in the comprehensive evaluation ofenvironmental quality that can be evaluated with referenceto the development goals of the country or location Forexample the evaluation standard of population growth usesthe national population growth rate Soil erosion shouldmeet the basic control target of soil erosion in the regionalplan which requires the relative size of the incidence rate ofa certain epidemic disease and the average incidence rateannounced by the state

Relative percentages of environmental quality are nowincreasingly used in landscape ecology assessment andbiodiversity assessment Since these values are alreadyrelative percentages themselves they can be directly usedas evaluation indices for that single factor For examplelandscape ecology evaluates ecological quality throughspatial structure analysis and function and stabilityanalysis Among them the landscape diversity index iscalculated as

p 1113936

NI1 (I(q x))

m (3)

where p is the percentage area of a certain type of landscapeq is the number of landscape types

ampe larger the value the better the landscape diversityampe ecological stability evaluation is calculated by foursingle-factor indices which are ecological adaptability ofland (the score is given by the size of ecological adapt-ability of land the score is 0ndash100) vegetation cover (theactual cover of land is used as the weight value thethreshold value is divided by 100 according to the actualcover) the resistance to degradation assignment (thecommunity resistance to degradation is assigned to 100when it is strong 80 when it is stronger 60 when it isaverage and 0 when it is below average) and the resilienceassignment (the community resilience is assigned to 100

when it is strong 80 when it is stronger and 60 when it isaverage) ampese indicators are scored by environmentalexperts using their comprehensive ability and are them-selves relative percentages which can be directly quotedas the evaluation index of the single factor

ampis type of index calculation does not directly use theevaluation criteria but based on the relationship betweenpollution parameters and pollution hazards in the measureddata an index calculation formula similar to the empiricalformula is established to obtain the dimensionless single-factor pollution index Greenrsquos proposed SO2 pollutionindex and soot concentration are expressed as pollutionindices using smoke coefficients that indirectly measure thecontent of particulate matter in the air which are defined asfollows

SO2 pollution index

qS SO2( 1113857 84S0431

(4)

COH pollution index

qS(COH) 84S0431

(5)

where S is the concentration of the measured pollutant q isthe average reference value

For SO2 and smog coefficient it is suggested that thedaily average values of the desired alert and limited levelsare used as the construction criteria and the two pollutionindices of SO2 and smog coefficient are expressed in the formof power functions From the developmental point of viewthis index is less adaptable with respect to the ever-im-proving environmental quality standards and the coeffi-cients used are artificially subjective in their designation asshown in Table 1 ampese single-factor indices are now lessfrequently used

ampe summation-type subindex is a composite indexobtained by summing several comparable single-factorevaluation indices According to the way of summation itcan be divided into the following categories Simple sum-mation-type environmental quality index is a compositeindex obtained by summing several single-factor indices Itscalculation formula is

Q 1113944k

i1Qi (6)

ampe vector summation environmental quality score in-dex is a composite score index in which multiple single-factor evaluation indices are vector summed Its calculationformula is

Q

1113944

k

i1Qi

11139741113972

(7)

ampe weighted summation environmental quality sub-index is a simple summation or vector summation of eachsingle-factor evaluation index multiplied by a weightingfactor according to the environmental characteristics ofdifferent evaluation factors ampe calculation formula is

Complexity 5

Q 1113936

ki1 aiQi

1113936ki1 Qi

Q

1113936ki1 aiQi

1113936ki1 Qi

11139741113972

(8)

Depending on the chosen weighting factors this type canbe derived into mean-type subindices and weighted rootmean square-type subindices Most subindexes use thismethod such as the Water Quality Index Nanjing AirQuality Index and Canadian Air Quality Index proposed bythe Ohio River Sanitation Commissionampe first two of thesethree summation methods can be regarded as the specialcase of the third method of weighting coefficients the meanmethod of finding subindices can be summarized as thespecial case of weighting coefficients and the ecologicalstability evaluation subindex mentioned above is the averageof four single-factor indices Its calculation formula is

P 1113936

ki1 aipi

4 (9)

Compared with simple summation the vector sum-mation can highlight the contribution of the larger onemore In the case of pollution indices the contribution of thepollutants with severe exceedances to the subindex is greaterwhich is more in line with the principle of designing indices(Table 2)

3 Results and Analysis

Compared with ordinary residential communities greenecological residential communities are equipped with greenenergy collection and utilization devices sewage treatmentand reuse facilities the use of advanced high thermal per-formance wall materials and low-polluting decorativematerials and sometimes have to spend a lot of money tobuild waste disposal facilities ecological landscape wetlandsand so on In this way although the ecological residentialcommunity is more scientific its construction maintenanceand management costs are bound to be greater than theordinary community the price of housing is inevitably highIn this era of outrageous prices the high price will makehome buyers frown in front of the ecological communitywhich also adds to the burden of developers We tend toemphasize only the initial investment but rarely consider theeconomic benefits and other good effects after completionwhich is obviously short-sighted thinking In the face ofgreen ecological residential community we must take the

consciousness of sustainable development with a long-termvision to understand the problem to make a fair andcomprehensive economic evaluation For developers theconstruction cost of some facilities in the ecological com-munity may be high but after years of operation it will payfor itself and even make a profit and the positive ecologicaleffect generated in the process is truly priceless For homebuyers the price of the ecological community may be highbut if you can use the money to buy back health theneveryone will be willing to pay ampe United Nations pro-posed ldquonever die of ignorancerdquo which embodies the dia-lectical relationship between health and economy

For neighborhood land layout flexible division can bemade according to the development and construction re-quirements using the smallest unit of the neighborhood toform a flexible layout mode that can be divided or combinedA flexible neighborhood land division can better protect theland for the slow walking system and public green space inthe neighborhood ampe Sino-Singapore Tianjin Ecocity plandefines 400mtimes 400m as the basic unit of the neighborhoodand innovatively introduces the concept of urban slowwalking system reserving a 20m wide green zone as apedestrian space within the neighborhood in an attempt torelieve the pressure of urban motor vehicles (Eco0 Eco1Eco2 and Eco3 as shown in Figure 3) To ensure that theslow walking system in the neighborhood is not encroachedupon land optimization can be carried out by adjusting theroad network structure of the neighborhood Following theprinciple of ecological priority and moderate flexibility aminimum unit of 100mtimes 100m is divided and the two-dimensional scale of the neighborhood can be large or smallaccording to the specific situationWhile satisfying the trafficdemand of the neighborhood the native green areas andnew green areas are preserved asmuch as possible and can bedirectly connected with the external space of the city to formurban greenways thus satisfying the comprehensive re-quirements of planning concept development constructionand humanization and providing a safe livable and ener-getic living environment for citizens

ampe ecocity has also encountered certain problems in theimplementation of green transportation ampe first mani-festation is the low percentage of green travel mainly due tothe low type of local employment opportunities and the lowattractiveness to talents resulting in a substandard em-ployment-housing balance number From the perspective ofurban design the lack of flexibility in the division of the two-dimensional planning scale of the block has led to a low landmix and the public facilities of the block generally cannotserve the public making it difficult to form an attractiveblock During the construction process the original Eco

Table 1 Measured pollutant concentration changes

Pollutants Pollution index Concentration (mmolL) ChangesSO2 A++ 07325 23COH A+ 09944 24CO A++ 04205 12SO3 A 05951 42PM25 B 07187 12

Table 2 Pollution index

Pollutants Statistics Significance IndexSO2 0534 2 11024COH 0157 2 12346CO 0876 2 12876SO3 0133 2 16844PM25 0534 2 09276

6 Complexity

Valley concept became a single-function urban strip parkand was blocked by the private communities on both sidesfacing the problem of low utilization rate (Figure 4)

In summary the transportation improvement strategyfor green neighborhoods needs to be based on effectivenessand the establishment of a healthy efficient and pleasantgreen transportation system In the urban design of greenneighborhoods the transit-led development mode isstrengthened and the functional mix of the neighborhood isincreased In the specific planning it is necessary to considerthe definition of the scope of the work-living balance reducethe phenomenon of pendulum travel and try to increase theemployment opportunities within the range of suitabletransit travel To determine the process of controlling in thecyber model and feedback the adjustment instructionstransportation system and open space pedestrian system thatmeets the basic requirements of public transport and greenscale and green travel On the premise of not affecting thecomfort of the neighborhood increase the functional mix ofthe neighborhood and the development capacity of thepublic center set up high-rise office or commercial facilitiesand form a comprehensive service center with mixedfunctions through a three-dimensional development mode(Figure 5) At the same time it is also necessary to meet the

comfort and green and ecological requirements of the greenneighborhood such as meeting the green space rate stan-dards and spatial scale requirements

ampe intensive use of resources and energy is the coredesign principle of green neighborhoods and for thecharacteristics of water quality shortage in Tianjin Ecocitythe protection and recycling of water resources are the corecomponents of energy conservation amperefore in the urbandesign of green neighborhoods it is necessary to considerthe use of design means to realize water recycling and in-tensive use of water bodies and to explore the ecologicalrestoration of polluted water bodies the mode of frac-tionated water supply and the comprehensive use of un-conventional water resources At the same time technologydevelopment and use of renewable and clean energy such asgreen building energy conservation solar and wind energyare actively promoted to improve the efficiency of resourceand energy utilization (Figure 6) In the urban design ofgreen neighborhoods it is necessary to determine sustain-able energy development goals pay attention to shapingneighborhood spatial forms that meet green and energy-saving needs in terms of land use transportation systemsand open spaces and form compact and intensive devel-opment patterns oriented by public transportation and

0

2

4

6

8

10

Traffi

c effi

cien

cy5 100

Time (days)

Eco0

Eco1

Eco2

Eco3

Figure 3 City motor vehicle traffic

ndash30

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

Ener

gy effi

cien

cy

5 10 15 20 25 30 350Used time (days)

Energy usageWater usage

Heating usageCooling usage

Figure 4 Change in usage of Eco Valley

Complexity 7

pedestrian systems to meet the basic requirements of greenscale and green travel

Combined with the natural vegetation and water bodiesin the neighborhood the design of the neighborhood watercirculation system is guided by the concept of low impactWith the slow walking system as the core the neighborhoodunit is divided into 4 groups and within each group waterstorage units are set up in combination with group parksand water collection areas are set up in combination with

neighborhood parks which can take the form of rain gar-dens grass planting ditches water storage ponds and so onIn the process of determining and controlling the networkmodel it is necessary to feed back adjustment instructionstransportation systems and open space pedestrian systemsthat meet the basic requirements of public transportationgreen scale and green travel Collected rainwater throughthe surface runoff first into the water storage unit and finallyinto the water collection area ampe rainwater volume is

Highndashrise office

Com

mer

cial

faci

litie

s

Public center

1702

Pixel = 1Pixel = 1

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 322

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

20

30

ndash164019

ndash247788

ndash31556

ndash36477

ndash396318

ndash414399

ndash425726

ndash438269

ndash459773

0 10 20 30ndash10

ndash20

Figure 5 Functional changes in Eco Valley

ndash50ndash45ndash40ndash35ndash30ndash25ndash20ndash15ndash10

ndash50

Reso

urce

rang

e

B C D EA

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(a)

ndash80

ndash60

ndash40

ndash20

0

20

40

Ener

gy ra

nge

G H I JF

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(b)

Figure 6 Comparison of resource and energy use efficiency

8 Complexity

controlled through the water catchment area and some ofthe rainwater is retained as landscape water in the neigh-borhood while the remaining water bodies can be remittedto the rivers or lakes nearby In addition combined with thegreen building design requirements a water treatmentsystem is set up inside the building to form a perfect waterrecycling mode (Figure 7)

Green building is an important element in the energy-saving design of green neighborhoods Tianjin Ecocityproposes a system design approach for green buildingscovering roof gardens floor heating systems rainwatercollection water treatment barrier-free design solarlighting water-saving equipment and so onampemain focusis on passive energy-saving technologies moderately ex-ploring the application of new technologies and through thelayout orientation structure and skin design of thebuildings themselves combined with environmental simu-lation technology and the use of recyclable energy to achievethe intensive use of resources At the same time the eval-uation and grade of green buildings are divided through thedevelopment of green building evaluation standards eval-uation technical rules and design guidelines which lay asolid foundation for the implementation of green buildings

4 Conclusion

Based on the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo in the manufacturingindustry this paper analyzes the requirements and theo-retical basis of the software system for green building op-eration cost management proposes a green buildingoperation cost management system based on digital twinand develops a system prototype based on Bentley Systemsusing laser scanning and photogrammetry technology Asystem prototype was developed based on Bentley Systemssoftware using laser scanning and photogrammetry

technologies ampe system establishes a digital twin ecosystemfor securely sharing data connections through standardizeddata management and interoperability which can provideowners property managers and government regulators withreal and accurate real-time information related to the op-erating costs of green buildings such as environmentecology buildings equipment and operation and cancorrectly reflect the actual operating costs of green buildingsproviding a good basis for green building operating costcontrol management and decision-making At the sametime the relevant parties can directly control and managethe green building entities through the operation of thesystem according to their own authority which is a goodrealization of the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo

Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasetswere generated or analyzed during the current study

Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual partic-ipants included in the study references

Conflicts of Interest

ampe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest

References

[1] F Tao et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designmanufacturing and service with big datardquo -e InternationalJournal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology vol 94 no 9pp 3563ndash3576 2018

[2] W Kritzinger M Karner G Traar J Henjes and W SihnldquoDigital twin in manufacturing a categorical literature reviewand classificationrdquo IFAC-PapersOnLine vol 51 no 11pp 1016ndash1022 2018

[3] Q Qi and F Tao ldquoDigital twin and big data towards smartmanufacturing and industry 40 360 degree ComparisonrdquoIEEE Access vol 6 pp 3585ndash3593 2018

[4] F Tao H Zhang A Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twin inindustry state-of-the-artrdquo IEEE Transactions on IndustrialInformatics vol 15 no 4 pp 2405ndash2415 2019

[5] F Tao F Sui A Liu et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designframeworkrdquo International Journal of Production Researchvol 57 no 12 pp 3935ndash3953 2019

[6] F Tao M Zhang Y Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twindriven prognostics and health management for complexequipmentrdquo CIRP Annals vol 67 no 1 pp 169ndash172 2018

[7] C Zhuang et al ldquoDigital twin-based smart productionmanagement and control framework for the complex productassembly shop-floorrdquo -e International Journal of AdvancedManufacturing Technology vol 96 no 1 pp 1149ndash1163 2018

[8] S Haag and R Anderl ldquoDigital twin-proof of conceptrdquoManufacturing Letters vol 15 pp 64ndash66 2018

[9] Q Qi F Tao Y Zuo and D Zhao ldquoDigital twin servicetowards smart manufacturingrdquo Procedia CIRP vol 72pp 237ndash242 2018

[10] J Leng H Zhang D Yan Q Liu X Chen and D ZhangldquoDigital twin-driven manufacturing cyber-physical system for

0

5

10

15

20

Wat

er sa

ving

inde

x

15 20 25 3010Time for water cycle (hour)

1st cycle

2nd cycle

3rd cycle

Figure 7 Water-saving index of the water cycle process

Complexity 9

parallel controlling of smart workshoprdquo Journal of AmbientIntelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1155ndash1166 2019

[11] A Rasheed O San and T Kvamsdal ldquoDigital twin valueschallenges and enablers from a modeling perspectiverdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 21980ndash22012 2020

[12] K Ding F T S Chan X Zhang G Zhou and F ZhangldquoDefining a digital twin-based cyber-physical productionsystem for autonomous manufacturing in smart shop floorsrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 20pp 6315ndash6334 2019

[13] Q Qi F Tao T Hu et al ldquoEnabling technologies and tools fordigital twinrdquo Journal of Manufacturing Systems vol 58pp 3ndash21 2021

[14] JWang L Ye R X Gao C Li and L Zhang ldquoDigital twin forrotating machinery fault diagnosis in smart manufacturingrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 12pp 3920ndash3934 2019

[15] W Luo T Hu C Zhang and Y Wei ldquoDigital twin for CNCmachine tool modeling and using strategyrdquo Journal ofAmbient Intelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10no 3 pp 1129ndash1140 2019

[16] P D Urbina Coronado R Lynn W Louhichi M PartoE Wescoat and T Kurfess ldquoPart Data integration in the shopfloor digital twin mobile and cloud technologies to enable amanufacturing execution systemrdquo Journal of ManufacturingSystems vol 48 pp 25ndash33 2018

[17] Y Zheng S Yang and H Cheng ldquoAn application frameworkof digital twin and its case studyrdquo Journal of Ambient In-telligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1141ndash1153 2019

[18] M Kunath and HWinkler ldquoIntegrating the digital twin of themanufacturing system into a decision support system forimproving the order management processrdquo Procedia CIRPvol 72 pp 225ndash231 2018

[19] P Jain J Poon J P Singh C Spanos S R Sanders andS K Panda ldquoA digital twin approach for fault diagnosis indistributed photovoltaic systemsrdquo IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics vol 35 no 1 pp 940ndash956 2020

[20] Q Liu H Zhang J Leng and X Chen ldquoDigital twin-drivenrapid individualised designing of automated flow-shopmanufacturing systemrdquo International Journal of ProductionResearch vol 57 no 12 pp 3903ndash3919 2019

[21] R Dong C She W Hardjawana Y Li and B Vucetic ldquoDeeplearning for hybrid 5G services in mobile edge computingsystems learn from a digital twinrdquo IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications vol 18 no 10 pp 4692ndash47072019

[22] A Fuller Z Fan C Day and C Barlow ldquoDigital twin en-abling technologies challenges and open researchrdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 108952ndash108971 2020

[23] T Ni Y Yao H Chang et al ldquoLCHR-TSV novel low cost andhighly repairable honeycomb-based TSV redundancy archi-tecture for clustered faultsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems vol 39 no 10pp 2938ndash2951 2019

[24] J-H Wu W Wei L Zhang et al ldquoRisk assessment of hy-pertension in steel workers based on LVQ and Fisher-SVMdeep excavationrdquo IEEE Access vol 7 pp 23109ndash23119 2019

[25] J Hu M Wang C Zhao Q Pan and C Du ldquoFormationcontrol and collision avoidance for multi-UAV systems basedon Voronoi partitionrdquo Science China Technological Sciencesvol 63 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2020

[26] X Zhao B Chen Y H Li W D Zhu F J Nkiegaing andY B Shao ldquoForced vibration analysis of Timoshenko double-beam system under compressive axial load by means ofGreenrsquos functionsrdquo Journal of Sound and Vibration vol 464Article ID 115001 2020

[27] F Orujov R Maskeliunas R Damasevicius W Wei andY Li ldquoSmartphone based intelligent indoor positioning usingfuzzy logicrdquo Future Generation Computer Systems vol 89pp 335ndash348 2018

[28] J Yang J Zhang and H Wang ldquoUrban traffic control insoftware defined internet of things via a multi-agent deepreinforcement learning approachrdquo IEEE Transactions onIntelligent Transportation Systems vol 99 pp 1ndash13 2020

[29] A Makhsoos H Mousazadeh S S Mohtasebi et al ldquoDesignsimulation and experimental evaluation of energy system foran unmanned surface vehiclerdquo Energy vol 148 pp 362ndash3722018

10 Complexity

experts For example soil environmental quality often usesregional soil background or background values to calculatethe calculation of soil pollution index In the ecologicalassessment the calibration value of the location with betterenvironmental quality is often used as the evaluation cri-terion to calculate the calibration relative quantity coefficientas the evaluation index and the expression is

Qi Ai

Aki

(2)

where Ai is the vegetation growth biomass species volumeand soil organic matter storage Ak i is the vegetation cal-ibration growth calibration biomass calibration speciesand calibration soil organic matter storage Qi is the cali-brated growth coefficient calibrated relative biomass cali-brated relative species volume and calibrated relativestorage volume

As Ai is usually smaller than Ak i the Q value is smallerthan 1 Unlike the pollution index the larger theQ value thebetter the environmental quality ampe smaller the Q valuethe worse the quality of the environment ampe so-calledcalibration value is relative to the environmental quality ofthe control point In addition there are some socioeconomicdevelopment indicators in the comprehensive evaluation ofenvironmental quality that can be evaluated with referenceto the development goals of the country or location Forexample the evaluation standard of population growth usesthe national population growth rate Soil erosion shouldmeet the basic control target of soil erosion in the regionalplan which requires the relative size of the incidence rate ofa certain epidemic disease and the average incidence rateannounced by the state

Relative percentages of environmental quality are nowincreasingly used in landscape ecology assessment andbiodiversity assessment Since these values are alreadyrelative percentages themselves they can be directly usedas evaluation indices for that single factor For examplelandscape ecology evaluates ecological quality throughspatial structure analysis and function and stabilityanalysis Among them the landscape diversity index iscalculated as

p 1113936

NI1 (I(q x))

m (3)

where p is the percentage area of a certain type of landscapeq is the number of landscape types

ampe larger the value the better the landscape diversityampe ecological stability evaluation is calculated by foursingle-factor indices which are ecological adaptability ofland (the score is given by the size of ecological adapt-ability of land the score is 0ndash100) vegetation cover (theactual cover of land is used as the weight value thethreshold value is divided by 100 according to the actualcover) the resistance to degradation assignment (thecommunity resistance to degradation is assigned to 100when it is strong 80 when it is stronger 60 when it isaverage and 0 when it is below average) and the resilienceassignment (the community resilience is assigned to 100

when it is strong 80 when it is stronger and 60 when it isaverage) ampese indicators are scored by environmentalexperts using their comprehensive ability and are them-selves relative percentages which can be directly quotedas the evaluation index of the single factor

ampis type of index calculation does not directly use theevaluation criteria but based on the relationship betweenpollution parameters and pollution hazards in the measureddata an index calculation formula similar to the empiricalformula is established to obtain the dimensionless single-factor pollution index Greenrsquos proposed SO2 pollutionindex and soot concentration are expressed as pollutionindices using smoke coefficients that indirectly measure thecontent of particulate matter in the air which are defined asfollows

SO2 pollution index

qS SO2( 1113857 84S0431

(4)

COH pollution index

qS(COH) 84S0431

(5)

where S is the concentration of the measured pollutant q isthe average reference value

For SO2 and smog coefficient it is suggested that thedaily average values of the desired alert and limited levelsare used as the construction criteria and the two pollutionindices of SO2 and smog coefficient are expressed in the formof power functions From the developmental point of viewthis index is less adaptable with respect to the ever-im-proving environmental quality standards and the coeffi-cients used are artificially subjective in their designation asshown in Table 1 ampese single-factor indices are now lessfrequently used

ampe summation-type subindex is a composite indexobtained by summing several comparable single-factorevaluation indices According to the way of summation itcan be divided into the following categories Simple sum-mation-type environmental quality index is a compositeindex obtained by summing several single-factor indices Itscalculation formula is

Q 1113944k

i1Qi (6)

ampe vector summation environmental quality score in-dex is a composite score index in which multiple single-factor evaluation indices are vector summed Its calculationformula is

Q

1113944

k

i1Qi

11139741113972

(7)

ampe weighted summation environmental quality sub-index is a simple summation or vector summation of eachsingle-factor evaluation index multiplied by a weightingfactor according to the environmental characteristics ofdifferent evaluation factors ampe calculation formula is

Complexity 5

Q 1113936

ki1 aiQi

1113936ki1 Qi

Q

1113936ki1 aiQi

1113936ki1 Qi

11139741113972

(8)

Depending on the chosen weighting factors this type canbe derived into mean-type subindices and weighted rootmean square-type subindices Most subindexes use thismethod such as the Water Quality Index Nanjing AirQuality Index and Canadian Air Quality Index proposed bythe Ohio River Sanitation Commissionampe first two of thesethree summation methods can be regarded as the specialcase of the third method of weighting coefficients the meanmethod of finding subindices can be summarized as thespecial case of weighting coefficients and the ecologicalstability evaluation subindex mentioned above is the averageof four single-factor indices Its calculation formula is

P 1113936

ki1 aipi

4 (9)

Compared with simple summation the vector sum-mation can highlight the contribution of the larger onemore In the case of pollution indices the contribution of thepollutants with severe exceedances to the subindex is greaterwhich is more in line with the principle of designing indices(Table 2)

3 Results and Analysis

Compared with ordinary residential communities greenecological residential communities are equipped with greenenergy collection and utilization devices sewage treatmentand reuse facilities the use of advanced high thermal per-formance wall materials and low-polluting decorativematerials and sometimes have to spend a lot of money tobuild waste disposal facilities ecological landscape wetlandsand so on In this way although the ecological residentialcommunity is more scientific its construction maintenanceand management costs are bound to be greater than theordinary community the price of housing is inevitably highIn this era of outrageous prices the high price will makehome buyers frown in front of the ecological communitywhich also adds to the burden of developers We tend toemphasize only the initial investment but rarely consider theeconomic benefits and other good effects after completionwhich is obviously short-sighted thinking In the face ofgreen ecological residential community we must take the

consciousness of sustainable development with a long-termvision to understand the problem to make a fair andcomprehensive economic evaluation For developers theconstruction cost of some facilities in the ecological com-munity may be high but after years of operation it will payfor itself and even make a profit and the positive ecologicaleffect generated in the process is truly priceless For homebuyers the price of the ecological community may be highbut if you can use the money to buy back health theneveryone will be willing to pay ampe United Nations pro-posed ldquonever die of ignorancerdquo which embodies the dia-lectical relationship between health and economy

For neighborhood land layout flexible division can bemade according to the development and construction re-quirements using the smallest unit of the neighborhood toform a flexible layout mode that can be divided or combinedA flexible neighborhood land division can better protect theland for the slow walking system and public green space inthe neighborhood ampe Sino-Singapore Tianjin Ecocity plandefines 400mtimes 400m as the basic unit of the neighborhoodand innovatively introduces the concept of urban slowwalking system reserving a 20m wide green zone as apedestrian space within the neighborhood in an attempt torelieve the pressure of urban motor vehicles (Eco0 Eco1Eco2 and Eco3 as shown in Figure 3) To ensure that theslow walking system in the neighborhood is not encroachedupon land optimization can be carried out by adjusting theroad network structure of the neighborhood Following theprinciple of ecological priority and moderate flexibility aminimum unit of 100mtimes 100m is divided and the two-dimensional scale of the neighborhood can be large or smallaccording to the specific situationWhile satisfying the trafficdemand of the neighborhood the native green areas andnew green areas are preserved asmuch as possible and can bedirectly connected with the external space of the city to formurban greenways thus satisfying the comprehensive re-quirements of planning concept development constructionand humanization and providing a safe livable and ener-getic living environment for citizens

ampe ecocity has also encountered certain problems in theimplementation of green transportation ampe first mani-festation is the low percentage of green travel mainly due tothe low type of local employment opportunities and the lowattractiveness to talents resulting in a substandard em-ployment-housing balance number From the perspective ofurban design the lack of flexibility in the division of the two-dimensional planning scale of the block has led to a low landmix and the public facilities of the block generally cannotserve the public making it difficult to form an attractiveblock During the construction process the original Eco

Table 1 Measured pollutant concentration changes

Pollutants Pollution index Concentration (mmolL) ChangesSO2 A++ 07325 23COH A+ 09944 24CO A++ 04205 12SO3 A 05951 42PM25 B 07187 12

Table 2 Pollution index

Pollutants Statistics Significance IndexSO2 0534 2 11024COH 0157 2 12346CO 0876 2 12876SO3 0133 2 16844PM25 0534 2 09276

6 Complexity

Valley concept became a single-function urban strip parkand was blocked by the private communities on both sidesfacing the problem of low utilization rate (Figure 4)

In summary the transportation improvement strategyfor green neighborhoods needs to be based on effectivenessand the establishment of a healthy efficient and pleasantgreen transportation system In the urban design of greenneighborhoods the transit-led development mode isstrengthened and the functional mix of the neighborhood isincreased In the specific planning it is necessary to considerthe definition of the scope of the work-living balance reducethe phenomenon of pendulum travel and try to increase theemployment opportunities within the range of suitabletransit travel To determine the process of controlling in thecyber model and feedback the adjustment instructionstransportation system and open space pedestrian system thatmeets the basic requirements of public transport and greenscale and green travel On the premise of not affecting thecomfort of the neighborhood increase the functional mix ofthe neighborhood and the development capacity of thepublic center set up high-rise office or commercial facilitiesand form a comprehensive service center with mixedfunctions through a three-dimensional development mode(Figure 5) At the same time it is also necessary to meet the

comfort and green and ecological requirements of the greenneighborhood such as meeting the green space rate stan-dards and spatial scale requirements

ampe intensive use of resources and energy is the coredesign principle of green neighborhoods and for thecharacteristics of water quality shortage in Tianjin Ecocitythe protection and recycling of water resources are the corecomponents of energy conservation amperefore in the urbandesign of green neighborhoods it is necessary to considerthe use of design means to realize water recycling and in-tensive use of water bodies and to explore the ecologicalrestoration of polluted water bodies the mode of frac-tionated water supply and the comprehensive use of un-conventional water resources At the same time technologydevelopment and use of renewable and clean energy such asgreen building energy conservation solar and wind energyare actively promoted to improve the efficiency of resourceand energy utilization (Figure 6) In the urban design ofgreen neighborhoods it is necessary to determine sustain-able energy development goals pay attention to shapingneighborhood spatial forms that meet green and energy-saving needs in terms of land use transportation systemsand open spaces and form compact and intensive devel-opment patterns oriented by public transportation and

0

2

4

6

8

10

Traffi

c effi

cien

cy5 100

Time (days)

Eco0

Eco1

Eco2

Eco3

Figure 3 City motor vehicle traffic

ndash30

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

Ener

gy effi

cien

cy

5 10 15 20 25 30 350Used time (days)

Energy usageWater usage

Heating usageCooling usage

Figure 4 Change in usage of Eco Valley

Complexity 7

pedestrian systems to meet the basic requirements of greenscale and green travel

Combined with the natural vegetation and water bodiesin the neighborhood the design of the neighborhood watercirculation system is guided by the concept of low impactWith the slow walking system as the core the neighborhoodunit is divided into 4 groups and within each group waterstorage units are set up in combination with group parksand water collection areas are set up in combination with

neighborhood parks which can take the form of rain gar-dens grass planting ditches water storage ponds and so onIn the process of determining and controlling the networkmodel it is necessary to feed back adjustment instructionstransportation systems and open space pedestrian systemsthat meet the basic requirements of public transportationgreen scale and green travel Collected rainwater throughthe surface runoff first into the water storage unit and finallyinto the water collection area ampe rainwater volume is

Highndashrise office

Com

mer

cial

faci

litie

s

Public center

1702

Pixel = 1Pixel = 1

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 322

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

20

30

ndash164019

ndash247788

ndash31556

ndash36477

ndash396318

ndash414399

ndash425726

ndash438269

ndash459773

0 10 20 30ndash10

ndash20

Figure 5 Functional changes in Eco Valley

ndash50ndash45ndash40ndash35ndash30ndash25ndash20ndash15ndash10

ndash50

Reso

urce

rang

e

B C D EA

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(a)

ndash80

ndash60

ndash40

ndash20

0

20

40

Ener

gy ra

nge

G H I JF

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(b)

Figure 6 Comparison of resource and energy use efficiency

8 Complexity

controlled through the water catchment area and some ofthe rainwater is retained as landscape water in the neigh-borhood while the remaining water bodies can be remittedto the rivers or lakes nearby In addition combined with thegreen building design requirements a water treatmentsystem is set up inside the building to form a perfect waterrecycling mode (Figure 7)

Green building is an important element in the energy-saving design of green neighborhoods Tianjin Ecocityproposes a system design approach for green buildingscovering roof gardens floor heating systems rainwatercollection water treatment barrier-free design solarlighting water-saving equipment and so onampemain focusis on passive energy-saving technologies moderately ex-ploring the application of new technologies and through thelayout orientation structure and skin design of thebuildings themselves combined with environmental simu-lation technology and the use of recyclable energy to achievethe intensive use of resources At the same time the eval-uation and grade of green buildings are divided through thedevelopment of green building evaluation standards eval-uation technical rules and design guidelines which lay asolid foundation for the implementation of green buildings

4 Conclusion

Based on the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo in the manufacturingindustry this paper analyzes the requirements and theo-retical basis of the software system for green building op-eration cost management proposes a green buildingoperation cost management system based on digital twinand develops a system prototype based on Bentley Systemsusing laser scanning and photogrammetry technology Asystem prototype was developed based on Bentley Systemssoftware using laser scanning and photogrammetry

technologies ampe system establishes a digital twin ecosystemfor securely sharing data connections through standardizeddata management and interoperability which can provideowners property managers and government regulators withreal and accurate real-time information related to the op-erating costs of green buildings such as environmentecology buildings equipment and operation and cancorrectly reflect the actual operating costs of green buildingsproviding a good basis for green building operating costcontrol management and decision-making At the sametime the relevant parties can directly control and managethe green building entities through the operation of thesystem according to their own authority which is a goodrealization of the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo

Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasetswere generated or analyzed during the current study

Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual partic-ipants included in the study references

Conflicts of Interest

ampe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest

References

[1] F Tao et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designmanufacturing and service with big datardquo -e InternationalJournal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology vol 94 no 9pp 3563ndash3576 2018

[2] W Kritzinger M Karner G Traar J Henjes and W SihnldquoDigital twin in manufacturing a categorical literature reviewand classificationrdquo IFAC-PapersOnLine vol 51 no 11pp 1016ndash1022 2018

[3] Q Qi and F Tao ldquoDigital twin and big data towards smartmanufacturing and industry 40 360 degree ComparisonrdquoIEEE Access vol 6 pp 3585ndash3593 2018

[4] F Tao H Zhang A Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twin inindustry state-of-the-artrdquo IEEE Transactions on IndustrialInformatics vol 15 no 4 pp 2405ndash2415 2019

[5] F Tao F Sui A Liu et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designframeworkrdquo International Journal of Production Researchvol 57 no 12 pp 3935ndash3953 2019

[6] F Tao M Zhang Y Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twindriven prognostics and health management for complexequipmentrdquo CIRP Annals vol 67 no 1 pp 169ndash172 2018

[7] C Zhuang et al ldquoDigital twin-based smart productionmanagement and control framework for the complex productassembly shop-floorrdquo -e International Journal of AdvancedManufacturing Technology vol 96 no 1 pp 1149ndash1163 2018

[8] S Haag and R Anderl ldquoDigital twin-proof of conceptrdquoManufacturing Letters vol 15 pp 64ndash66 2018

[9] Q Qi F Tao Y Zuo and D Zhao ldquoDigital twin servicetowards smart manufacturingrdquo Procedia CIRP vol 72pp 237ndash242 2018

[10] J Leng H Zhang D Yan Q Liu X Chen and D ZhangldquoDigital twin-driven manufacturing cyber-physical system for

0

5

10

15

20

Wat

er sa

ving

inde

x

15 20 25 3010Time for water cycle (hour)

1st cycle

2nd cycle

3rd cycle

Figure 7 Water-saving index of the water cycle process

Complexity 9

parallel controlling of smart workshoprdquo Journal of AmbientIntelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1155ndash1166 2019

[11] A Rasheed O San and T Kvamsdal ldquoDigital twin valueschallenges and enablers from a modeling perspectiverdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 21980ndash22012 2020

[12] K Ding F T S Chan X Zhang G Zhou and F ZhangldquoDefining a digital twin-based cyber-physical productionsystem for autonomous manufacturing in smart shop floorsrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 20pp 6315ndash6334 2019

[13] Q Qi F Tao T Hu et al ldquoEnabling technologies and tools fordigital twinrdquo Journal of Manufacturing Systems vol 58pp 3ndash21 2021

[14] JWang L Ye R X Gao C Li and L Zhang ldquoDigital twin forrotating machinery fault diagnosis in smart manufacturingrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 12pp 3920ndash3934 2019

[15] W Luo T Hu C Zhang and Y Wei ldquoDigital twin for CNCmachine tool modeling and using strategyrdquo Journal ofAmbient Intelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10no 3 pp 1129ndash1140 2019

[16] P D Urbina Coronado R Lynn W Louhichi M PartoE Wescoat and T Kurfess ldquoPart Data integration in the shopfloor digital twin mobile and cloud technologies to enable amanufacturing execution systemrdquo Journal of ManufacturingSystems vol 48 pp 25ndash33 2018

[17] Y Zheng S Yang and H Cheng ldquoAn application frameworkof digital twin and its case studyrdquo Journal of Ambient In-telligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1141ndash1153 2019

[18] M Kunath and HWinkler ldquoIntegrating the digital twin of themanufacturing system into a decision support system forimproving the order management processrdquo Procedia CIRPvol 72 pp 225ndash231 2018

[19] P Jain J Poon J P Singh C Spanos S R Sanders andS K Panda ldquoA digital twin approach for fault diagnosis indistributed photovoltaic systemsrdquo IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics vol 35 no 1 pp 940ndash956 2020

[20] Q Liu H Zhang J Leng and X Chen ldquoDigital twin-drivenrapid individualised designing of automated flow-shopmanufacturing systemrdquo International Journal of ProductionResearch vol 57 no 12 pp 3903ndash3919 2019

[21] R Dong C She W Hardjawana Y Li and B Vucetic ldquoDeeplearning for hybrid 5G services in mobile edge computingsystems learn from a digital twinrdquo IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications vol 18 no 10 pp 4692ndash47072019

[22] A Fuller Z Fan C Day and C Barlow ldquoDigital twin en-abling technologies challenges and open researchrdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 108952ndash108971 2020

[23] T Ni Y Yao H Chang et al ldquoLCHR-TSV novel low cost andhighly repairable honeycomb-based TSV redundancy archi-tecture for clustered faultsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems vol 39 no 10pp 2938ndash2951 2019

[24] J-H Wu W Wei L Zhang et al ldquoRisk assessment of hy-pertension in steel workers based on LVQ and Fisher-SVMdeep excavationrdquo IEEE Access vol 7 pp 23109ndash23119 2019

[25] J Hu M Wang C Zhao Q Pan and C Du ldquoFormationcontrol and collision avoidance for multi-UAV systems basedon Voronoi partitionrdquo Science China Technological Sciencesvol 63 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2020

[26] X Zhao B Chen Y H Li W D Zhu F J Nkiegaing andY B Shao ldquoForced vibration analysis of Timoshenko double-beam system under compressive axial load by means ofGreenrsquos functionsrdquo Journal of Sound and Vibration vol 464Article ID 115001 2020

[27] F Orujov R Maskeliunas R Damasevicius W Wei andY Li ldquoSmartphone based intelligent indoor positioning usingfuzzy logicrdquo Future Generation Computer Systems vol 89pp 335ndash348 2018

[28] J Yang J Zhang and H Wang ldquoUrban traffic control insoftware defined internet of things via a multi-agent deepreinforcement learning approachrdquo IEEE Transactions onIntelligent Transportation Systems vol 99 pp 1ndash13 2020

[29] A Makhsoos H Mousazadeh S S Mohtasebi et al ldquoDesignsimulation and experimental evaluation of energy system foran unmanned surface vehiclerdquo Energy vol 148 pp 362ndash3722018

10 Complexity

Q 1113936

ki1 aiQi

1113936ki1 Qi

Q

1113936ki1 aiQi

1113936ki1 Qi

11139741113972

(8)

Depending on the chosen weighting factors this type canbe derived into mean-type subindices and weighted rootmean square-type subindices Most subindexes use thismethod such as the Water Quality Index Nanjing AirQuality Index and Canadian Air Quality Index proposed bythe Ohio River Sanitation Commissionampe first two of thesethree summation methods can be regarded as the specialcase of the third method of weighting coefficients the meanmethod of finding subindices can be summarized as thespecial case of weighting coefficients and the ecologicalstability evaluation subindex mentioned above is the averageof four single-factor indices Its calculation formula is

P 1113936

ki1 aipi

4 (9)

Compared with simple summation the vector sum-mation can highlight the contribution of the larger onemore In the case of pollution indices the contribution of thepollutants with severe exceedances to the subindex is greaterwhich is more in line with the principle of designing indices(Table 2)

3 Results and Analysis

Compared with ordinary residential communities greenecological residential communities are equipped with greenenergy collection and utilization devices sewage treatmentand reuse facilities the use of advanced high thermal per-formance wall materials and low-polluting decorativematerials and sometimes have to spend a lot of money tobuild waste disposal facilities ecological landscape wetlandsand so on In this way although the ecological residentialcommunity is more scientific its construction maintenanceand management costs are bound to be greater than theordinary community the price of housing is inevitably highIn this era of outrageous prices the high price will makehome buyers frown in front of the ecological communitywhich also adds to the burden of developers We tend toemphasize only the initial investment but rarely consider theeconomic benefits and other good effects after completionwhich is obviously short-sighted thinking In the face ofgreen ecological residential community we must take the

consciousness of sustainable development with a long-termvision to understand the problem to make a fair andcomprehensive economic evaluation For developers theconstruction cost of some facilities in the ecological com-munity may be high but after years of operation it will payfor itself and even make a profit and the positive ecologicaleffect generated in the process is truly priceless For homebuyers the price of the ecological community may be highbut if you can use the money to buy back health theneveryone will be willing to pay ampe United Nations pro-posed ldquonever die of ignorancerdquo which embodies the dia-lectical relationship between health and economy

For neighborhood land layout flexible division can bemade according to the development and construction re-quirements using the smallest unit of the neighborhood toform a flexible layout mode that can be divided or combinedA flexible neighborhood land division can better protect theland for the slow walking system and public green space inthe neighborhood ampe Sino-Singapore Tianjin Ecocity plandefines 400mtimes 400m as the basic unit of the neighborhoodand innovatively introduces the concept of urban slowwalking system reserving a 20m wide green zone as apedestrian space within the neighborhood in an attempt torelieve the pressure of urban motor vehicles (Eco0 Eco1Eco2 and Eco3 as shown in Figure 3) To ensure that theslow walking system in the neighborhood is not encroachedupon land optimization can be carried out by adjusting theroad network structure of the neighborhood Following theprinciple of ecological priority and moderate flexibility aminimum unit of 100mtimes 100m is divided and the two-dimensional scale of the neighborhood can be large or smallaccording to the specific situationWhile satisfying the trafficdemand of the neighborhood the native green areas andnew green areas are preserved asmuch as possible and can bedirectly connected with the external space of the city to formurban greenways thus satisfying the comprehensive re-quirements of planning concept development constructionand humanization and providing a safe livable and ener-getic living environment for citizens

ampe ecocity has also encountered certain problems in theimplementation of green transportation ampe first mani-festation is the low percentage of green travel mainly due tothe low type of local employment opportunities and the lowattractiveness to talents resulting in a substandard em-ployment-housing balance number From the perspective ofurban design the lack of flexibility in the division of the two-dimensional planning scale of the block has led to a low landmix and the public facilities of the block generally cannotserve the public making it difficult to form an attractiveblock During the construction process the original Eco

Table 1 Measured pollutant concentration changes

Pollutants Pollution index Concentration (mmolL) ChangesSO2 A++ 07325 23COH A+ 09944 24CO A++ 04205 12SO3 A 05951 42PM25 B 07187 12

Table 2 Pollution index

Pollutants Statistics Significance IndexSO2 0534 2 11024COH 0157 2 12346CO 0876 2 12876SO3 0133 2 16844PM25 0534 2 09276

6 Complexity

Valley concept became a single-function urban strip parkand was blocked by the private communities on both sidesfacing the problem of low utilization rate (Figure 4)

In summary the transportation improvement strategyfor green neighborhoods needs to be based on effectivenessand the establishment of a healthy efficient and pleasantgreen transportation system In the urban design of greenneighborhoods the transit-led development mode isstrengthened and the functional mix of the neighborhood isincreased In the specific planning it is necessary to considerthe definition of the scope of the work-living balance reducethe phenomenon of pendulum travel and try to increase theemployment opportunities within the range of suitabletransit travel To determine the process of controlling in thecyber model and feedback the adjustment instructionstransportation system and open space pedestrian system thatmeets the basic requirements of public transport and greenscale and green travel On the premise of not affecting thecomfort of the neighborhood increase the functional mix ofthe neighborhood and the development capacity of thepublic center set up high-rise office or commercial facilitiesand form a comprehensive service center with mixedfunctions through a three-dimensional development mode(Figure 5) At the same time it is also necessary to meet the

comfort and green and ecological requirements of the greenneighborhood such as meeting the green space rate stan-dards and spatial scale requirements

ampe intensive use of resources and energy is the coredesign principle of green neighborhoods and for thecharacteristics of water quality shortage in Tianjin Ecocitythe protection and recycling of water resources are the corecomponents of energy conservation amperefore in the urbandesign of green neighborhoods it is necessary to considerthe use of design means to realize water recycling and in-tensive use of water bodies and to explore the ecologicalrestoration of polluted water bodies the mode of frac-tionated water supply and the comprehensive use of un-conventional water resources At the same time technologydevelopment and use of renewable and clean energy such asgreen building energy conservation solar and wind energyare actively promoted to improve the efficiency of resourceand energy utilization (Figure 6) In the urban design ofgreen neighborhoods it is necessary to determine sustain-able energy development goals pay attention to shapingneighborhood spatial forms that meet green and energy-saving needs in terms of land use transportation systemsand open spaces and form compact and intensive devel-opment patterns oriented by public transportation and

0

2

4

6

8

10

Traffi

c effi

cien

cy5 100

Time (days)

Eco0

Eco1

Eco2

Eco3

Figure 3 City motor vehicle traffic

ndash30

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

Ener

gy effi

cien

cy

5 10 15 20 25 30 350Used time (days)

Energy usageWater usage

Heating usageCooling usage

Figure 4 Change in usage of Eco Valley

Complexity 7

pedestrian systems to meet the basic requirements of greenscale and green travel

Combined with the natural vegetation and water bodiesin the neighborhood the design of the neighborhood watercirculation system is guided by the concept of low impactWith the slow walking system as the core the neighborhoodunit is divided into 4 groups and within each group waterstorage units are set up in combination with group parksand water collection areas are set up in combination with

neighborhood parks which can take the form of rain gar-dens grass planting ditches water storage ponds and so onIn the process of determining and controlling the networkmodel it is necessary to feed back adjustment instructionstransportation systems and open space pedestrian systemsthat meet the basic requirements of public transportationgreen scale and green travel Collected rainwater throughthe surface runoff first into the water storage unit and finallyinto the water collection area ampe rainwater volume is

Highndashrise office

Com

mer

cial

faci

litie

s

Public center

1702

Pixel = 1Pixel = 1

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 322

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

20

30

ndash164019

ndash247788

ndash31556

ndash36477

ndash396318

ndash414399

ndash425726

ndash438269

ndash459773

0 10 20 30ndash10

ndash20

Figure 5 Functional changes in Eco Valley

ndash50ndash45ndash40ndash35ndash30ndash25ndash20ndash15ndash10

ndash50

Reso

urce

rang

e

B C D EA

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(a)

ndash80

ndash60

ndash40

ndash20

0

20

40

Ener

gy ra

nge

G H I JF

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(b)

Figure 6 Comparison of resource and energy use efficiency

8 Complexity

controlled through the water catchment area and some ofthe rainwater is retained as landscape water in the neigh-borhood while the remaining water bodies can be remittedto the rivers or lakes nearby In addition combined with thegreen building design requirements a water treatmentsystem is set up inside the building to form a perfect waterrecycling mode (Figure 7)

Green building is an important element in the energy-saving design of green neighborhoods Tianjin Ecocityproposes a system design approach for green buildingscovering roof gardens floor heating systems rainwatercollection water treatment barrier-free design solarlighting water-saving equipment and so onampemain focusis on passive energy-saving technologies moderately ex-ploring the application of new technologies and through thelayout orientation structure and skin design of thebuildings themselves combined with environmental simu-lation technology and the use of recyclable energy to achievethe intensive use of resources At the same time the eval-uation and grade of green buildings are divided through thedevelopment of green building evaluation standards eval-uation technical rules and design guidelines which lay asolid foundation for the implementation of green buildings

4 Conclusion

Based on the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo in the manufacturingindustry this paper analyzes the requirements and theo-retical basis of the software system for green building op-eration cost management proposes a green buildingoperation cost management system based on digital twinand develops a system prototype based on Bentley Systemsusing laser scanning and photogrammetry technology Asystem prototype was developed based on Bentley Systemssoftware using laser scanning and photogrammetry

technologies ampe system establishes a digital twin ecosystemfor securely sharing data connections through standardizeddata management and interoperability which can provideowners property managers and government regulators withreal and accurate real-time information related to the op-erating costs of green buildings such as environmentecology buildings equipment and operation and cancorrectly reflect the actual operating costs of green buildingsproviding a good basis for green building operating costcontrol management and decision-making At the sametime the relevant parties can directly control and managethe green building entities through the operation of thesystem according to their own authority which is a goodrealization of the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo

Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasetswere generated or analyzed during the current study

Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual partic-ipants included in the study references

Conflicts of Interest

ampe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest

References

[1] F Tao et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designmanufacturing and service with big datardquo -e InternationalJournal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology vol 94 no 9pp 3563ndash3576 2018

[2] W Kritzinger M Karner G Traar J Henjes and W SihnldquoDigital twin in manufacturing a categorical literature reviewand classificationrdquo IFAC-PapersOnLine vol 51 no 11pp 1016ndash1022 2018

[3] Q Qi and F Tao ldquoDigital twin and big data towards smartmanufacturing and industry 40 360 degree ComparisonrdquoIEEE Access vol 6 pp 3585ndash3593 2018

[4] F Tao H Zhang A Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twin inindustry state-of-the-artrdquo IEEE Transactions on IndustrialInformatics vol 15 no 4 pp 2405ndash2415 2019

[5] F Tao F Sui A Liu et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designframeworkrdquo International Journal of Production Researchvol 57 no 12 pp 3935ndash3953 2019

[6] F Tao M Zhang Y Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twindriven prognostics and health management for complexequipmentrdquo CIRP Annals vol 67 no 1 pp 169ndash172 2018

[7] C Zhuang et al ldquoDigital twin-based smart productionmanagement and control framework for the complex productassembly shop-floorrdquo -e International Journal of AdvancedManufacturing Technology vol 96 no 1 pp 1149ndash1163 2018

[8] S Haag and R Anderl ldquoDigital twin-proof of conceptrdquoManufacturing Letters vol 15 pp 64ndash66 2018

[9] Q Qi F Tao Y Zuo and D Zhao ldquoDigital twin servicetowards smart manufacturingrdquo Procedia CIRP vol 72pp 237ndash242 2018

[10] J Leng H Zhang D Yan Q Liu X Chen and D ZhangldquoDigital twin-driven manufacturing cyber-physical system for

0

5

10

15

20

Wat

er sa

ving

inde

x

15 20 25 3010Time for water cycle (hour)

1st cycle

2nd cycle

3rd cycle

Figure 7 Water-saving index of the water cycle process

Complexity 9

parallel controlling of smart workshoprdquo Journal of AmbientIntelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1155ndash1166 2019

[11] A Rasheed O San and T Kvamsdal ldquoDigital twin valueschallenges and enablers from a modeling perspectiverdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 21980ndash22012 2020

[12] K Ding F T S Chan X Zhang G Zhou and F ZhangldquoDefining a digital twin-based cyber-physical productionsystem for autonomous manufacturing in smart shop floorsrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 20pp 6315ndash6334 2019

[13] Q Qi F Tao T Hu et al ldquoEnabling technologies and tools fordigital twinrdquo Journal of Manufacturing Systems vol 58pp 3ndash21 2021

[14] JWang L Ye R X Gao C Li and L Zhang ldquoDigital twin forrotating machinery fault diagnosis in smart manufacturingrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 12pp 3920ndash3934 2019

[15] W Luo T Hu C Zhang and Y Wei ldquoDigital twin for CNCmachine tool modeling and using strategyrdquo Journal ofAmbient Intelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10no 3 pp 1129ndash1140 2019

[16] P D Urbina Coronado R Lynn W Louhichi M PartoE Wescoat and T Kurfess ldquoPart Data integration in the shopfloor digital twin mobile and cloud technologies to enable amanufacturing execution systemrdquo Journal of ManufacturingSystems vol 48 pp 25ndash33 2018

[17] Y Zheng S Yang and H Cheng ldquoAn application frameworkof digital twin and its case studyrdquo Journal of Ambient In-telligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1141ndash1153 2019

[18] M Kunath and HWinkler ldquoIntegrating the digital twin of themanufacturing system into a decision support system forimproving the order management processrdquo Procedia CIRPvol 72 pp 225ndash231 2018

[19] P Jain J Poon J P Singh C Spanos S R Sanders andS K Panda ldquoA digital twin approach for fault diagnosis indistributed photovoltaic systemsrdquo IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics vol 35 no 1 pp 940ndash956 2020

[20] Q Liu H Zhang J Leng and X Chen ldquoDigital twin-drivenrapid individualised designing of automated flow-shopmanufacturing systemrdquo International Journal of ProductionResearch vol 57 no 12 pp 3903ndash3919 2019

[21] R Dong C She W Hardjawana Y Li and B Vucetic ldquoDeeplearning for hybrid 5G services in mobile edge computingsystems learn from a digital twinrdquo IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications vol 18 no 10 pp 4692ndash47072019

[22] A Fuller Z Fan C Day and C Barlow ldquoDigital twin en-abling technologies challenges and open researchrdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 108952ndash108971 2020

[23] T Ni Y Yao H Chang et al ldquoLCHR-TSV novel low cost andhighly repairable honeycomb-based TSV redundancy archi-tecture for clustered faultsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems vol 39 no 10pp 2938ndash2951 2019

[24] J-H Wu W Wei L Zhang et al ldquoRisk assessment of hy-pertension in steel workers based on LVQ and Fisher-SVMdeep excavationrdquo IEEE Access vol 7 pp 23109ndash23119 2019

[25] J Hu M Wang C Zhao Q Pan and C Du ldquoFormationcontrol and collision avoidance for multi-UAV systems basedon Voronoi partitionrdquo Science China Technological Sciencesvol 63 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2020

[26] X Zhao B Chen Y H Li W D Zhu F J Nkiegaing andY B Shao ldquoForced vibration analysis of Timoshenko double-beam system under compressive axial load by means ofGreenrsquos functionsrdquo Journal of Sound and Vibration vol 464Article ID 115001 2020

[27] F Orujov R Maskeliunas R Damasevicius W Wei andY Li ldquoSmartphone based intelligent indoor positioning usingfuzzy logicrdquo Future Generation Computer Systems vol 89pp 335ndash348 2018

[28] J Yang J Zhang and H Wang ldquoUrban traffic control insoftware defined internet of things via a multi-agent deepreinforcement learning approachrdquo IEEE Transactions onIntelligent Transportation Systems vol 99 pp 1ndash13 2020

[29] A Makhsoos H Mousazadeh S S Mohtasebi et al ldquoDesignsimulation and experimental evaluation of energy system foran unmanned surface vehiclerdquo Energy vol 148 pp 362ndash3722018

10 Complexity

Valley concept became a single-function urban strip parkand was blocked by the private communities on both sidesfacing the problem of low utilization rate (Figure 4)

In summary the transportation improvement strategyfor green neighborhoods needs to be based on effectivenessand the establishment of a healthy efficient and pleasantgreen transportation system In the urban design of greenneighborhoods the transit-led development mode isstrengthened and the functional mix of the neighborhood isincreased In the specific planning it is necessary to considerthe definition of the scope of the work-living balance reducethe phenomenon of pendulum travel and try to increase theemployment opportunities within the range of suitabletransit travel To determine the process of controlling in thecyber model and feedback the adjustment instructionstransportation system and open space pedestrian system thatmeets the basic requirements of public transport and greenscale and green travel On the premise of not affecting thecomfort of the neighborhood increase the functional mix ofthe neighborhood and the development capacity of thepublic center set up high-rise office or commercial facilitiesand form a comprehensive service center with mixedfunctions through a three-dimensional development mode(Figure 5) At the same time it is also necessary to meet the

comfort and green and ecological requirements of the greenneighborhood such as meeting the green space rate stan-dards and spatial scale requirements

ampe intensive use of resources and energy is the coredesign principle of green neighborhoods and for thecharacteristics of water quality shortage in Tianjin Ecocitythe protection and recycling of water resources are the corecomponents of energy conservation amperefore in the urbandesign of green neighborhoods it is necessary to considerthe use of design means to realize water recycling and in-tensive use of water bodies and to explore the ecologicalrestoration of polluted water bodies the mode of frac-tionated water supply and the comprehensive use of un-conventional water resources At the same time technologydevelopment and use of renewable and clean energy such asgreen building energy conservation solar and wind energyare actively promoted to improve the efficiency of resourceand energy utilization (Figure 6) In the urban design ofgreen neighborhoods it is necessary to determine sustain-able energy development goals pay attention to shapingneighborhood spatial forms that meet green and energy-saving needs in terms of land use transportation systemsand open spaces and form compact and intensive devel-opment patterns oriented by public transportation and

0

2

4

6

8

10

Traffi

c effi

cien

cy5 100

Time (days)

Eco0

Eco1

Eco2

Eco3

Figure 3 City motor vehicle traffic

ndash30

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

Ener

gy effi

cien

cy

5 10 15 20 25 30 350Used time (days)

Energy usageWater usage

Heating usageCooling usage

Figure 4 Change in usage of Eco Valley

Complexity 7

pedestrian systems to meet the basic requirements of greenscale and green travel

Combined with the natural vegetation and water bodiesin the neighborhood the design of the neighborhood watercirculation system is guided by the concept of low impactWith the slow walking system as the core the neighborhoodunit is divided into 4 groups and within each group waterstorage units are set up in combination with group parksand water collection areas are set up in combination with

neighborhood parks which can take the form of rain gar-dens grass planting ditches water storage ponds and so onIn the process of determining and controlling the networkmodel it is necessary to feed back adjustment instructionstransportation systems and open space pedestrian systemsthat meet the basic requirements of public transportationgreen scale and green travel Collected rainwater throughthe surface runoff first into the water storage unit and finallyinto the water collection area ampe rainwater volume is

Highndashrise office

Com

mer

cial

faci

litie

s

Public center

1702

Pixel = 1Pixel = 1

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 322

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

20

30

ndash164019

ndash247788

ndash31556

ndash36477

ndash396318

ndash414399

ndash425726

ndash438269

ndash459773

0 10 20 30ndash10

ndash20

Figure 5 Functional changes in Eco Valley

ndash50ndash45ndash40ndash35ndash30ndash25ndash20ndash15ndash10

ndash50

Reso

urce

rang

e

B C D EA

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(a)

ndash80

ndash60

ndash40

ndash20

0

20

40

Ener

gy ra

nge

G H I JF

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(b)

Figure 6 Comparison of resource and energy use efficiency

8 Complexity

controlled through the water catchment area and some ofthe rainwater is retained as landscape water in the neigh-borhood while the remaining water bodies can be remittedto the rivers or lakes nearby In addition combined with thegreen building design requirements a water treatmentsystem is set up inside the building to form a perfect waterrecycling mode (Figure 7)

Green building is an important element in the energy-saving design of green neighborhoods Tianjin Ecocityproposes a system design approach for green buildingscovering roof gardens floor heating systems rainwatercollection water treatment barrier-free design solarlighting water-saving equipment and so onampemain focusis on passive energy-saving technologies moderately ex-ploring the application of new technologies and through thelayout orientation structure and skin design of thebuildings themselves combined with environmental simu-lation technology and the use of recyclable energy to achievethe intensive use of resources At the same time the eval-uation and grade of green buildings are divided through thedevelopment of green building evaluation standards eval-uation technical rules and design guidelines which lay asolid foundation for the implementation of green buildings

4 Conclusion

Based on the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo in the manufacturingindustry this paper analyzes the requirements and theo-retical basis of the software system for green building op-eration cost management proposes a green buildingoperation cost management system based on digital twinand develops a system prototype based on Bentley Systemsusing laser scanning and photogrammetry technology Asystem prototype was developed based on Bentley Systemssoftware using laser scanning and photogrammetry

technologies ampe system establishes a digital twin ecosystemfor securely sharing data connections through standardizeddata management and interoperability which can provideowners property managers and government regulators withreal and accurate real-time information related to the op-erating costs of green buildings such as environmentecology buildings equipment and operation and cancorrectly reflect the actual operating costs of green buildingsproviding a good basis for green building operating costcontrol management and decision-making At the sametime the relevant parties can directly control and managethe green building entities through the operation of thesystem according to their own authority which is a goodrealization of the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo

Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasetswere generated or analyzed during the current study

Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual partic-ipants included in the study references

Conflicts of Interest

ampe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest

References

[1] F Tao et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designmanufacturing and service with big datardquo -e InternationalJournal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology vol 94 no 9pp 3563ndash3576 2018

[2] W Kritzinger M Karner G Traar J Henjes and W SihnldquoDigital twin in manufacturing a categorical literature reviewand classificationrdquo IFAC-PapersOnLine vol 51 no 11pp 1016ndash1022 2018

[3] Q Qi and F Tao ldquoDigital twin and big data towards smartmanufacturing and industry 40 360 degree ComparisonrdquoIEEE Access vol 6 pp 3585ndash3593 2018

[4] F Tao H Zhang A Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twin inindustry state-of-the-artrdquo IEEE Transactions on IndustrialInformatics vol 15 no 4 pp 2405ndash2415 2019

[5] F Tao F Sui A Liu et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designframeworkrdquo International Journal of Production Researchvol 57 no 12 pp 3935ndash3953 2019

[6] F Tao M Zhang Y Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twindriven prognostics and health management for complexequipmentrdquo CIRP Annals vol 67 no 1 pp 169ndash172 2018

[7] C Zhuang et al ldquoDigital twin-based smart productionmanagement and control framework for the complex productassembly shop-floorrdquo -e International Journal of AdvancedManufacturing Technology vol 96 no 1 pp 1149ndash1163 2018

[8] S Haag and R Anderl ldquoDigital twin-proof of conceptrdquoManufacturing Letters vol 15 pp 64ndash66 2018

[9] Q Qi F Tao Y Zuo and D Zhao ldquoDigital twin servicetowards smart manufacturingrdquo Procedia CIRP vol 72pp 237ndash242 2018

[10] J Leng H Zhang D Yan Q Liu X Chen and D ZhangldquoDigital twin-driven manufacturing cyber-physical system for

0

5

10

15

20

Wat

er sa

ving

inde

x

15 20 25 3010Time for water cycle (hour)

1st cycle

2nd cycle

3rd cycle

Figure 7 Water-saving index of the water cycle process

Complexity 9

parallel controlling of smart workshoprdquo Journal of AmbientIntelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1155ndash1166 2019

[11] A Rasheed O San and T Kvamsdal ldquoDigital twin valueschallenges and enablers from a modeling perspectiverdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 21980ndash22012 2020

[12] K Ding F T S Chan X Zhang G Zhou and F ZhangldquoDefining a digital twin-based cyber-physical productionsystem for autonomous manufacturing in smart shop floorsrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 20pp 6315ndash6334 2019

[13] Q Qi F Tao T Hu et al ldquoEnabling technologies and tools fordigital twinrdquo Journal of Manufacturing Systems vol 58pp 3ndash21 2021

[14] JWang L Ye R X Gao C Li and L Zhang ldquoDigital twin forrotating machinery fault diagnosis in smart manufacturingrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 12pp 3920ndash3934 2019

[15] W Luo T Hu C Zhang and Y Wei ldquoDigital twin for CNCmachine tool modeling and using strategyrdquo Journal ofAmbient Intelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10no 3 pp 1129ndash1140 2019

[16] P D Urbina Coronado R Lynn W Louhichi M PartoE Wescoat and T Kurfess ldquoPart Data integration in the shopfloor digital twin mobile and cloud technologies to enable amanufacturing execution systemrdquo Journal of ManufacturingSystems vol 48 pp 25ndash33 2018

[17] Y Zheng S Yang and H Cheng ldquoAn application frameworkof digital twin and its case studyrdquo Journal of Ambient In-telligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1141ndash1153 2019

[18] M Kunath and HWinkler ldquoIntegrating the digital twin of themanufacturing system into a decision support system forimproving the order management processrdquo Procedia CIRPvol 72 pp 225ndash231 2018

[19] P Jain J Poon J P Singh C Spanos S R Sanders andS K Panda ldquoA digital twin approach for fault diagnosis indistributed photovoltaic systemsrdquo IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics vol 35 no 1 pp 940ndash956 2020

[20] Q Liu H Zhang J Leng and X Chen ldquoDigital twin-drivenrapid individualised designing of automated flow-shopmanufacturing systemrdquo International Journal of ProductionResearch vol 57 no 12 pp 3903ndash3919 2019

[21] R Dong C She W Hardjawana Y Li and B Vucetic ldquoDeeplearning for hybrid 5G services in mobile edge computingsystems learn from a digital twinrdquo IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications vol 18 no 10 pp 4692ndash47072019

[22] A Fuller Z Fan C Day and C Barlow ldquoDigital twin en-abling technologies challenges and open researchrdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 108952ndash108971 2020

[23] T Ni Y Yao H Chang et al ldquoLCHR-TSV novel low cost andhighly repairable honeycomb-based TSV redundancy archi-tecture for clustered faultsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems vol 39 no 10pp 2938ndash2951 2019

[24] J-H Wu W Wei L Zhang et al ldquoRisk assessment of hy-pertension in steel workers based on LVQ and Fisher-SVMdeep excavationrdquo IEEE Access vol 7 pp 23109ndash23119 2019

[25] J Hu M Wang C Zhao Q Pan and C Du ldquoFormationcontrol and collision avoidance for multi-UAV systems basedon Voronoi partitionrdquo Science China Technological Sciencesvol 63 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2020

[26] X Zhao B Chen Y H Li W D Zhu F J Nkiegaing andY B Shao ldquoForced vibration analysis of Timoshenko double-beam system under compressive axial load by means ofGreenrsquos functionsrdquo Journal of Sound and Vibration vol 464Article ID 115001 2020

[27] F Orujov R Maskeliunas R Damasevicius W Wei andY Li ldquoSmartphone based intelligent indoor positioning usingfuzzy logicrdquo Future Generation Computer Systems vol 89pp 335ndash348 2018

[28] J Yang J Zhang and H Wang ldquoUrban traffic control insoftware defined internet of things via a multi-agent deepreinforcement learning approachrdquo IEEE Transactions onIntelligent Transportation Systems vol 99 pp 1ndash13 2020

[29] A Makhsoos H Mousazadeh S S Mohtasebi et al ldquoDesignsimulation and experimental evaluation of energy system foran unmanned surface vehiclerdquo Energy vol 148 pp 362ndash3722018

10 Complexity

pedestrian systems to meet the basic requirements of greenscale and green travel

Combined with the natural vegetation and water bodiesin the neighborhood the design of the neighborhood watercirculation system is guided by the concept of low impactWith the slow walking system as the core the neighborhoodunit is divided into 4 groups and within each group waterstorage units are set up in combination with group parksand water collection areas are set up in combination with

neighborhood parks which can take the form of rain gar-dens grass planting ditches water storage ponds and so onIn the process of determining and controlling the networkmodel it is necessary to feed back adjustment instructionstransportation systems and open space pedestrian systemsthat meet the basic requirements of public transportationgreen scale and green travel Collected rainwater throughthe surface runoff first into the water storage unit and finallyinto the water collection area ampe rainwater volume is

Highndashrise office

Com

mer

cial

faci

litie

s

Public center

1702

Pixel = 1Pixel = 1

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 322

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

20

30

ndash164019

ndash247788

ndash31556

ndash36477

ndash396318

ndash414399

ndash425726

ndash438269

ndash459773

0 10 20 30ndash10

ndash20

Figure 5 Functional changes in Eco Valley

ndash50ndash45ndash40ndash35ndash30ndash25ndash20ndash15ndash10

ndash50

Reso

urce

rang

e

B C D EA

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(a)

ndash80

ndash60

ndash40

ndash20

0

20

40

Ener

gy ra

nge

G H I JF

25~75Median lineOutliers

Range within 15IQRMean

(b)

Figure 6 Comparison of resource and energy use efficiency

8 Complexity

controlled through the water catchment area and some ofthe rainwater is retained as landscape water in the neigh-borhood while the remaining water bodies can be remittedto the rivers or lakes nearby In addition combined with thegreen building design requirements a water treatmentsystem is set up inside the building to form a perfect waterrecycling mode (Figure 7)

Green building is an important element in the energy-saving design of green neighborhoods Tianjin Ecocityproposes a system design approach for green buildingscovering roof gardens floor heating systems rainwatercollection water treatment barrier-free design solarlighting water-saving equipment and so onampemain focusis on passive energy-saving technologies moderately ex-ploring the application of new technologies and through thelayout orientation structure and skin design of thebuildings themselves combined with environmental simu-lation technology and the use of recyclable energy to achievethe intensive use of resources At the same time the eval-uation and grade of green buildings are divided through thedevelopment of green building evaluation standards eval-uation technical rules and design guidelines which lay asolid foundation for the implementation of green buildings

4 Conclusion

Based on the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo in the manufacturingindustry this paper analyzes the requirements and theo-retical basis of the software system for green building op-eration cost management proposes a green buildingoperation cost management system based on digital twinand develops a system prototype based on Bentley Systemsusing laser scanning and photogrammetry technology Asystem prototype was developed based on Bentley Systemssoftware using laser scanning and photogrammetry

technologies ampe system establishes a digital twin ecosystemfor securely sharing data connections through standardizeddata management and interoperability which can provideowners property managers and government regulators withreal and accurate real-time information related to the op-erating costs of green buildings such as environmentecology buildings equipment and operation and cancorrectly reflect the actual operating costs of green buildingsproviding a good basis for green building operating costcontrol management and decision-making At the sametime the relevant parties can directly control and managethe green building entities through the operation of thesystem according to their own authority which is a goodrealization of the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo

Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasetswere generated or analyzed during the current study

Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual partic-ipants included in the study references

Conflicts of Interest

ampe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest

References

[1] F Tao et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designmanufacturing and service with big datardquo -e InternationalJournal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology vol 94 no 9pp 3563ndash3576 2018

[2] W Kritzinger M Karner G Traar J Henjes and W SihnldquoDigital twin in manufacturing a categorical literature reviewand classificationrdquo IFAC-PapersOnLine vol 51 no 11pp 1016ndash1022 2018

[3] Q Qi and F Tao ldquoDigital twin and big data towards smartmanufacturing and industry 40 360 degree ComparisonrdquoIEEE Access vol 6 pp 3585ndash3593 2018

[4] F Tao H Zhang A Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twin inindustry state-of-the-artrdquo IEEE Transactions on IndustrialInformatics vol 15 no 4 pp 2405ndash2415 2019

[5] F Tao F Sui A Liu et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designframeworkrdquo International Journal of Production Researchvol 57 no 12 pp 3935ndash3953 2019

[6] F Tao M Zhang Y Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twindriven prognostics and health management for complexequipmentrdquo CIRP Annals vol 67 no 1 pp 169ndash172 2018

[7] C Zhuang et al ldquoDigital twin-based smart productionmanagement and control framework for the complex productassembly shop-floorrdquo -e International Journal of AdvancedManufacturing Technology vol 96 no 1 pp 1149ndash1163 2018

[8] S Haag and R Anderl ldquoDigital twin-proof of conceptrdquoManufacturing Letters vol 15 pp 64ndash66 2018

[9] Q Qi F Tao Y Zuo and D Zhao ldquoDigital twin servicetowards smart manufacturingrdquo Procedia CIRP vol 72pp 237ndash242 2018

[10] J Leng H Zhang D Yan Q Liu X Chen and D ZhangldquoDigital twin-driven manufacturing cyber-physical system for

0

5

10

15

20

Wat

er sa

ving

inde

x

15 20 25 3010Time for water cycle (hour)

1st cycle

2nd cycle

3rd cycle

Figure 7 Water-saving index of the water cycle process

Complexity 9

parallel controlling of smart workshoprdquo Journal of AmbientIntelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1155ndash1166 2019

[11] A Rasheed O San and T Kvamsdal ldquoDigital twin valueschallenges and enablers from a modeling perspectiverdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 21980ndash22012 2020

[12] K Ding F T S Chan X Zhang G Zhou and F ZhangldquoDefining a digital twin-based cyber-physical productionsystem for autonomous manufacturing in smart shop floorsrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 20pp 6315ndash6334 2019

[13] Q Qi F Tao T Hu et al ldquoEnabling technologies and tools fordigital twinrdquo Journal of Manufacturing Systems vol 58pp 3ndash21 2021

[14] JWang L Ye R X Gao C Li and L Zhang ldquoDigital twin forrotating machinery fault diagnosis in smart manufacturingrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 12pp 3920ndash3934 2019

[15] W Luo T Hu C Zhang and Y Wei ldquoDigital twin for CNCmachine tool modeling and using strategyrdquo Journal ofAmbient Intelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10no 3 pp 1129ndash1140 2019

[16] P D Urbina Coronado R Lynn W Louhichi M PartoE Wescoat and T Kurfess ldquoPart Data integration in the shopfloor digital twin mobile and cloud technologies to enable amanufacturing execution systemrdquo Journal of ManufacturingSystems vol 48 pp 25ndash33 2018

[17] Y Zheng S Yang and H Cheng ldquoAn application frameworkof digital twin and its case studyrdquo Journal of Ambient In-telligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1141ndash1153 2019

[18] M Kunath and HWinkler ldquoIntegrating the digital twin of themanufacturing system into a decision support system forimproving the order management processrdquo Procedia CIRPvol 72 pp 225ndash231 2018

[19] P Jain J Poon J P Singh C Spanos S R Sanders andS K Panda ldquoA digital twin approach for fault diagnosis indistributed photovoltaic systemsrdquo IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics vol 35 no 1 pp 940ndash956 2020

[20] Q Liu H Zhang J Leng and X Chen ldquoDigital twin-drivenrapid individualised designing of automated flow-shopmanufacturing systemrdquo International Journal of ProductionResearch vol 57 no 12 pp 3903ndash3919 2019

[21] R Dong C She W Hardjawana Y Li and B Vucetic ldquoDeeplearning for hybrid 5G services in mobile edge computingsystems learn from a digital twinrdquo IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications vol 18 no 10 pp 4692ndash47072019

[22] A Fuller Z Fan C Day and C Barlow ldquoDigital twin en-abling technologies challenges and open researchrdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 108952ndash108971 2020

[23] T Ni Y Yao H Chang et al ldquoLCHR-TSV novel low cost andhighly repairable honeycomb-based TSV redundancy archi-tecture for clustered faultsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems vol 39 no 10pp 2938ndash2951 2019

[24] J-H Wu W Wei L Zhang et al ldquoRisk assessment of hy-pertension in steel workers based on LVQ and Fisher-SVMdeep excavationrdquo IEEE Access vol 7 pp 23109ndash23119 2019

[25] J Hu M Wang C Zhao Q Pan and C Du ldquoFormationcontrol and collision avoidance for multi-UAV systems basedon Voronoi partitionrdquo Science China Technological Sciencesvol 63 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2020

[26] X Zhao B Chen Y H Li W D Zhu F J Nkiegaing andY B Shao ldquoForced vibration analysis of Timoshenko double-beam system under compressive axial load by means ofGreenrsquos functionsrdquo Journal of Sound and Vibration vol 464Article ID 115001 2020

[27] F Orujov R Maskeliunas R Damasevicius W Wei andY Li ldquoSmartphone based intelligent indoor positioning usingfuzzy logicrdquo Future Generation Computer Systems vol 89pp 335ndash348 2018

[28] J Yang J Zhang and H Wang ldquoUrban traffic control insoftware defined internet of things via a multi-agent deepreinforcement learning approachrdquo IEEE Transactions onIntelligent Transportation Systems vol 99 pp 1ndash13 2020

[29] A Makhsoos H Mousazadeh S S Mohtasebi et al ldquoDesignsimulation and experimental evaluation of energy system foran unmanned surface vehiclerdquo Energy vol 148 pp 362ndash3722018

10 Complexity

controlled through the water catchment area and some ofthe rainwater is retained as landscape water in the neigh-borhood while the remaining water bodies can be remittedto the rivers or lakes nearby In addition combined with thegreen building design requirements a water treatmentsystem is set up inside the building to form a perfect waterrecycling mode (Figure 7)

Green building is an important element in the energy-saving design of green neighborhoods Tianjin Ecocityproposes a system design approach for green buildingscovering roof gardens floor heating systems rainwatercollection water treatment barrier-free design solarlighting water-saving equipment and so onampemain focusis on passive energy-saving technologies moderately ex-ploring the application of new technologies and through thelayout orientation structure and skin design of thebuildings themselves combined with environmental simu-lation technology and the use of recyclable energy to achievethe intensive use of resources At the same time the eval-uation and grade of green buildings are divided through thedevelopment of green building evaluation standards eval-uation technical rules and design guidelines which lay asolid foundation for the implementation of green buildings

4 Conclusion

Based on the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo in the manufacturingindustry this paper analyzes the requirements and theo-retical basis of the software system for green building op-eration cost management proposes a green buildingoperation cost management system based on digital twinand develops a system prototype based on Bentley Systemsusing laser scanning and photogrammetry technology Asystem prototype was developed based on Bentley Systemssoftware using laser scanning and photogrammetry

technologies ampe system establishes a digital twin ecosystemfor securely sharing data connections through standardizeddata management and interoperability which can provideowners property managers and government regulators withreal and accurate real-time information related to the op-erating costs of green buildings such as environmentecology buildings equipment and operation and cancorrectly reflect the actual operating costs of green buildingsproviding a good basis for green building operating costcontrol management and decision-making At the sametime the relevant parties can directly control and managethe green building entities through the operation of thesystem according to their own authority which is a goodrealization of the concept of ldquodigital twinrdquo

Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasetswere generated or analyzed during the current study

Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual partic-ipants included in the study references

Conflicts of Interest

ampe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest

References

[1] F Tao et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designmanufacturing and service with big datardquo -e InternationalJournal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology vol 94 no 9pp 3563ndash3576 2018

[2] W Kritzinger M Karner G Traar J Henjes and W SihnldquoDigital twin in manufacturing a categorical literature reviewand classificationrdquo IFAC-PapersOnLine vol 51 no 11pp 1016ndash1022 2018

[3] Q Qi and F Tao ldquoDigital twin and big data towards smartmanufacturing and industry 40 360 degree ComparisonrdquoIEEE Access vol 6 pp 3585ndash3593 2018

[4] F Tao H Zhang A Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twin inindustry state-of-the-artrdquo IEEE Transactions on IndustrialInformatics vol 15 no 4 pp 2405ndash2415 2019

[5] F Tao F Sui A Liu et al ldquoDigital twin-driven product designframeworkrdquo International Journal of Production Researchvol 57 no 12 pp 3935ndash3953 2019

[6] F Tao M Zhang Y Liu and A Y C Nee ldquoDigital twindriven prognostics and health management for complexequipmentrdquo CIRP Annals vol 67 no 1 pp 169ndash172 2018

[7] C Zhuang et al ldquoDigital twin-based smart productionmanagement and control framework for the complex productassembly shop-floorrdquo -e International Journal of AdvancedManufacturing Technology vol 96 no 1 pp 1149ndash1163 2018

[8] S Haag and R Anderl ldquoDigital twin-proof of conceptrdquoManufacturing Letters vol 15 pp 64ndash66 2018

[9] Q Qi F Tao Y Zuo and D Zhao ldquoDigital twin servicetowards smart manufacturingrdquo Procedia CIRP vol 72pp 237ndash242 2018

[10] J Leng H Zhang D Yan Q Liu X Chen and D ZhangldquoDigital twin-driven manufacturing cyber-physical system for

0

5

10

15

20

Wat

er sa

ving

inde

x

15 20 25 3010Time for water cycle (hour)

1st cycle

2nd cycle

3rd cycle

Figure 7 Water-saving index of the water cycle process

Complexity 9

parallel controlling of smart workshoprdquo Journal of AmbientIntelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1155ndash1166 2019

[11] A Rasheed O San and T Kvamsdal ldquoDigital twin valueschallenges and enablers from a modeling perspectiverdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 21980ndash22012 2020

[12] K Ding F T S Chan X Zhang G Zhou and F ZhangldquoDefining a digital twin-based cyber-physical productionsystem for autonomous manufacturing in smart shop floorsrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 20pp 6315ndash6334 2019

[13] Q Qi F Tao T Hu et al ldquoEnabling technologies and tools fordigital twinrdquo Journal of Manufacturing Systems vol 58pp 3ndash21 2021

[14] JWang L Ye R X Gao C Li and L Zhang ldquoDigital twin forrotating machinery fault diagnosis in smart manufacturingrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 12pp 3920ndash3934 2019

[15] W Luo T Hu C Zhang and Y Wei ldquoDigital twin for CNCmachine tool modeling and using strategyrdquo Journal ofAmbient Intelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10no 3 pp 1129ndash1140 2019

[16] P D Urbina Coronado R Lynn W Louhichi M PartoE Wescoat and T Kurfess ldquoPart Data integration in the shopfloor digital twin mobile and cloud technologies to enable amanufacturing execution systemrdquo Journal of ManufacturingSystems vol 48 pp 25ndash33 2018

[17] Y Zheng S Yang and H Cheng ldquoAn application frameworkof digital twin and its case studyrdquo Journal of Ambient In-telligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1141ndash1153 2019

[18] M Kunath and HWinkler ldquoIntegrating the digital twin of themanufacturing system into a decision support system forimproving the order management processrdquo Procedia CIRPvol 72 pp 225ndash231 2018

[19] P Jain J Poon J P Singh C Spanos S R Sanders andS K Panda ldquoA digital twin approach for fault diagnosis indistributed photovoltaic systemsrdquo IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics vol 35 no 1 pp 940ndash956 2020

[20] Q Liu H Zhang J Leng and X Chen ldquoDigital twin-drivenrapid individualised designing of automated flow-shopmanufacturing systemrdquo International Journal of ProductionResearch vol 57 no 12 pp 3903ndash3919 2019

[21] R Dong C She W Hardjawana Y Li and B Vucetic ldquoDeeplearning for hybrid 5G services in mobile edge computingsystems learn from a digital twinrdquo IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications vol 18 no 10 pp 4692ndash47072019

[22] A Fuller Z Fan C Day and C Barlow ldquoDigital twin en-abling technologies challenges and open researchrdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 108952ndash108971 2020

[23] T Ni Y Yao H Chang et al ldquoLCHR-TSV novel low cost andhighly repairable honeycomb-based TSV redundancy archi-tecture for clustered faultsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems vol 39 no 10pp 2938ndash2951 2019

[24] J-H Wu W Wei L Zhang et al ldquoRisk assessment of hy-pertension in steel workers based on LVQ and Fisher-SVMdeep excavationrdquo IEEE Access vol 7 pp 23109ndash23119 2019

[25] J Hu M Wang C Zhao Q Pan and C Du ldquoFormationcontrol and collision avoidance for multi-UAV systems basedon Voronoi partitionrdquo Science China Technological Sciencesvol 63 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2020

[26] X Zhao B Chen Y H Li W D Zhu F J Nkiegaing andY B Shao ldquoForced vibration analysis of Timoshenko double-beam system under compressive axial load by means ofGreenrsquos functionsrdquo Journal of Sound and Vibration vol 464Article ID 115001 2020

[27] F Orujov R Maskeliunas R Damasevicius W Wei andY Li ldquoSmartphone based intelligent indoor positioning usingfuzzy logicrdquo Future Generation Computer Systems vol 89pp 335ndash348 2018

[28] J Yang J Zhang and H Wang ldquoUrban traffic control insoftware defined internet of things via a multi-agent deepreinforcement learning approachrdquo IEEE Transactions onIntelligent Transportation Systems vol 99 pp 1ndash13 2020

[29] A Makhsoos H Mousazadeh S S Mohtasebi et al ldquoDesignsimulation and experimental evaluation of energy system foran unmanned surface vehiclerdquo Energy vol 148 pp 362ndash3722018

10 Complexity

parallel controlling of smart workshoprdquo Journal of AmbientIntelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1155ndash1166 2019

[11] A Rasheed O San and T Kvamsdal ldquoDigital twin valueschallenges and enablers from a modeling perspectiverdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 21980ndash22012 2020

[12] K Ding F T S Chan X Zhang G Zhou and F ZhangldquoDefining a digital twin-based cyber-physical productionsystem for autonomous manufacturing in smart shop floorsrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 20pp 6315ndash6334 2019

[13] Q Qi F Tao T Hu et al ldquoEnabling technologies and tools fordigital twinrdquo Journal of Manufacturing Systems vol 58pp 3ndash21 2021

[14] JWang L Ye R X Gao C Li and L Zhang ldquoDigital twin forrotating machinery fault diagnosis in smart manufacturingrdquoInternational Journal of Production Research vol 57 no 12pp 3920ndash3934 2019

[15] W Luo T Hu C Zhang and Y Wei ldquoDigital twin for CNCmachine tool modeling and using strategyrdquo Journal ofAmbient Intelligence and Humanized Computing vol 10no 3 pp 1129ndash1140 2019

[16] P D Urbina Coronado R Lynn W Louhichi M PartoE Wescoat and T Kurfess ldquoPart Data integration in the shopfloor digital twin mobile and cloud technologies to enable amanufacturing execution systemrdquo Journal of ManufacturingSystems vol 48 pp 25ndash33 2018

[17] Y Zheng S Yang and H Cheng ldquoAn application frameworkof digital twin and its case studyrdquo Journal of Ambient In-telligence and Humanized Computing vol 10 no 3pp 1141ndash1153 2019

[18] M Kunath and HWinkler ldquoIntegrating the digital twin of themanufacturing system into a decision support system forimproving the order management processrdquo Procedia CIRPvol 72 pp 225ndash231 2018

[19] P Jain J Poon J P Singh C Spanos S R Sanders andS K Panda ldquoA digital twin approach for fault diagnosis indistributed photovoltaic systemsrdquo IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics vol 35 no 1 pp 940ndash956 2020

[20] Q Liu H Zhang J Leng and X Chen ldquoDigital twin-drivenrapid individualised designing of automated flow-shopmanufacturing systemrdquo International Journal of ProductionResearch vol 57 no 12 pp 3903ndash3919 2019

[21] R Dong C She W Hardjawana Y Li and B Vucetic ldquoDeeplearning for hybrid 5G services in mobile edge computingsystems learn from a digital twinrdquo IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications vol 18 no 10 pp 4692ndash47072019

[22] A Fuller Z Fan C Day and C Barlow ldquoDigital twin en-abling technologies challenges and open researchrdquo IEEEAccess vol 8 pp 108952ndash108971 2020

[23] T Ni Y Yao H Chang et al ldquoLCHR-TSV novel low cost andhighly repairable honeycomb-based TSV redundancy archi-tecture for clustered faultsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems vol 39 no 10pp 2938ndash2951 2019

[24] J-H Wu W Wei L Zhang et al ldquoRisk assessment of hy-pertension in steel workers based on LVQ and Fisher-SVMdeep excavationrdquo IEEE Access vol 7 pp 23109ndash23119 2019

[25] J Hu M Wang C Zhao Q Pan and C Du ldquoFormationcontrol and collision avoidance for multi-UAV systems basedon Voronoi partitionrdquo Science China Technological Sciencesvol 63 no 1 pp 65ndash72 2020

[26] X Zhao B Chen Y H Li W D Zhu F J Nkiegaing andY B Shao ldquoForced vibration analysis of Timoshenko double-beam system under compressive axial load by means ofGreenrsquos functionsrdquo Journal of Sound and Vibration vol 464Article ID 115001 2020

[27] F Orujov R Maskeliunas R Damasevicius W Wei andY Li ldquoSmartphone based intelligent indoor positioning usingfuzzy logicrdquo Future Generation Computer Systems vol 89pp 335ndash348 2018

[28] J Yang J Zhang and H Wang ldquoUrban traffic control insoftware defined internet of things via a multi-agent deepreinforcement learning approachrdquo IEEE Transactions onIntelligent Transportation Systems vol 99 pp 1ndash13 2020

[29] A Makhsoos H Mousazadeh S S Mohtasebi et al ldquoDesignsimulation and experimental evaluation of energy system foran unmanned surface vehiclerdquo Energy vol 148 pp 362ndash3722018

10 Complexity