QUALITY STATUS OF PHULELI CANAL WATER AND ITS SUITABILITY FOR DOMESTIC USE

Dr. Muhammad Saleh Soomro Professor & Dean (R)Muhammad Ismail Kumbhar, Assistant Professor

February 2009

BADIN DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH ORGANIZATION (BDRO)

BADIN

&

JAVAHIR-UL-BUKHARI FOUNDATION (JBF) HYDERABAD

ACRONYMS

APHA American Public Health AssociationBOD Biochemical Oxygen DemandCa CalciumCCA Culturable Command AreaCd CadmiumCo CobaltCOD Chemical Oxygen DemandCPCB Central Pollution Control BoardCr ChromiumCu CopperDO Dissolved OxygenEC Electrical ConductivityEPA Environmental Protection AgencyFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFe IronGEF Global Environmental ProgramIWMI International Water Management InstituteJBF Javahir-ul-Bukhari FoundationK PotassiumMCM Million Cubic MetersMg MagnesiumMn ManganeseMNP Maximum Probable NumberNa SodiumNEQS National Environmental Quality StandardsNi NickelNO3 NitrateNTU Nephlometric Turbidity UnitsPb LeadPO4 PhosphateSAR Sodium Adsorption RatioSCARP Salinity Control and Reclamation ProjectSIDA Sindh Irrigation and Drainage AuthorityTCU True Color UnitsTDS Total Dissolved SolidsUNDP United Nations Development ProgramWHO World Health OrganizationZn Zinc

2

Index

Executive Summary 4

1. Background: 7

2. The Study 10

3. Results and Discussion 12

4. Conclusion 21

5. Recommendations 23

6. Annexure 24

7. References 52

3

Fresh water resources in the world and especially in countries like Pakistan are under immense stress. Rapid degradation of fresh water resources due to lack of appropriate laws and awareness is a major threat to human society today. As population grows, per capita fresh water availability reduces; and this is further aggravated by pollution of available fresh water resources, that cuts water supply to an alarming level. Pakistan as a densely populated country is facing a major challenge in conserving freshwater resources.

Considering the limited fresh water resource availability, the civil society in Pakistan has to play a critical role in identifying such cases where fresh water resources are being polluted. The most important task before the civil society is to launch an advocacy and awareness campaign to mobilize communities, private sector and government organizations to address the issue as a top priority. The scale of fresh water pollution merits earliest possible action by all stakeholders, as government alone can not manage this magnitude of challenge.

I am glad to see this report developed by two partner NGOs of GEF/Small Grant Programme (SGP), highlighting the environmental degradation of a fresh water canal. This is happening in a big city like Hyderabad where municipal and industrial waste is polluting a fresh water canal meant for providing drinking water to thousands of people down stream. Such cases indicate the scale of the challenge for civil society and other authorities to educate masses on one hand and sensitize the citizens and the decision makers to address a serious threat to health and life of communities.

I congratulate the GEF/SGP team and the implementing partner organizations Badin Research and Development Organization and Javahir-ul-Bukhari Foundation for undertaking this excellent research and disseminating it to the relevant stakeholders. I am sure this effort will yield some positive result for the poor communities of lower Sindh.

4

Resident RepresentativeUnited Nation Pakistan

GEF/SGP has been supporting local initiatives on conservation of natural resources. Needless to mention that water is the most important and equally threatened natural resource both at global and local level. Sindh province being located in the tail end of Indus River System is facing acute problem of quality and quantity of fresh water. Pakistan is among the countries where fresh water resources are fast diminishing. Water quality is another major are of concern as this posses a serious threat to the remaining water resources.

Fresh water streams particularly the ones used for human consumption are posing higher risk. This study of a fresh water canals in lower Sindh highlights the grim situation faced by communities of two districts i.e. Tando Mohammad Khan and Badin. The study also highlights the failure of institutions responsible for managing water quality and overall health of environment in the area. This community based initiative is also a model of advocating for community rights through solid research and not mere rhetoric.

Our partner organizations partner organizations Badin Research and Development Organization and Javahir-ul-Bukhari Foundation have done this commendable work. This work also proves the rewards of promoting local leadership through SGP portfolio. I am sure this will pave the way for a more comprehensive advocacy campaign to improve water quality in the fresh water canal and protect human lives.

5

Masood LoharNational CoordinatorGEF/SGP-UNDP

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Water is a basic, indeed an absolute requirement for the survival of human race. An adequate supply of good quality safe water is essential for the promotion of public health. Water for domestic use should be clear, colorless, odor less, pleasant to drink, reasonably cool and free from impurities harmful to health. Pakistan is blessed with enormous surface and groundwater resources. Rapid population growth, urbanization and unsustainable water consumption practices have put immense stress on the quality as well as the quantity of water resources in the country.

With the advancement of civilization, the use of water for domestic purpose has increased manifold. Simultaneously, the quantum of wastewater produced has also proportionally increased. Most civilized settlements including metropolitans, big cities and towns are established on the rivers and canals or oceans so as to have easy access to water for domestic use. Likewise, in most places of the world, the wastewater is also disposed off into these water bodies without spending huge expenditure on the treatment of waste water. Pakistan is no exception; here too, the same practice of throwing wastewater, sewage, industrial effluents and city garbage into fresh water bodies is a usual practice since ages.

Water pollution affects all the major water bodies of the world such as lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater. Polluted water is unfit for drinking and for other useable processes including agricultural and industrial use. The effects of water pollution are not only harmful to human beings, but to plants, animals, fish and birds. Polluted water also contains viruses, bacteria, parasites and other harmful microorganisms, which can cause waterborne diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid and hepatitis. Due to water pollution, the entire ecosystem gets disturbed.

The World Health Organization has identified clean water as the single most important factor in determining public health. U.N. (www.unep.org 2003) reports that “Water-related diseases kill a child every eight seconds”, and that “One person in six lives without regular access to safe drinking water. Over twice that number 2.4 billion lack access to adequate sanitation.”

Domestic sewage contains organic and inorganic materials such as 6

phosphates and nitrates. Organic materials are food and vegetable waste, whereas inorganic materials come from soaps and detergents. Usually people dump the household wastes in the nearby water source, which leads to water pollution. Industrial effluents from the manufacturing and processing industries contain hundreds of organic pollutants and other toxic chemicals. Some of the pollutants from industrial source include lead, mercury, asbestos, nitrates, phosphates, oils, etc.

Agricultural wastes include manure, slurries and runoffs. Most of the agricultural farms use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The runoffs from these agricultural fields cause water pollution to the nearby water sources such as rivers, streams and lakes. The seepage of fertilizers and pesticides through leaching causes groundwater pollution, It causes nutrient and organic pollution to both water and soil. Nutrient pollution causes an increase in the nitrates and phosphates in the water bodies, which leads to eutrophication.

Although the water mixed with sewage is a source of many nutrients, it also includes a significant amount of heavy metals and pathogens. Extensive use of this effluent resulted in upsurge of such metals in soil and crops which ultimately resulted in clinical problems in human beings. Therefore, without proper management, sewage water use poses high risks to the human health and cause environmental degradation

The effects of sewage pollution include de-oxygenation and turbidity; resulting in suffocation, disease and death of fish and other marine organisms; damage to ecosystems; and build-up of toxic metals and chemicals in the food chain. As a result of sewage, the water in many countries is not safe for bathing or fishing. Sewage degrades the environment, endangers health, and destroys fisheries and livelihoods.

In areas where the underground water is brackish or saline, the people use river water for domestic, industrial and other uses. Sindh, particularly the lower Sindh has brackish/saline underground water due to the influence of the sea. Non-perennial Phuleli canal was constructed in 1955 on the left bank of river Indus upstream of Ghulam Muhammad barrage to meet the irrigation requirements of the locality. The canal has the discharge capacity of 14,350 cusecs with total culture able commanded area (CCA) of 929,358 acres. The Akram Wah also originates from Ghulam Muhammad Barrage with a design discharge of over 3,000 cusecs. Both canals pass through Hyderabad city with a population of over 2 million. The water of the canals is used mainly for agricultural purposes and also for domestic use of human beings and animals. The sewage laden irrigation water of the canals thus deteriorates the quality of

7

irrigated crops.

The Phuleli canal and lined channel are two major canals that provide water for agriculture, industries and domestic use to the districts of Tando Muhammad Khan, Badin and Thatta. Since there is no restriction what so ever, regarding the disposal of wastewater in these canals, there are dozens of the drainage outlets from entire Hyderabad city in 15-20 Km length discharging untreated sewage, garbage, industrial effluent, laundry factories effluent, cattle excreta from hundreds of the cattle farms established on canal banks, slaughterhouses wastes and hospitals waste directly disposed off into the Phuleli canal and partly into lined channel. It is pity that beautiful canals of Sindh are converted to dirty drains and their waters have become unfit for the consumption of human beings and animals. Further that all hospital waste, discharge from 40 main sewer nallas of Hyderabad city, effluent from 1,000 Dhobi Ghaats (Laundry factories), effluent from 500 cattle farms situated on both sides of canals, 12 plastic factories, sewage from Tando Muhammad Khan, Matli, Talhar towns and dozens of villages is deposited into these irrigation canals.

Majority of the hospital beds in the three above mentioned districts are occupied by the patients suffering from waterborne diseases. The practice of throwing raw sewage is continuing since decades, but due to water scarcity, the canal water is so loaded with sewage that the canals give a look of sewage drains rather than fresh water streams. The extent of disease occurrence has also increased manifold and the hue and cry has reached to the government circles to stop the disposal of dirty waters in freshwater steams being used by millions of the people for drinking and domestic use in downstream districts.The average quantity of wastewater from different sewage stations discharged into Phuleli canal is over 5 lac cubic meters per day. These large volumes of organic and inorganic substances change the chemical characteristics and ultimately pollute the canal's water. Such waters are reported to have adverse effects on livestock and vegetation as well thereby contaminating the whole food chain.

Realizing the gravity of the problem, the UNDP has sponsored this study under UNDP-GEF-Small Grants Program to be carried out by two NGOs Javahir-Ul-Bukhari Foundation (JBF) and Badin Development and Research Organization (BDRO) on the status and quality of Phuleli canal water and its suitability for domestic use.

This study would focus on the rising pollution of Phuleli canal and Lined Channel due to increased human and industrial pollution that has adversely affected the human health and biodiversity. To control the pollution of Phuleli canal and Lined Channel, the Government in line

8

with the Ganga action plan mentioned in preceding paragraph may consider developing a project proposal to avert the pollution process in order to improve the health and water quality in the river basin stretches. Also, the approach adopted could be replicated in other places where man made interventions have seriously affected the ecosystem.

9

1. Background

Water is a basic, indeed an absolute requirement for the survival of human race. An adequate supply of good quality safe water is essential for the promotion of public health. Generally in less developed parts of the world and particularly in tropical areas, the health hazards caused by polluted water supplies are more numerous and more serious than those in temperate and more developed areas of the world. Water for domestic use should be clear, colorless, odor less, pleasant to drink and reasonably cool and free from impurities harmful to health. A normal human being must have 2 liters of water each day (which translates to about 75000 liters of water in their entire life). Despite this, nearly 1.5 billion plus people on the planet do not have access to safe drinking water.

Any change in the physical, chemical and biological properties of water that has a harmful effect on living things is termed as “water pollution”. Water pollution affects all the major water bodies of the world such as lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater. Polluted water is unfit for drinking and for other useable processes. It is also not suitable for agricultural and industrial use. There are about 7,0000 known water contaminants. The effects of water pollution are harmful to human beings, plants, animals, fish and birds. Polluted water also contains viruses, bacteria, parasites and other harmful microorganisms, which can cause waterborne diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid and hepatitis. Due to water pollution, the entire ecosystem gets disturbed. The major sources of water pollution can be classified as municipal, industrial, and agricultural.

Municipal water pollution consists of waste water from homes and commercial establishments.  For many years, the main goal of treating municipal wastewater was simply to reduce its content of suspended solids, oxygen-demanding materials, dissolved inorganic compounds, and harmful bacteria.  In recent years, however, more stress has been placed on improving means of disposal of the solid residues from the municipal treatment processes.

Domestic sewage is wastewater generated from the household activities. It contains organic and inorganic materials such as phosphates and nitrates. Organic materials are food and vegetable waste, whereas inorganic materials come from soaps and detergents. The amount of organic wastes that can be degraded by the water bodies is measured in terms of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). BOD is the amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms to decompose the organic waste present in the sewage. The higher the amount of BOD,

10

the more water is polluted with organic waste.

Wastewater from the manufacturing and processing industries causes water pollution. The industrial effluents contain hundreds of organic pollutants and other toxic chemicals. Some of the pollutants from industrial source include lead, mercury, asbestos, nitrates, phosphates, oils, etc.

Agricultural wastes include manure, slurries and runoffs. Most of the agricultural farms use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The runoffs from these agricultural fields cause water pollution to the nearby water sources such as rivers, streams and lakes. The seepage of fertilizers and pesticides causes groundwater pollution, which is commonly known as leaching. It has been estimated that around 2,000 million gallons of sewage is being discharged to surface water bodies every day in Pakistan (Pak-SCEA 2006). Although there are some sewerage collection systems, typically discharging to the nearest water body, collection levels are estimated to be no greater than 50% nationally (less than 20% in many rural areas), with only less than 10% of collected sewage effectively treated. (Pak-SCEA 2006). Indus River is the sole major source of livelihood of millions of the farmers for growing agricultural crops and for the domestic use for urban and rural masses residing in Indus delta of the country. Presently, 92 % of the wastewater containing pollutants in high concentrations falls into ‘Indus River’ and its tributaries. Studies show that river water pollution has consistently increased with industrialization and urbanization.

Non-perennial Phuleli canal was constructed in 1955 on the left bank of river Indus upstream of Ghulam Muhammad barrage to meet the irrigation requirements of the locality. The canal has the discharge capacity of 14,350 cusecs with total cultureable commanded area (CCA) of 929,358 acres. The Akram Wah also originates from Ghulam Muhammad Barrage with a design discharge of over 3,000 cusecs. Both canals pass through Hyderabad city with a population of over 2 million. The water of the canals is used mainly for agricultural purposes and also for domestic use of human beings and animals. The sewage laden irrigation water of the canals thus deteriorates the quality of irrigated crops.Hyderabad is the second most populous city of Sindh province. The city is expanding and developing due to urbanization and industrial activities, agricultural practices and other infrastructures. Thus huge amount of industrial effluents, municipal wastes, cattle farm wastes, slaughterhouses wastes and hospital wastes are

11

discharged into the Phuleli canal and Akram Wah untreated throughout 15-20 km length through various unlawful drainage structures while passing through Hyderabad.

Table 1. Average quantity of wastewater and the percentage contribution of wastewater from different sewage stations discharged into Phuleli canal.

Waste water station

*Average quantity discharged (m3/day)

% Contribution of the total discharged

Jacob tank Cantonment board waste

13,944 ± 1397 6.18Kali Mori open drain 56,376 ± 2,232 25Open drain near old power house

42,323.44 ± 3,229.82 18.76Darya Khan Panhwer Pumping Station

96,441 ± 4151 42.75

Site area pumping station near Nara Jail

13,500 ± 1963.4 5.98

Other sources 3,000 ± 855 1.33Total 22,5584.44 100*Mean of 12 determinations, ± Confidence interval at 95% Source: The Neuclus 41 (1-4) 2004 pp: 69-75

The average quantity of wastewater and the percentage contribution of wastewater from different sewage stations discharged into Phulali canal are given in Table.2. The data is of 1999. Assuming an average increase of 10% per annum, the daily discharge of sewage would be around 0.53 million cubic meters per day in 2008-09. These large volumes of organic and inorganic substances change the chemical characteristics of the water body by producing toxic substances and ultimately pollute the canal's water. The use of polluted waters has been reported to have adverse effects on livestock and vegetation.

12

2. The StudyRealizing the gravity of the problem, the UNDP has sponsored this study under UNDP-GEF-Small Grants Program to be carried out by an NGO Javahir-ul-Bukhari Foundation (JBF) and……. under the title “Quality Status of Phuleli Canal Water and its Suitability for Domestic Use .

2.1 Objectives of the Study

The study is aimed to achieve the following results:

Conducting focused research in order to identify water pollution prevailing in New Phuleli Canal / Akram Wah and identify the level of contamination as well as polluting elements and its effect on community health Dissemination of information and creating awareness on the extent of pollution and role of decision makers in aggravating the problem. Prepare a document that can used for policy advocacy on clean drinking water as fundamental right of citizens. Suggesting ways to reduce discharge of domestic and industrial effluents into the Phuleli canal

2.2 Methodology

The following methodology was used to conduct the study

For the study purpose, Phuleli canal was divided int wo sections. Section 1. starts from the canal head to Matli Town and Section.2 continues till Bhugra Memon town of Badin district.

Random water samples were collected from the the Phuleli canal from head to tail. In all, about 28 water samples from section-1 and 36 samples from Section-2 representing various reaches of the canal together with the samples from the nallas delivering the urban sewage and garbage into the canal and the hand pumps located on the banks of the canals were collected at random using standard sampling procedures. (See Annex.1)

Random water samples collected from various reaches represent the status of water at that particular place. The samples were collected from morning till evening. All samples were properly labeled and the containers were grouped separately for physical, chemical and micro-biological analysis.

13

(See Annex.2)

Since the Phuleli water is the sole source of water for domestic, industrial, agricultural and other uses in the target area, therefore, standard analytical procedures were followed to critically examine whether this source of water is suitable to be used for domestic human and animal use. For determining each and every parameter, standard procedures were adopted in well established analytical laboratory of the PCRWR (Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources). The list of procedures adopted for determining each parameter is given in the Annex.3

Note: The design discharge of Phuleli canal is 17956 cusecs. The discharge of the canal at the time of sample collection was about 5000 cusecs. It was reported by the officials of irrigation Department that the flow kept at this range due to canal closure period. At the existing discharge of 5000 cusecs, the Canal-Sewage water ratio is 25:1.

14

3. Results and Discussion

In all 64 samples (28 from section-1 and 36 from section-2) of water from various locations were collected and sent for physical, chemical and biological examination to the water testing laboratory of the Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR). The results of the tests are summarized below. For details of analysis see Annex.4

31. Temperature: Cool water is generally more palatable than warm water, and the temperature has impact on the solubility of a number of other inorganic constituents and chemical contaminants that may affect taste. High water temperature enhances the growth of microorganisms and may change taste, odor, color and corrosion problems. The temperature of the collected samples ranged between 23.0 to 23.5 0C in section-1 and between 28.3 to 28.90C in section-2.

3.2 Turbidity: Turbidity in drinking-water is caused by particulate matter that may be present from source water as a consequence of inadequate filtration or from re-suspension of sediment in the distribution system. The appearance of water with a turbidity of less than 5 NTU is usually acceptable to consumers, although this may vary with local circumstances. The data reveals that all the samples either collected from canal, hand pumps or from the drains exhibited a very high turbidity and all samples were considered highly polluted except only three samples which were less turbid in section-1. In section-2 the samples collected from hand pumps were all less turbid.

3.3 Color: Drinking-water should ideally have no visible color. Levels of color below 15 TCU are usually acceptable to consumers, but acceptability may vary.

The data of the color of the water samples in Table-5 indicates that all the samples were turbid, light muddy particularly from the canal. The samples from the drains and sewage ponds were either greenish, blackish, or dark brown depending upon the source from where the effluent was coming. In section-1 ten samples out of 28 were clear while the rest were colored. In section-2 all the samples were not satisfactory when looked to be used for drinking purpose. The hand pump samples No. 31-36 were clear with no color.

3.4 Odor: No specific guidelines are given for the odor as the acceptability of the odor varies from person to person and locality to locality. However, the samples with some unpleasant odor may be due to some organic or inorganic chemicals. Such odors could be removed in the water purification process.

The data in both sections depicts that all the canal and hand pump samples had no objectionable odor while all the samples collected from the drains carrying effluents from industries, domestic effluent,

15

sewage, slaughter house wastes, all have very objectionable odor due to the presence of chemicals, organic materials, dyes, oils and greases, detergents, sewage and parasitic organisms.

3.5 Electrical Conductivity (EC): The electrical conductivity measures dissolved ions which are mostly attributed to chloride, sodium, calcium and magnesium concentrations. Although there is no fixed value recommended as guideline for EC, but the desirable value mentioned in various references related to drinking water is 400-500 μS/cm. The data in Annex.5 for EC depicts that all the samples were above 500μS/cm. The samples collected from Phuleli canal on various reaches remained between 500 to 800 μS/cm in section-1 and above 500 in section-2 while the samples collected from the drains and sewage ponds were extremely high in the range from 2000 to 6000 μS/cm and were totally unacceptable. Only one hand pump located at Ghangramori had EC over 3000 μS/cm. In section-2 Five samples No.31-35 collected from hand pumps and dug wells also had very high EC above 1000 μS/cm

3.6 TDS: The palatability of water with a TDS level of less than 600 mg/liter is generally considered to be good; drinking-water becomes significantly and increasingly unpalatable at TDS levels greater than about 1000 mg/liter. The presence of high levels of TDS may also be objectionable to consumers, owing to excessive scaling in water pipes, heaters, boilers and household appliances. No health-based guideline value for TDS has been proposed. However, the recommended value is must not be higher than 1,000 ppm. Since the river water ppm is usually 350 ppm or less, the sewage pollution at various places could not raise the TDS above 1000 ppm. The following levels of total dissolved solids are expressed in ppm:

Less than 500 Satisfactory500 - 1,000 Less than desirable1,000 - 1,500 UndesirableOver 1,500 Unsatisfactory

However, the TDS of the samples collected from sewage drains in section-1 was in the range of 1,100 to 3,795 ppm. In section-2 the samples collected from the drains and sewage ponds ranged between 859 to 5734 ppm which was totally unacceptable. The hand pump samples also had higher TDS as compared to canal water.

3.7 Dissolved Oxygen (DO): The dissolved oxygen content of water is influenced by the source, raw water temperature, treatment and chemical or biological processes taking place in the distribution system. Depletion of dissolved oxygen in water supplies can encourage the microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite and sulfate to sulfide. The net effect of any oxygen depletion or oxygen deficit in the river is that the ecology of river will alter. Some fish require 4-5 mg/liter of DO and thus at lower concentrations such fish could not survive. When organic

16

materials undergo degradation through bacterial activity, oxygen is depleted in the source water. The levels of dissolved oxygen as reported by Asim Zia (2007) are as under:

Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) at 200C 8.0-9.0 GoodDissolved Oxygen (ppm) at 200C 6.7 -8.0 slightly PollutedDissolved Oxygen (ppm) at 200C 4.5-6.7 Moderately PollutedDissolved Oxygen (ppm) at 200C <4.5 Heavily PollutedDissolved Oxygen (ppm) at 200C <4.0 Gravely Polluted

Under this classification, any water having DO less than 8 is considered as polluted. The gravity of pollution increases with the decrease in the level of DO. When it reaches below the water is considered unfit for fish culture. Drinking waters having less DO don’t taste favorable.

The data revealed that all the samples irrespective of the location and the source were all gravely polluted having DO less than 4.0. Surprisingly, all the samples collected from the drains, ponds, sewage nallas had DO not more than 3.64 mg/l in section-1 and not more than 0.3 mg/l in section-2 which confirms that all the samples are heavily loaded with oxygen requiring microorganisms causing severe depletion of the DO in water.

3.8 BOD5: Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test is used to determine the strength and amount of organic matter present and provide a quantitative index of the organic matter, which is easily degradable in a short span of time. The maximum BOD observed in sample 7 collected from a slaughter house sewage was 1,050 mg/l. The data revealed that 11 samples (about 1/3 rd of the total samples) had BOD level within permissible range. All the rest of the samples collected from various locations had higher BOD than the recommended guideline level. This confirmed that the water sources are heavily polluted with microbes. 3.9 COD: Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is used as a measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter content of a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant. The data shows that the COD of 15 samples had level within permissible limits of 150 mg/l. All the samples collected from drains, sewage ponds and slaughter house were highly polluted with higher COD than the guideline level. In section-1, maximum COD was observed in sample 7 which was 1670 mg/l. This was collected from the effluent coming from a slaughter house. In section-2 maximum COD was observed in sample 22 which was collected from the effluent coming from a slaughter house.

3.10 Arsenic: In Sindh and the Punjab, approximately 36% of the 17

population is exposed to a level of contamination higher than 10ppb and 16% is exposed to contamination of 50ppb has been reported. In the present study, the existence of arsenic was not noted in any of the water sample tested in section-1 and in section-2 samples of hand pump were also within the guideline limits of the WHO. (Annex. 6).

3.11 Iron: Anaerobic groundwater may contain ferrous iron at concentrations of up to several milligrams per liter without discoloration or turbidity in the water when directly pumped from a well. On exposure to the atmosphere, however, the ferrous iron oxi-dizes to ferric iron, giving an objectionable reddish-brown color to the water. Locally, people complain of turning their water color to light red when a glass of water is left for a few minutes in atmosphere. At levels above 0.3 mg/litre, iron stains laundry and plumbing fixtures. There is usually no noticeable taste at iron concentrations below 0.3 mg/litre, although turbidity and color may develop. No health-based guideline value is proposed for iron.

Presence of iron in collected water samples are presented in Annex.6. The results show that all samples irrespective of the place they were taken had no signs of iron pollution except two samples collected from slaughter house sewage and sewage drain at Mirza Paro Hyderabad and Hyder Shah Muhalla Hyderabad from a sewage drain has iron content of over 0.421 mg/l. 3.12 Cadmium: It is a heavy metal and is highly toxic; causes 'itai-itai' disease-painful rheumatic condition; cardio vascular system is also affected; it also causes gastro intestinal upsets and hypertension if present above the recommended guideline values. High concentration of heavy metals such as mercury, copper, cadmium, chromium and lead in drinking water may show early symptoms of neuro-toxicity. The maximum permissible level is 0.005 mg/l.

Data of the cadmium in water samples of the present study show that in section-1 all samples in except 3 samples crossed the permissible level and were all polluted. In section-2 samples No. 1, 3, 4, 31, 32 and 36 were below detection limits while all the other samples crossed the permissible level and were all polluted. The higher concentration of cadmium was noticed in samples collected from sewage drains, industrial effluents and effluents from slaughter houses. It appears that the disposal of the sewage in the canal water has raised the concentration of the cadmium above the guideline level. (See Annex.6) 3.13 Lead: The concentrations of lead above recommended guideline causes plumbism-tiredness, lassitudes, abdominal discomfort, irritability, anaemia; bio-accumulation; impaired neurological and motor development, and damage to kidneys. The guideline level of

18

lead is 0.025 mg/l. The data regarding the presence of lead in section-1 indicate that 26 samples had the lead concentration below the guideline level; however only 2 samples were found polluted with lead. In section-2 the results indicate that 19 samples had the lead concentration below the guideline level; however rest of samples were found polluted with lead. These samples were taken from sewage drains. It is feared the when the flow in canals will reduce, the concentration of lead in the canal waters shall exceed the guideline value which will no doubt be dangerous for the humans and animals using canal water for drinking. (See Annex.6)

3.14 Nitrate (NO3): Nitrite in the blood combines with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, which reduces the capability of the blood to carry oxygen to all parts of the body. This results in the “blue” condition of the baby’s skin. The guideline level for nitrates is 40-50 mg/l.

The data regarding nitrate presence in the water samples is depicted in the Annex.7. The results show that all the samples were within the recommended limits and none of the samples had nitrate pollution in both sections.

3.15 Phosphate (PO4): Human activities accelerate the input of plant nutrients (mostly nitrate- and phosphate-containing effluents) to the water bodies. These nutrients motivate the eutrophication process and enhance microbial activity that depletes the oxygen level in water bodies.

The data regarding the presence of phosphates is depicted in Annex.7. The results in section-1 show that almost all samples collected from Phuleli canal, sewage drains and the hand pumps except 4 samples had phosphate concentration above the guideline value. This shows that the water contains enough organic phosphate that induces eutrophication in the water body and depletes oxygen. In section-2 almost all samples collected from Phuleli canal and the hand pumps has phosphate concentration below the guideline or just matching the guideline value. This shows that the samples were free from phosphate pollution. However, all the samples taken from the drains, sewage ponds and industrial effluents had higher level of phosphate concentration.

3.16 Sulphate (SO4): The presence of sulfate in drinking-water can cause noticeable taste, and very high levels might cause a laxative effect in unaccustomed consumers. Taste impairment varies with the nature of the associated cation; taste thresholds have been found to be 250 mg/litre for sodium sulfate to 1000 mg/litre for calcium sulfate. It is generally considered that taste impairment is minimal at levels

19

below 250 mg/litre. Sulfates in groundwater are caused by natural deposits of magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate or sodium sulfate.The following levels of sulfates (SO4) are expressed in mg/l

0 - 250 Acceptable250 - 500 Can be tolerated500 - 1,000 UndesirableOver 1,000 Unsatisfactory

The concentration of Sulphates in water samples of the present study are given in Annex.7. All samples are found having sulphate concentration within recommended range in both sections and therefore are not polluted. Only two samples from sewage drains in section-1 had concentration higher than the guideline value.

3.18 Carbonates: No carbonate concentration was observed in any of the samples collected in the study. The recommended level is 15 mg/l. All samples were free from carbonate pollution in both sections.

3.19 Bi-Carbonates (HCO3): The bicarbonates form the basis of TDS in water samples. The data of water samples of the present study given in Annex.7 indicated that except two samples from hand pumps, all the samples had bicarbonates above the guideline value. However, the samples collected from the canal, wastewater sites including sewage drains, slaughter house drains and factory effluent had higher bicarbonate levels indicating that all the samples from these places are heavily polluted in section-1. In section-2 all the canal water samples had bicarbonates within recommended range i.e. 120 mg/l. However, the samples collected from the wastewater sites including sewage drains, slaughter house drains and factory effluent had higher bicarbonate levels indicating that all the samples from these places are heavily polluted.

3.20 Chlorides: High concentrations of chloride give a salty taste to water and beverages. Taste thresholds for the chloride anion depend on the associated cation and are in the range of 200-300 mg/litre for sodium, potassium and calcium chloride. Concentrations in excess of 200mg/litre are increasingly likely to be detected by taste, but some consumers may become accustomed to low levels of chloride-induced taste. No health-based guideline value is proposed for chloride in drinking-water.The following levels of chlorides are expressed in mg/l:

0 - 200 Acceptable200 - 500 Less than desirable500 - 1,000 UndesirableOver 1,000 Unsatisfactory

The data collected for the chloride concentration of the collected water samples is given in Annex.7. The results in both sections revealed that all the sewage drain samples had higher concentration of chlorides

20

whereas canal water and hand pump samples had level within the recommended range.

3.21 pH: Although pH usually has no direct impact on consumers, it is one of the most important operational water quality parameters. Acceptable pH range is from 6.5 to 8.5. Annex.8 shows that all the water samples collected in section-1 were within the acceptable range. In section-2 were within the acceptable range except one sample No. 22 collected from the effluent of a slaughter house was bit acidic.

3.22 Hardness: Hardness caused by calcium and magnesium is usually indicated by precipitation of soap scum and the need for excess use of soap to achieve cleaning. Public acceptability of the degree of hardness of water may vary considerably from one community to another, depending on local conditions.

The following is a measure of hardness (expressed in mg/l as CaCo3):0 - 100 Soft100 - 200 Moderate200 - 300 Hard300 - 500 Very hard500 - 1,000 Extremely hard

The results of the water analyses of the collected samples revealed that all the samples in both sections had hardness above the guideline value proposed for drinking water i.e. 100 mg/l. Normally, the canal water do not have hardness but due to the addition of sewage and other industrial, agricultural and domestic garbage has resulted in hardness over the recommended range. Thus all the samples of the present study are categorized as polluted. Most significantly, the hardness of the samples collected from sewage drains, and other effluents was great as compared to canal water samples. The hardness of the sample collected from slaughterhouse effluent was 1250 mg/l.

3.23 Alkalinity: Alkalinity is a measure of the presence of bicarbonate, carbonate or hydroxide constituents. Concentrations less than 100 ppm are desirable for domestic water supplies. The recommended range for drinking water is 80 to 100 ppm.

High alkalinity (above 500 mg/l) is usually associated with high pH values, hardness and high dissolved solids and has adverse effects on plumbing systems, especially on hot water systems (water heaters, boilers, heat exchangers, etc.) where excessive scale reduces the transfer of heat to the water, thereby resulting in greater power consumption and increased costs. Water with low alkalinity (less than 75 mg/l), especially some surface waters and rainfall, is subject to changes in pH due to dissolved gasses that may be corrosive to

21

metallic fittings.

The data of alkalinity of the water samples collected in section-1 showed that all the samples collected from canal water and sewage drains had higher level of alkalinity. However, the samples collected from two hand pumps had alkalinity within desirable range. In section-2 samples collected from canal water were within the recommended level of alkalinity i.e. 80-120 mg/l. However, the samples collected from the sewage drains, industrial effluents and slaughter house wastes, garbage had high alkalinity and was severely polluted. The water samples collected from hand pumps also had high alkalinity. Detailed data is given in Annex.8

3.24 Sodium (Na): The taste threshold concentration of sodium in water depends on the associated anion and the temperature of the solution. At room temperature, the average taste threshold for sodium is about 200 mg/liter. No health-based guideline value has been derived.

The data of the presence of Sodium in water samples in present study is given in Annex.8. In both sections, the canal water samples have sodium concentration within the recommended range of 200mg/l. However, the water samples collected from sewage drains, industrial effluents and slaughter house disposals have very high sodium level and are polluted.

3.25 Potassium (K): The data of the concentration of potassium in water samples of both sections given in Annex.8 indicate that all canal water samples possess potassium within recommended guideline value i.e. 10 mg/l. Samples from sewage drain, pond, industrial effluent etc have high level and are highly polluted. It is feared that when the flow in canals will reduce, there is much likelihood of rise in the concentration of potassium in canal waters.

3.26 Calcium (Ca): The taste threshold for the calcium ion is in the range of 100–300 mg/litre, depending on the associated anion, and the taste threshold for magnesium is probably lower than that for calcium. The pollution effects include poor lathering and deterioration of the quality of clothes; incrustation in pipes; scale formation.Table.9 shows the concentration of calcium in water samples of the present study. In section-1 eight samples mostly from sewage drains have calcium concentration above the recommended guideline of 100 mg/l. In section-2 three samples no. 22, 28 and 29 have higher concentration. The rest of the samples are within the acceptable range.

3.27 Magnesium (Mg): Magnesium is a component of hardness. Most significant effect is poor lathering and deterioration of clothes; with sulfate laxative. The concentration of Magnesium in water

22

samples of the present study showed that 8 and 11 samples in section-1&2 respectively have higher concentration than the recommended guideline. The rest of the samples are within the range. Mostly the samples collected from sewage drains and other pollution points have high concentration of magnesium.

3.28 Presumptive Coliforms/100ml: The data for the presence of presumptive coliforms in 100 ml is given in Annex.9. The recommendations are that 100ml drinking water sample must not contain single coliform bacteria. It was noted that in both section all samples had presumptive coliforms in huge quantities. In section-1 more than half of the total samples had presumptive coliform above 1600. Only 13 samples had presumptive coliform in the range in between 21 to 1600. In section-2 only one sample had 350 number while another sample had 900 numbers. The rest of the samples had coliform ≥1600. All the hand pump water samples also possessed coliform bacteria but the number ranged from 7 to 17. Presence of a single coliform is an indication of pollution but when present in dozens, it is an alarming situation and very dangerous for the human consumption. The result conformed that all the waters in use of millions of people on Phuleli canal are heavily polluted with disease causing bacteria.

3.29 Faecal coliforms (MPN/100ml): The presence of the faecal coliform bacteria in water means that the water is contaminated with faecal matter and that there is a risk of other, even more dangerous bacteria, viruses and parasites in the water. Water contaminated with faecal coliforms is a health risk. Faecal matter might not be of human origin.

The data for the presence of Faecal coliforms in 100 ml is given in Annex.10. The recommendations are that 100ml drinking water sample must not contain single coliform bacteria. It was noted that in both sections all samples had faecal coliforms in huge quantities. In section-1 only six samples had bacterial count within 100. The rest 22 samples had faecal coliform from 100 to ≥1600. In section-2 five samples had bacterial count of ranging 250 to 900. The rest of the samples had coliform ≥1600. All the hand pump water samples in section-1 also possessed less faecal coliform bacteria as compared to canal and sewage water samples. In section-2 all the hand pump water samples also possessed coliform bacteria but the number ranged from 4 to 12, This result conformed that all the waters in use of millions of people on Phuleli canal are heavily polluted with disease causing bacteria.

3.30 E. Coliform Bacteria (MPN/100ml): Total coliform bacteria are a collection of relatively harmless microorganisms that live in large numbers in the digestive systems and intestines of human beings and

23

warm- and cold-blooded animals. These microorganisms aid in the digestion of food and can be found in humans and animals wastes. Soil and decaying vegetable can also be a source of the coliform bacteria. Some coliform bacteria known as fecal coliforms are only present in fecal material. According to WHO guidelines, the E coli and fecal coliform bacteria must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample of all water intended for drinking. The data for the presence of E coliforms in 100 ml is given in Annex.11. It was noted that all samples in both sections showed positive E. coliforms. In section-1 only two from hand pump and canal showed negative result. In section-2 six samples collected from hand pumps and dug well showed negative result. The result conformed that with a very minor exception, all the waters in use of millions of people on Phuleli canal are heavily polluted with disease causing bacteria.

24

4. CONCLUSIONS

From the analyses of the samples of water collected from the entire reach of Phuleli canal itself, some sewage drains carrying both domestic sewage and industrial effluents in combined form, sewage collection ponds and slaughter house effluents, following conclusions are drawn.

1. The samples were collected in winter therefore; temperature of all the samples was within normal range. Nitrate content of all the samples was also within range even in sewage samples. pH of all the samples was also within the desirable range.2. In section-1, Seven samples some collected from Phuleli canal and hand pumps possessed turbidity within acceptable limits whereas 21 samples collected from various locations of Phuleli canal, sewage drains and hand pumps possessed higher turbidity than recommended level. Sewage drain samples were mostly greenish, blackish or dark brown indicating the presence of huge quantities of organic and inorganic materials. The odor of 11 samples collected from Phuleli canal and hand pumps was acceptable. The rest of 17 samples possessed objectionable smell. The samples collected from sewage drains possessed awful smell.

In section-2 all the samples whether collected from the canal, dug well or sewage drains were all heavily turbid with muddy appearance. Sewage drain samples were black, brownish, reddish or greenish depending upon the chemicals used in the industries. Only the hand pump samples were clear. The odor of canal and hand pump samples was acceptable but all the sewage drain and pond samples had awful smell.

3. In both sections the level of electrical conductivity of all the samples was higher than the acceptable range that depicted that all the samples were polluted. All the sewage drains and effluent laden samples had very high TDS but the canal and hand pump samples possessed TDS within acceptable range due to heavy flow of canal water. Likewise, the BOD and COD which depicted the presence of oxygen demanding organisms / chemicals was very high in the samples collected from sewage drains, ponds, industrial effluents and garbage waste disposal locations. This has confirmed the abundance of microbes in the sewage system that may severely affect the canal water when the canal flow diminishes in winter months.

25

4. Fortunately, the concentration of arsenic was within range in all the samples contrary to the adverse reports of the presence of higher concentrations of arsenic in groundwater in most parts of Sindh. High concentration of iron was noted only in two water samples collected from sewage drains in section-1 and in one sample from section-2. All other samples had iron level within acceptable range.5. Except three samples collected from Phuleli canal in section-1, almost all the samples were found polluted with cadmium in both sections. The concentration of lead was found higher in only two water samples collected from Hoosri premises sewage drains in section-1. The rest of the samples had lead concentration within the acceptable range.6. Higher concentration of Phosphate was noted in almost all samples except only four samples collected from canal and hand pumps in section-1. Wheras in section-2 except the canal water and hand pump samples, all the sewage drain samples were highly polluted with phosphate and chloride content. Phosphate is believed to accelerate the microbial growth and reduce the oxygen content in the water. The concentration of chloride was higher only in sewage drain samples whereas the canal water and hand pump samples possessed chlorides within acceptable range.7. All the samples collected from the Phuleli canal, sewage drains, handpumps in both sections possessed hardness above acceptable level giving an impression that the soft canal water has been polluted by addition of untreated sewage and industrial effluent rendering all the samples fairly hard.8. As of the hardness, the alkalinity of almost all samples in section-1 collected from various locations was higher than recommended level. In section-2 the alkalinity of the canal water samples was within the acceptable level but was higher than recommended in sewage drain samples and hand pump samples. This may have been due to alkaline materials added through sewage or industrial effluents and from the alkali soil in the surrounding vicinity. The concentration of Na, K, Ca and Mg was within acceptable range in canal water samples in both sections. However high concentration of these elements was observed in sewage drain and other effluent laden samples. At lean canal flows, the concentration of these elements would rise making the water unsuitable for domestic use.9. Since, the untreated sewage, industrial effluents, city garbage and slaughter house effluent together with the cattle dung and urine was very frequently being added to the canal water; therefore, it was seriously felt that the canal water shall have enough bacterial, viral and parasitic loads. The

26

microbiological examination has confirmed that all the canal water samples, all sewage drain samples and all hand pump samples were heavily polluted with microbial load including presumptive coliform, faecal coliform and E. coliform to a very high extent so much so that most of the samples had more than 1600 MPN presumptive coliform faecal coliform and E. Coliform population per 100ml sample.

27

5. Recommendations

The government must give heed to the hue and cry of the millions of the people that the deliberate disposal of untreated domestic sewage, industrial and city garbage, unauthorized filth dumping of the cattle farms, laundry washings and much more in the sweet water ways be immediately stopped. The government with the international assistance must initiate arranging for the treatment of all the sewage on top priority basis and its utilization for agriculture purpose as done by our neighboring country India and other developing countries of the region. The prevailing legislation be invoked on all industries throwing their untreated effluent in water ways and they may be forced to treat their effluent before releasing these in waterways. Having fully satisfied that the effluent does not possess harmful chemicals and microbes, the wastewater may be used for growing agricultural crops. The status of all water bodies in use of local communities must be strictly monitored for their pollution free condition ensuring that these are safe to be used for domestic, human and animal use. To achieve this, functional water testing laboratories need to be established one in each district head quarter for monitoring and reporting to the central monitoring cell to be established at national level. A mass awareness campaign should be launched to aware communities and other stakeholders on impacts of pollution on fresh water resources and ultimately on human life. EPA should play a pro active role and regularly monitor the pollution levels in the canal. This may be carried out in coordination with Irrigation department. The results of water quality should be made public and people should be advised on taking necessary precautionary measures based on water quality results from time to time. District governments of Hyderabad, Tando Mohammad Khan and Badin should establish a steering committee to regularly observe water quality in the canal and take appropriate administrative decisions to address this grave problem

28

6. Annexure

Annex.1-A. Water samples from Section-1 (Saima Plaza Hyderabad to Matli By pass of New Phuleli Canal)-Domestic and industrial

A = Microbiology (Non Preservative keep at 4 oC) B = General Test (No preservative) C = Nitrate Nitrogen (Added 3 ml Boric acid)

S. No.

Sample No.

Category Location RD No.

1. 1 ABC Canal water From right side of Phuleli Canal Near Saima Plaza 212. 2 ABC Sewerage Water Sultan Shah Colony 213. 3 ABC Sewerage water Laloo Lashari 234. 4 ABC Sewerage water Nizam Colony 275. 5 ABC Canal water Nizam Colony Hyderabad 276. 6 ABC Sewerage water Pretabad Hyderabad 287. 7 ABC Slaughter house

Sewerage water Pretabbad Hyderabad 28

8. 8 ABC Canal Water Pretabbad Hyderabad 289. 9 ABC Sewerage water Hyder Shah Colony, Mirza Paro, Hyderabad 2810. 10 ABC Sewerage water Pinyari Disposal Pump, Mirza Paro, Hyderabad 2911. 11 ABC Canal Water Hyderabad 2912. 12 As ABC Canal water Near Channel Bridge, Hyderabad 3013. 13 ABC Canal water Ghanghara Bridge Hyderabad 35 14. 14 ABC Hand Pump Water Ghanghara, Bridge Hyderabad 3515. 15 ABC Sewerage drain Panhwar Colony Hoosri 16. 16 ABC Hand Pump Hoosri 17. 17 ABC Sewerage water Bukhari Muhla, Hoosri 18. 18 ABC Canal water Hoosri 19. 19 ABC Canal water Hoosri and Bridge 6220. 20 ABC Canal water By Pass Hyderabad 0421. 21 ABC Canal water Seri 22. 22 ABC Hand Pump water Seri 23. 23 ABC Sewerage water Mirbahar Muhla, T.M. Khan 24. 25 ABC Sewerage water Soomra Muhla T.M. Khan Sewage Pump 25. 26 ABC Canal water Lower side of Phuleli Bridge T.M. Khan 26. 27 ABC Hand Pump Water Village Luqman Leghari Ali Bahar 27. 28 ABC Canal water Phuleli Canal Nazar Pur 28. 29 ABC Canal Water Matli Bypass Bridge

29

Annex.1-B. Water samples from Section-2 Phuleli Canal and Various Locations of Domestic and Industrial Sewage.

S.# Sample # Category Sampling Point 01 1 ABC R.D.194.3 (Mirwah) Bughra Memon. 02 2 ABC R.D.159.5 (Mirwah) Seerani Town. 03 3 ABC R.D.97 (Mirwah) Badin City.04 4 ABC Kazia Wah Badin 05 5 ABC Talhar Sewerage (Ringhtside) 06 6 ABC R.D .07 (Mir Wah ) Talhar 07 7 ABC Shah Wah Stop of Phuleli canal 08 8 ABC R.D.137 main Phuleli Ali Pur 09 9 ABC New Bridge Matli of Phuleli Canal 10 10 ABC Matli Sewerage (Left Bank) 11 11 ABC Matli Sewerage (Right Bank)12 12 ABC upper–Side By pass Bridge. Matli 13 13 ABC Tando M.Khan Sewerage New Bridge 14 14 ABC lower- Side Tando M.Khan. New Bridge Phuleli15 15 ABC upper Side. Tando M.Khan. Old Bridge Phuleli 16 16 ABC R.D -110 Seri (Seri Bridge) 17 17 ABC Right Bank Hyderabad Sewerage Saima Plaza R.D-2218 18 ABC = R.D.-24,Hyd.Sewage lalo Lashari 19 19 ABC Right Bank R.D.26 Phuleli Water Lalo Lashari 20 20 ABC Right Bank R.D.26 Sewerage Choori Khrkhna Hyd 21 21 ABC Right Bank R.D.27-Sewerage Pretabad Hyd 22 22 ABC Right Bank R.D.27.Slaughter .House Pretabad Hyd 23 23 ABC Right Bank R.D.28.Sewerage Hyder Shah Muhalla Hyd 24 24 ABC Right Bank R.D.29. Sewerage Mirza Paro ,Hyd 25 25 ABC R.D.28.Phuleli Water Sample Hyd 26 26 ABC Left Bank R.D.28.Filter Plant Sample Village Long Chand.Hyd 27 27 ABC R.D.4.Phuleli Water by pass Hyd-Sukhar ,Hyd 28 28 ABC (Pond inlet ) Site Hyd .Sewerage Site area Hyd 29 29 ABC Pond outlet Site Sewerage Village Darya Khan Panhwar ,Site Hyd30 30 ABC R.D.50.Phuleli Water Ghanghra Bridge Hyderabad 31 31 ABC Hand Pump Bughra Memon32 32 ABC Dug Well Seerani33 33 ABC Hand Pump Qazia Wah34 34 ABC Hand Pump Shah Wah Stop35 35 ABC Hand Pump Mirwah/ Talhar36 36 ABC Hand Pump Matli

Annex.2 The analysis of the water samples following parameters were required to be carried out to determine the extent of water

30

pollution and fitness of the water for human and animal usage.

1. Temperature 16. Lead2. pH 17. Hardness3. Electrical Conductivity (EC) 18. Alkalinity4. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 19. Chloride5. Turbidity 20. CO36. Color 21. HCO37. Odor 22. SO48. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 23. Na9. BOD5 24. K10. COD 25. Ca11. Arsenic 26. Mg12. Nitrate (NO3) 27. Presumptive Coliforms/ 100ml13. Phosphate (PO4) 28. Fecal Coliform MPN/100ml14. Iron 29. E- Coli15. Cadmium

31

Annex.3 Analytical Methods Used for Determining Various Water Quality Parameters

Water Quality Parameters

Reference Method

Analytical Procedure/ Method used

Alkalinity (mg/1) APHA Titration ( 0.01N HCL )Bicarbonate (mg/1) APHA Titration ( 0.01N HCL )Calcium (mg/1) APHA Titration ( 0.01M EDTA)Carbonate (mg/1) APHA Titration ( 0.01N HCL )Chloride (mg/1) APHA Titration ( 0.01N AgNO3)Colour (TCU) APHA Visual Conductivity (micro-S/cm) APHA E. C Meter Hardness (mg/1) APHA Titration ( 0.01 EDTA)Color ----- Sensory Evaluation Odor ----- Sensory EvaluationpH APHA pH meterPotassium (mg/1) APHA Flame PhotometerSodium (mg/1) APHA Flame PhotometerSulfate (mg/1) APHA Turbidity Method (colorimeter)TDS (mg/1) APHA E.C / TDS meter Turbidity (NTU) APHA Turbidity Meter Nitrate (mg/1) APHA UV SpectrophotometricDissolved Oxygen APHA D. O MeterBiological Oxygen Demand APHA BOD refrigerated incubator (5 days BOD @ 20

0C)Chemical Oxygen Demand APHA COD Photometer Arsenic APHA Kit Method (Merck)Cadmium, Lead APHA Atomic Absorption SpectrometerIron APHA Colorimeter (Pillow method)Microbiological DeterminationParameter Method Ref. Method Media UsedColiform APHA 9221, 9222 LTBFecal Coliform APHA 9221, 9222 ECE. Coli FAO FAO, 1998 Edit. L-EMB

32

Annex.4-A Analysis of Physical Parameters of Water samples collected from the Study Area- Section-1

SampleNo.

Temp.( 0C )

TurbidityNTU

Color Odor

Desirable Level

Ambient <10 NTU <15 TCU Acceptable

1 23.0 4.2 Clear Un-objectionable2 23.3 120 Greenish Objectionable3 23.1 84 Greenish Objectionable4 23.4 292 Blackish Objectionable5 23.1 25 Greenish Objectionable6 23.3 217 Greenish Objectionable7 23.4 829 D. Brown Objectionable8 23.3 36 Greenish Objectionable9 23.4 263 Greenish Objectionable10 23.3 210 Greenish Objectionable11 23.3 85 Greenish Objectionable12 23.4 2.8 Clear Un-objectionable13 23.4 4.7 Clear Un-objectionable14 23.3 22 Greenish Objectionable15 23.1 106 Greenish Objectionable16 23.3 8.5 Clear Un-objectionable17 23.5 293 Greenish Objectionable18 23.3 176 Blackish Objectionable19 23.3 44 Blackish Objectionable20 23.4 28 Clear Un-objectionable21 23.5 8.7 Clear Un-objectionable22 23.5 3.2 Clear Un-objectionable23 23.5 114 Greenish Objectionable24 23.4 155 Blackish Objectionable25 23.2 34 Turbid Un-objectionable26 23.3 1.4 Clear Un-objectionable27 23.3 48 Clear Un-objectionable28 23.3 183 Clear Un-objectionable

Annex.4-B Analysis of Physical Parameters of Water samples collected from the Study Area- Section-2

33

SampleNo.

Temp.( 0C )

TurbidityNTU

Color Odor

Desirable Level

Ambient <10 NTU <15 TCU Acceptable

1 28.3 43 Turbid Un-object. 2 28.4 57 Turbid Un-object.3 28.4 37 Turbid Un-object.4 28.4 271 Muddy Un-object.5 28.4 85 Blackish Objectionable6 28.5 228 Muddy Un-object.7 28.5 86 L. Muddy Un-object.8 28.5 161 Turbid Un-object.9 28.5 117 Muddy Un-object.10 28.5 65 Blackish Objectionable11 28.4 94 Blackish Objectionable12 28.5 55 L. Muddy Un-object.13 28.5 48 L. Muddy Un-object.14 28.6 36 Turbid Un-object.15 28.6 55 L. Muddy Un-object.16 28.7 68 Turbid Un-object.17 28.7 110 Blackish Objectionable18 28.8 122 Blackish Objectionable19 28.7 48 L. Muddy Un-object.20 28.7 170 D- Black Objectionable21 28.7 88 Greenish Objectionable22 28.7 265 D- Brown Objectionable23 28.7 138 Reddish Objectionable24 28.7 176 Blackish Objectionable25 28.7 225 Muddy Un-object.26 28.8 580 Muddy Un-object.27 28.7 281 L. Muddy Un-object.28 28.8 75 Blackish Objectionable29 28.7 59 Greenish Objectionable30 28.9 118 L. Muddy Un-object.31 28.8 4 Clear Un-object.32 28.9 12 Clear Un-object.33 28.8 5 Clear Un-object.34 28.9 4 Clear Un-object.35 28.9 3 Clear Un-object.36 28.9 8 Clear Un-object.

Un-object. = Unobjectionable , D- Black = Dark Black, D- Brown = Dark Brown

Annex.5-A Analysis for E.C, TDS, D.O, BOD, COD of Water samples collected from Section-1

34

SampleNo.

E. C µS/cm TDSmg/l

D. O mg/L BOD mg/L COD mg/L

Desirable Level

400 μS/cm <1000 mg/l 5 mg/l 80 mg/l 150 mg/l

1 682 437 0.18 46 122 1726 1105 0.20 132 1123 1901 1217 0.35 195 1684 2840 1818 0.24 182 2145 757 485 0.43 90 1106 3050 1952 0.34 130 1807 5930 3795 0.22 1050 16708 821 526 0.32 112 1409 2940 1882 0.28 170 160

10 1926 1233 0.30 256 36011 744 476 0.72 210 18612 702 449 2.08 50 2613 682 437 2.32 63 2414 3060 1958 2.16 180 23215 2040 1306 0.41 189 16816 544 348 2.63 66 4017 1516 970 0.33 215 24518 1185 758 0.41 424 35619 671 430 0.54 280 33520 620 397 3.14 48 3421 636 407 2.62 62 2722 500 320 2.58 30 1923 2040 1306 0.40 140 17024 2860 1830 0.38 155 28525 637 408 2.37 25 1526 331 212 2.71 32 1827 613 392 3.64 25 2228 620 397 3.24 20 13

Annex.5-B Analysis for E.C, TDS, D.O, BOD, COD of Water samples collected 35

from Section-2

SampleNo.

E. C µS/cm TDSmg/l

D. O mg/L BOD mg/L COD mg/L

Desirable Level

400 μS/cm <1000 mg/l 5 mg/l 80 mg/l 150 mg/l

1 550 352 2.31 51 042 608 389 2.45 48 163 520 333 2.75 56 234 518 332 3.41 32 125 2250 1440 0.30 209 2776 527 337 3.22 46 117 537 344 2.50 206 168 516 330 2.87 60 119 516 330 2.50 103 13

10 2400 1536 0.24 232 28511 2170 1389 0.21 220 31512 528 338 2.24 68 1013 525 336 2.42 461 1414 537 344 0.52 62 1915 522 334 2.38 248 1416 522 334 2.68 630 1317 1342 859 0.21 315 29518 1704 1091 0.20 640 56819 543 348 1.86 109 1720 2530 1619 0.22 138 30521 2320 1485 0.19 489 34122 8960 5734 0.18 238 123823 2790 1786 0.19 383 39024 1684 1078 0.20 254 27825 523 335 2.28 170 1626 526 337 1.86 68 1027 532 341 2.42 42 528 2380 1523 0.26 145 2729 2580 1651 0.22 106 29330 510 326 1.74 50 1831 763 488 2.38 ----- -----32 1453 930 2.41 ----- -----33 1154 739 1.66 ----- -----34 1150 736 2.04 ----- -----35 1077 689 2.61 ----- -----36 560 358 2.18 ----- -----

D. O = Dissolved Oxygen, BOD = Biological Oxygen Demand, COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand

Annex.6-A Analysis of Arsenic, Iron, Cadmium and Lead of Water samples

36

collected from Section-1

SampleNo.

Arsenic ppb Iron mg/l

Cadmiummg/l

Leadmg/l

Desirable Level 0.01-0.05 ppb 0.1-0.3 mg/l 0.005 mg/l 0.025 mg/l

1 0.0 0.01 BDL BDL2 0.0 0.087 0.042 0.0143 0.0 0.112 0.021 0.0194 0.0 0.121 0.054 0.0105 0.0 0.082 0.046 0.0246 0.0 0.110 0.025 0.0217 0.0 0.354 0.087 0.0148 0.0 0.280 0.079 0.0129 0.0 0.210 0.067 0.02010 0.0 0.311 0.045 0.02311 0.0 0.021 0.024 0.01412 0.0 0.011 0.042 0.02113 0.0 0.023 0.021 0.01414 0.0 0.025 0.014 0.01515 0.0 0.240 0.088 0.04516 0.0 0.034 0.023 0.02417 0.0 0.114 0.042 0.03218 0.0 0.141 0.086 0.01119 0.0 0.040 BDL BDL20 0.0 0.024 0.042 BDL21 0.0 0.034 0.034 0.02122 0.0 0.012 0.034 BDL23 0.0 0.154 0.042 0.01424 0.0 0.121 0.014 0.02425 0.0 0.012 BDL BDL26 0.0 0.021 0.012 0.02427 0.0 0.031 0.015 0.02228 0.0 0.040 BDL 0.012

Annex.6-B Analysis of Arsenic, Iron, Cadmium and Lead of Water samples 37

collected from Section-2

SampleNo.

Arsenic ppb Iron mg/l

Cadmiummg/l

Leadmg/l

Desirable Level 0.01-0.05 ppb 0.1-0.3 mg/l 0.005 mg/l 0.025 mg/l1 0.0 0.025 BDL BDL2 0.0 0.034 0.021 0.02153 0.0 0.084 BDL 0.03144 0.0 0.064 BDL BDL5 0.0 0.151 0.024 0.07536 0.0 0.042 0.012 0.02147 0.0 0.040 0.024 BDL8 0.0 0.054 0.045 0.03129 0.0 0.031 0.034 BDL10 0.0 0.243 0.112 0.081011 0.0 0.120 0.034 0.021412 0.0 0.024 0.014 0.014513 0.0 0.081 0.021 0.061214 0.0 0.032 0.041 0.024515 0.0 0.060 0.034 0.042116 0.0 0.024 0.042 0.034517 0.0 0.251 0.121 0.056418 0.0 0.182 0.117 0.074419 0.0 0.042 0.045 0.024320 0.0 0.176 0.034 0.076121 0.0 0.141 0.042 0.041222 0.0 0.241 0.064 0.054323 0.0 0.421 0.164 0.084524 0.0 0.041 0.051 0.067325 0.0 0.024 0.021 0.014226 0.0 0.074 0.014 0.034127 0.0 0.082 0.012 0.024528 0.0 0.112 0.075 0.068029 0.0 0.094 0.054 0.051230 0.0 0.042 0.022 0.014031 10 0.031 BDL BDL32 10 0.023 BDL 0.021233 05 0.031 0.014 BDL34 10 0.042 0.011 0.015135 10 0.044 0.021 BDL36 05 0.032 BDL 0.0242

BDL = below detection limit

Annex.7-A Analysis of Nitrate, Phosphate, SO4, CO3, HCO3 and Chloride of Water

38

samples collected from Secton-1

SampleNo.

Nitrate NO3 mg/l

Phosphate (PO4)

mg/l

SO4

mg/lCO3mg/l

HCO3mg/l

Chloridemg/l

Desirable Level

40-50 mg/l

0.1 mg/l 250 mg/l 15 mg/l 120 mg/l 200 mg/l

1 4.0 0.06 58 Nil 140 852 6.5 3.97 60 Nil 400 2743 9.8 3.78 72 Nil 430 3004 6.8 3.90 266 Nil 500 4285 4.7 1.30 26 Nil 205 886 5.4 3.8 125 Nil 550 5807 13.6 5.42 360 Nil 850 11508 3.4 3.89 32 Nil 225 1039 5.6 4.10 110 Nil 640 505

10 8.9 3.33 78 Nil 400 32011 2.8 0.35 28 Nil 250 6012 0.8 0.160 28 Nil 220 6813 0.7 0.190 26 Nil 220 6714 1.3 0.130 120 Nil 540 59015 6.8 3.73 155 Nil 425 28616 0.6 0.11 28 Nil 130 7817 6.9 2.12 55 Nil 350 23218 5.8 3.45 40 Nil 300 18019 0.3 0.04 30 Nil 150 11020 0.5 0.15 28 Nil 130 10521 0.4 0.13 30 Nil 140 10822 0.4 0.04 17 Nil 110 8623 7.3 2.84 84 Nil 340 39024 8.6 3.06 140 Nil 450 56025 0.9 0.09 42 Nil 180 6826 0.3 0.20 20 Nil 85 3827 0.5 0.13 28 Nil 150 8928 0.4 0.09 30 Nil 150 92

Annex.7-B Analysis of Nitrate, Phosphate, SO4, CO3, HCO3 and Chloride of Water

39

samples collected from Secton-2

SampleNo.

Nitrate NO3 mg/l

Phosphate (PO4)

mg/l

SO4

mg/lCO3mg/l

HCO3mg/l

Chloridemg/l

Desirable Level

40-50 mg/l

0.1 mg/l 250 mg/l 15 mg/l 120 mg/l 200 mg/l

1 0.5 0.047 67 Nil 115 652 0.4 0.09 68 Nil 120 783 0.3 0.07 60 Nil 110 644 0.4 0.06 61 Nil 110 625 6.5 4.2 115 Nil 425 3656 0.4 0.06 61 Nil 110 647 0.6 0.07 60 Nil 110 658 0.4 0.08 61 Nil 110 609 0.5 0.06 62 Nil 110 60

10 4.0 2.25 135 Nil 380 46511 7.2 2.54 120 Nil 400 37012 0.3 0.12 60 Nil 115 6213 0.4 0.08 60 Nil 110 6314 0.3 0.07 59 Nil 120 6215 0.3 0.07 55 Nil 115 6416 0.5 0.05 55 Nil 115 6417 6.7 1.22 46 Nil 345 17818 7.8 2.33 55 Nil 370 27519 0.6 0.20 50 Nil 125 6620 0.4 0.24 70 Nil 480 49021 5.9 2.65 72 Nil 500 37422 12.5 3.46 230 Nil 650 235623 5.8 1.24 144 Nil 540 46824 2.7 2.68 56 Nil 380 29525 0.5 0.08 52 Nil 110 6726 0.7 0.04 50 Nil 115 6727 0.6 0.06 60 Nil 115 6428 2.2 4.38 248 Nil 380 35829 3.1 3.17 216 Nil 500 36530 2.1 0.07 46 Nil 110 6231 1.5 0.04 62 Nil 210 7832 0.3 0.12 115 Nil 410 14233 3.0 0.04 58 Nil 230 19534 0.7 0.08 57 Nil 230 19835 0.3 0.10 40 Nil 260 17436 0.2 0.05 34 Nil 150 68

Annex.8-A Analysis of pH, Hardness, Alkalinity, Na, K, Ca, Mg of Water samples 40

collected from Section-1

SampleNo.

pH Hardness

mg/ l

Alkalinity

Mg/l

Namg/l

Kmg/l

Camg/l

Mgmg/l

Desirable Level

6.5-8.5 100 mg/l 80-120 mg/l

200 mg/l 10 mg/l 100mg/l 50 mg/l

1 6.9 250 140 40 3 44 342 7.1 400 400 205 5 90 433 7.0 450 430 228 8 125 344 7.2 600 500 360 10 155 525 7.2 220 205 66 4 65 146 7.3 650 550 370 22 170 557 7.5 1250 850 680 38 250 1528 7.6 300 225 50 3 50 439 7.6 600 640 368 20 150 5510 7.8 450 400 232 5 128 3311 7.8 280 250 40 4 55 3512 7.5 250 220 45 2 50 3013 7.7 240 220 42 3 42 3114 6.9 750 540 348 16 165 8215 7.2 480 425 228 12 80 1216 7.0 200 130 30 2 36 2717 7.5 400 350 160 5 68 5618 7.2 350 200 120 2 70 4319 6.8 220 150 52 3 40 2920 6.8 200 130 48 3 36 2721 6.9 220 140 45 3 36 3122 7.0 180 110 32 2 28 2723 7.3 400 340 268 8 64 5824 7.2 580 450 378 18 110 7425 7.2 260 180 31 3 40 3826 7.3 120 85 17 2 22 1627 7.1 220 150 40 4 36 3228 7.4 220 150 40 4 35 32

Annex.8-B Analysis of pH, Hardness, Alkalinity, Na, K, Ca, Mg of Water samples

41

collected from Section-2

SampleNo.

pH Hardnessmg/ l

AlkalinityMg/l

Namg/l

Kmg/l

Camg/l

Mgmg/l

Desirable Level

6.5-8.5 100 mg/l 80-120 mg/l

200 mg/l 10 mg/l 100mg/l 50 mg/l

1 6.88 170 115 50 4 28 242 7.19 180 120 56 4 20 323 7.34 160 110 48 3 24 244 7.62 160 110 47 3 32 195 6.98 400 425 288 36 56 636 7.71 160 110 48 4 28 227 7.49 160 110 48 4 30 218 7.75 150 110 48 3 30 189 7.67 150 110 49 3 28 1910 6.82 470 380 304 38 80 6611 6.81 450 400 255 36 65 7012 7.7 160 115 48 3 36 1713 7.68 160 110 47 3 35 1814 7.08 165 120 46 4 40 1615 7.83 160 115 45 3 32 1916 7.66 160 115 45 4 30 2117 6.73 300 345 139 23 52 4118 6.84 360 370 208 28 65 4819 7.57 165 125 49 3 38 1720 7.82 500 480 328 35 52 9021 6.71 450 500 280 39 65 7022 6.25 800 650 1459 140 168 9223 6.62 600 540 339 56 67 10524 6.62 350 380 194 38 60 4925 7.88 170 110 45 3 32 2226 7.49 170 115 45 3 33 2127 7.42 160 115 49 4 40 1528 6.72 650 380 228 33 116 8729 6.97 600 155 268 30 132 6630 7.30 150 110 48 3 32 1731 7.16 250 210 66 4 55 2732 7.12 440 410 131 8 65 6733 7.14 350 230 100 13 59 4934 6.78 360 230 96 5 60 5135 7.20 320 260 99 6 50 4736 7.39 180 150 45 4 34 23

Annex.9-A. Presumptive Coliforms MPN/100ml of Water samples collected from

42

Section-1

Sample #

Standard Media used and Temp.

Date & Time carried out

No. of +ve tubes Date and time observed

Results (MPN No/100ml)0.1 1 10

1 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

15-12-0811: 40AM

3 4 5 17-12-0811:50AM

280

2 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

15-12-0811: 25AM

5 5 5 17-12-0811:30AM

≥ 1600

3 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

15-12-0809: 00AM

5 5 5 17-12-0809:00AM

≥ 1600

4 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

15-12-0809: 15AM

5 5 5 117-12-0809:15AM

≥ 1600

5 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

16-12-0811: 40AM

3 4 5 18-12-0811:45AM

280

6 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

15-12-0809: 00AM

5 5 5 17-12-0809:05AM

≥ 1600

7 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

15-12-0812: 00AM

5 5 5 17-12-0812:05AM

≥1600

8 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

15-12-0812: 00AM

4 5 5 17-12-0812:05AM

1600

9 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

16-12-0812: 00AM

5 5 5 18-12-0812:05AM

≥1600

10 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

16-12-0812: 00AM

5 5 5 18-12-0812:10AM

≥1600

11 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

16-12-0812: 00AM

5 5 5 18-12-0812:10AM

≥ 1600

12 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

16-12-0812: 00AM

3 3 5 18-12-0812:00AM

170

13 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

16-12-0812: 00AM

4 4 5 18-12-0812:00AM

350

43

14 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

16-12-0812: 00AM

3 4 5 18-12-0812:00AM

280

15 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

16-12-0812: 00AM

5 5 5 18-12-0812:10AM

≥ 1600

16 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

16-12-0812: 00AM

3 5 5 18-12-0812:00AM

900

17 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

17-12-0811: 40AM

4 5 5 19-12-0811:45AM

1600

18 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

17-12-0811: 40AM

5 5 5 19-12-0811:50AM

≥1600

19 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

17-12-0811: 40AM

5 5 5 19-12-0811:45AM

≥1600

20 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

17-12-0811: 40AM

2 5 5 19-12-0811:45AM

500

21 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

17-12-0811: 40AM

1 2 4 19-12-0811:45AM

26

22 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

17-12-0811: 40AM

1 2 3 19-12-0811:45AM

17

23 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

17-12-0811: 40AM

5 5 5 19-12-0811:50AM

≥1600

24 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

18-12-0811: 40AM

4 5 5 20-12-0811:45AM

1600

25 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

18-12-0812: 00AM

3 4 5 20-12-0812:10AM

280

26 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

18-12-0812: 00AM

1 1 4 20-12-0812:10AM

21

27 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

18-12-0812: 00AM

1 3 4 20-12-0812:10AM

33

28 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

18-12-0812: 00AM

1 2 4 20-12-0812:10AM

26

Annex.9-B. Presumptive Coliforms MPN/100ml of Water samples collected from Section-2

44

Sample #

Standard Media used and Temp.

Date & Time carried out

No. of +ve tubes Date and time observed

Results (MPN No/100ml)0.1 1 10

1 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

7-11-0811: 25AM

04 5 5 9-11-0811:30AM

1600

2 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

7-11-0811: 30AM

5 5 5 9-11-0811:30AM

≥1600

3 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

7-11-0811: 40AM

4 5 5 9-11-0811:45AM

1600

4 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

7-11-0812: 00AM

4 5 5 9-11-0812:00AM

1600

5 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

8-11-0809: 00AM

5 5 5 10-11-0809:00AM

≥ 1600

6 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

8-11-0809: 00AM

5 5 5 10-11-0809:05AM

≥ 1600

7 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

8-11-0809: 20AM

5 5 5 10-11-0809:25AM

≥ 1600

8 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

8-11-0809: 30AM

4 4 5 10-11-0809:30AM

350

9 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

9-11-0810: 30AM

3 5 5 11-11-0810:30AM

900

10 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

10-11-0809: 00AM

5 5 5 12-11-0809:00AM

≥ 1600

11 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

10-11-0809: 15AM

5 5 5 12-11-0809:15AM

≥ 1600

12 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

10-11-0809: 15AM

5 5 5 12-11-0809:20AM

≥ 1600

13 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

11-11-0808: 45AM

5 5 5 13-11-0809:00AM

≥ 1600

45

14 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

11-11-0809: 05AM

5 5 5 13-11-0809:10AM

≥ 1600

15 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

11-11-0809: 10AM

4 5 5 13-11-0809:10AM

1600

16 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

11-11-0809: 15AM

5 5 5 13-11-0809:15AM

≥ 1600

17 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

11-11-0809: 20AM

5 5 5 13-11-0809:20AM

≥ 1600

18 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

11-11-0809: 30AM

5 5 5 13-11-0809:30AM

≥ 1600

19 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

11-11-0809: 40AM

5 5 5 13-11-0809:40AM

≥ 1600

20 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

12-11-0809: 30AM

5 5 5 14-11-0809:30AM

≥ 1600

21 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

12-11-0809: 35AM

5 5 5 14-11-0809:40AM

≥ 1600

22 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

12-11-0809: 40AM

5 5 5 14-11-0809:40AM

≥ 1600

23 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

12-11-0809: 50AM

5 5 5 14-11-0809:50AM

≥ 1600

24 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

12-11-0810: 00AM

5 5 5 14-11-0810: 00AM

≥ 1600

25 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

13-11-0809: 00AM

5 5 5 15-11-0809: 00AM

≥ 1600

26 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

13-11-0809: 10AM

5 5 5 15-11-0809: 10AM

≥ 1600

27 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

13-11-0809: 15AM

5 5 5 15-11-0809: 15AM

1600

28 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

13-11-0809: 25AM

5 5 5 15-11-0809: 25AM

≥ 1600

46

29 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

13-11-0809: 30AM

5 5 5 15-11-0809: 30AM

≥ 1600

30 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

13-11-0809: 40AM

5 5 5 15-11-0809: 40AM

≥ 1600

31 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

09-11-0809: 00AM

1 0 2 11-11-0809:00AM

7

32 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

09-11-0809: 30AM

1 1 2 11-11-0809:30AM

9

33 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

09-11-0809: 30AM

01 01 3 11-11-0809:30AM

11

34 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

09-11-0809: 30AM

01 01 2 11-11-0809:30AM

9

35 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

09-11-0809: 30AM

01 01 2 11-11-0809:30AM

9

36 APHA, 9221, 9222

LTB at 35 ± 0.5 0C

09-11-0809: 30AM

01 2 3 11-11-0809:30AM

17

47

Annex.10-A. Faecal Coliforms MPN/100ml of Water samples collected from Section-1

Sample #

Standard Media used and Temp.

Date & Time carried out

No. of +ve tubes Date and time observed

Results (MPN No/100ml)0.1 1 10

1 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

17-12-0812:00Noon

2 2 5 18-12-0812: 10 Noon

90

2 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

17-12-0811:50AM

04 5 5 18-12-0811: 55 AM

1600

3 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

17-12-0809:20AM

5 5 5 18-12-0809: 25 AM

≥ 1600

4 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

17-12-0809:35AM

4 5 5 18-12-0809: 40 AM

1600

5 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

18-12-0812:00Noon

3 3 5 19-12-0812: 00 Noon

140

6 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

17-12-0809:20AM

4 5 5 18-12-0809: 30 AM

1600

7 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

17-12-0812:20AM

5 5 5 18-12-0812: 25 AM

≥1600

8 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

17-12-0812:20AM

4 4 5 18-12-0812: 30 AM

350

9 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

18-12-0812:20AM

4 5 5 19-12-0812: 25 AM

1600

10 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

18-12-0812:20AM

4 5 5 19-11-0812: 25 AM

1600

11 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

18-12-0812:20AM

4 5 5 19-12-0812: 25 AM

1600

12 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

18-12-0812:20AM

2 3 5 19-12-0812: 25 AM

140

13 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

18-12-0812:20AM

3 3 5 19-12-0812: 25 AM

170

48

14 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

18-12-0812:20AM

2 3 5 19-12-0812: 25 AM

140

15 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

18-12-0812:20AM

4 5 5 19-12-0812: 30 AM

1600

16 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

18-12-0812:20AM

2 4 5 19-12-0812: 25 AM

220

17 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

19-12-0812:00Noon

4 4 5 20-12-0812: 10 Noon

350

18 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

19-12-0812:10Noon

4 5 5 20-12-0812: 20 Noon

1600

19 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

19-12-0812:00Noon

3 5 5 20-12-0812: 10 Noon

900

20 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

19-12-0812:00Noon

3 3 5 20-12-0812: 10 Noon

170

21 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

19-12-0812:00Noon

1 1 2 20-12-0812: 10 Noon

9

22 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

19-12-0812:00Noon

1 1 2 20-12-0812: 10 Noon

9

23 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

19-12-0812:10Noon

4 5 5 20-12-0812: 20 Noon

1600

24 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

20-12-0812:00Noon

3 5 5 21-12-0812: 10 Noon

900

25 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

20-12-0812:20AM

2 3 5 21-12-0812: 25 AM

140

26 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

20-12-0812:20AM

1 1 3 21-12-0812: 25 AM

14

27 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

20-12-0812:20AM

1 2 3 21-12-0812: 25 AM

17

28 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

20-12-0812:20AM

1 2 3 21-12-0812: 25 AM

17

Annex.10-B. Faecal Coliforms MPN/100ml of Water samples collected from Section-2

49

Sample #

Standard Media used and Temp.

Date & Time carried out

No. of +ve tubes Date and time observed

Results (MPN No/100ml)0.1 1 10

1 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

9-11-0811:50AM

5 5 5 10-11-0811: 55 AM

≥ 1600

2 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

9-11-0811:50AM

4 5 5 10-11-0811: 55 AM

1600

3 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

9-11-0812:00Noon

4 4 5 10-11-0812: 00 Noon

350

4 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

9-11-0812:20AM

2 5 5 10-11-0812: 25 AM

500

5 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

10-11-0809:20AM

5 5 5 11-11-0809: 25 AM

≥ 1600

6 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

10-11-0809:20AM

4 5 5 11-11-0809: 25 AM

1600

7 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

10-11-0809:30AM

4 5 5 11-11-0809: 35 AM

1600

8 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

10-11-0809:50AM

3 4 5 11-11-0809: 50 AM

280

9 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

11-11-0810:50AM

4 5 5 12-11-0810: 50 AM

1600

10 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

12-11-0809:15AM

5 5 5 13-11-0809: 15 AM

≥ 1600

11 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

12-11-0809:25AM

5 5 5 13-11-0809: 25 AM

≥ 1600

12 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

12-11-0809:35AM

4 5 5 13-11-0809: 35 AM

1600

13 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

13-11-0809:15AM

5 5 5 14-11-0809: 15 AM

≥ 1600

14 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

13-11-0809:20AM

5 5 5 14-11-0809: 20 AM

≥ 1600

50

15 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

13-11-0809:25AM

5 5 5 14-11-0809: 25 AM

≥ 1600

16 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

13-11-0809:35AM

4 5 5 14-11-0809: 35 AM

1600

17 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

13-11-0809:35AM

4 5 5 14-11-0809: 35 AM

1600

18 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

13-11-0809:40AM

5 5 5 14-11-0809: 45 AM

≥ 1600

19 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

13-11-0809:50AM

5 5 5 14-11-0809: 55 AM

≥ 1600

20 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

14-11-0809:45AM

5 5 5 15-11-0809:45AM

≥ 1600

21 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

14-11-0809:50AM

5 5 5 15-11-0809:50AM

≥ 1600

22 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

14-11-0809:55AM

5 5 5 15-11-0809:55AM

≥ 1600

23 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

14-11-0810:05AM

5 5 5 15-11-0810:10AM

≥ 1600

24 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

14-11-0810:15AM

5 5 5 15-11-0810:15AM

≥ 1600

25 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

15-11-0809:15AM

4 5 5 16-11-0809:15AM

1600

26 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

15-11-0809:25AM

3 5 5 16-11-0809:25AM

900

27 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

15-11-0809:35AM

3 5 5 16-11-0809:40AM

900

28 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

15-11-0809:50AM

5 5 5 16-11-0809:50AM

≥ 1600

29 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

15-11-0809:55AM

5 5 5 16-11-0809:55AM

≥ 1600

51

30 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

15-11-0809:55AM

4 5 5 16-11-0810:00AM

1600

31 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

11-11-0809:20AM

0 0 2 12-11-0809: 20 AM

4

32 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

11-11-0810:00AM

0 1 2 12-11-0810: 00 AM

7

33 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

11-11-0810:00AM

1 1 2 12-11-0810: 00 AM

9

34 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

11-11-0809:55AM

0 2 1 12-11-0810: 00 AM

6

35 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

11-11-0810:00AM

0 1 2 12-11-0810: 00 AM

7

36 APHA, 9221, 9222

EC at 44 ± 0.2 0C

11-11-0809:50AM

0 3 2 12-11-0810: 00 AM

12

Annex.11-A. E. Coliforms MPN/100ml of Water samples collected from Section-1

Sample # Standard

Media used and Temp.

Date & Time

Observations Date and time

Results +ve / -ve

52

carried out

observed

1 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

18-12-0812:30 PM

Purple colonies appeared

19-12-0812:40 PM

+ ve

2 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

18-12-0812:20 PM

Purple colonies appeared

19-12-0812:25 PM

+ Ve

3 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

18-12-0809:40 AM

Purple colonies appeared

19-12-0809:40 AM

+ ve

4 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

18-12-0810:00AM

Purple colonies appeared

19-12-0810:10 AM

+ Ve

5 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

19-12-0812:30 PM

Purple colonies appeared

20-12-0812:40 PM

+ ve

6 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

18-12-0809:40 AM

Purple colonies appeared

19-12-0809:50 AM

+ ve

7 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

18-12-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

19-12-0812:50 PM

+ ve

8 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

18-12-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

19-12-0812:45 PM

+ ve

9 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

19-12-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

20-12-0812:50 PM

+ ve

10 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

19-11-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

20-12-0812:45 PM

+ ve

11 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

19-12-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

20-12-0812:45 PM

+ ve

12 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

19-12-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

20-12-0812:40 PM

+ ve

13 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

19-12-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

20-12-0812:40 PM

+ ve

14 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

19-12-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

20-12-0812:40 PM

+ ve

15 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

19-12-0812:45PM

Purple colonies appeared

20-12-0812:50PM

+ ve

16 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

19-12-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

20-12-0812:40 PM

+ ve

17 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

20-12-0812:30 PM

Purple colonies appeared

21-12-0812:35 PM

+ ve

18 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

20-12-0812:30 PM

Purple colonies appeared

21-12-0812:35 PM

+ ve

19 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

20-12-0812:30 PM

Purple colonies appeared

21-12-0812:35 PM

+ ve

20 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

20-12-0812:30 PM

Purple colonies appeared

21-12-0812:35 PM

+ ve

21 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

20-12-0812:30 PM

Purple colonies absent

21-12-0812:35 PM

- ve

22 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

20-12-0812:30 PM

Purple colonies absent

21-12-0812:35 PM

- ve

23 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

20-12-0812:30 PM

Purple colonies appeared

21-12-0812:35 PM

+ ve

24 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

21-12-0812:30 PM

Purple colonies appeared

22-12-0812:35 PM

+ ve

53

25 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

21-12-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

22-12-0812:45PM

+ ve

26 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

21-12-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

22-12-0812:45PM

+ ve

27 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

21-12-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

22-12-0812:45PM

+ ve

28 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

21-12-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

22-12-0812:45PM

+ ve

54

Annex.11-B. E. Coliforms MPN/100ml of Water samples collected from Section-2

Sample # Standard

Media used and Temp.

Date & Time carried out

Observations Date and time observed

Results +ve / -ve

1 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

10-11-0812:20 PM

Purple colonies appeared

13-11-0812:25 PM

+ Ve

2 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

10-11-0812:20 PM

Purple colonies appeared

13-11-0812:25 PM

+ ve

3 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

10-11-0812:30 PM

Purple colonies appeared

13-11-0812:30 PM

+ ve

4 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

10-11-0812:40 PM

Purple colonies appeared

13-11-0812:40 PM

+ ve

5 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

11-11-0809:40 AM

Purple colonies appeared

14-11-0809:40 AM

+ ve

6 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

11-11-0809:40 AM

Purple colonies appeared

14-11-0809:40 AM

+ ve

7 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

11-11-0809:55 AM

Purple colonies appeared

14-11-0810:00 AM

+ ve

8 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

11-11-0810:15 AM

Purple colonies appeared

14-11-0810:20 AM

+ Ve

9 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

12-11-0811:15 AM

Purple colonies appeared

15-11-0811:15 AM

+ Ve

10 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

13-11-0809:30 AM

Purple colonies appeared

16-11-0809:30 AM

+ Ve

11 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

13-11-0809:50 AM

Purple colonies appeared

16-11-0809:50 AM

+ Ve

12 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

13-11-0810:15AM

Purple colonies appeared

16-11-0810:20 AM

+ Ve

13 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

14-11-0809:30AM

Purple colonies appeared

17-11-0809:30 AM

+ Ve

14 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

14-11-0809:40AM

Purple colonies appeared

17-11-0809:45 AM

+ Ve

15 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

14-11-0809:45AM

Purple colonies appeared

17-11-0809:45 AM

+ Ve

16 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

14-11-0810:00AM

Purple colonies appeared

17-11-0810:00 AM

+ Ve

17 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

14-11-0810:10AM

Purple colonies app.

17-11-0810:10 AM

+ Ve

18 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

14-11-0810:20AM

Purple colonies app.

17-11-0810:20 AM

+ Ve

19 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

14-11-0810:30AM

Purple colonies appeared

17-11-0810:30 AM

+ Ve

20 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

15-11-0810:10AM

Purple colonies appeared

18-11-0810:15 AM

+ Ve

21 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

15-11-0810:15AM

Purple colonies appeared

18-11-0810:15 AM

+ Ve

22 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

15-11-0810:25AM

Purple colonies appeared

18-11-0810:25 AM

+ Ve

23 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

15-11-0810:35AM

Purple colonies appeared

18-11-0810:35 AM

+ Ve

24 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

15-11-0810:40AM

Purple colonies appeared

18-11-0810:40 AM

+ Ve

55

25 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

16-11-0809:30AM

Purple colonies appeared

19-11-0809:30 AM

+ Ve

26 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

16-11-0809:50AM

Purple colonies appeared

19-11-0809:50 AM

+ Ve

27 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

16-11-0810:00AM

Purple colonies appeared

19-11-0810:00 AM

+ Ve

28 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

16-11-0810:20AM

Purple colonies appeared

19-11-0810:20 AM

+ Ve

29 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

16-11-0810:30AM

Purple colonies appeared

19-11-0810:30 AM

+ Ve

30 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

16-11-0810:30AM

Purple colonies appeared

19-11-0810:30 AM

+ Ve

31 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

12-11-0809:40 AM

No Purple colorappeared

15-11-0809:40 AM

-Ve

32 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

12-11-0810:25 PM

No Purple colorappeared

15-11-0812:25 PM

-Ve

33 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

12-11-0810:30 AM

No Purple colorappeared

15-11-0812:30 AM

-Ve

34 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

12-11-0810:20 PM

No Purple colorappeared

15-11-0812:20 PM

-Ve

35 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

12-11-0810:30 PM

No Purple colorappeared

15-11-0812:30 PM

-Ve

36 FAO, 1998

L-EMB at 35 0C

12-11-0810:20 PM

No Purple color app.

15-11-0812:20 PM

-Ve

56

References

1. Abu Naser Zafar Ullah, Alexandra Clemett, Nishat Chowdhury, Matthew Chadwick, Tanzeba Huq, Razia Sultana. 2006. Human Health and Industrial Pollution in Bangladesh. Report Printed by Genesis (Pvt.) Ltd.Dhaka, Bangladesh.2. Adhikari Sarfraz Munir, Muhammad Mukhtar. 2002. Assessment of Wastewater Production and Reuse in The Peri-Urban Areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Address IWMI-Pakistan, 12-km Multan Road, Chowk Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore-53700, Pakistan3. Adhikari T., M. C. Manna, M. V. Singh and R. H. Wanjari. 2004. Bioremediation measure to minimize heavy metals accumulation in soils and crops irrigated with city effluent. Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.2 (1) : 266-270. 4. Aganga, A.A., S. Machacha, B. Sebolai, T. Thema and B.B. Marotsi. 2005. Minerals in Soils and Forages Irrigated with Secondary Treated Sewage Water in Sebele, Botswana. Journal of Applied Sciences 5 (1): 155-1615. Ashraf Memon 2008. lives of millions of People at Badin at the Risk. Quarterly Samoondee, Sep-Nov 2008.6. Awofolu1, O.R, Z Mbolekwa, V Mtshemla and OS Fatoki. 2005. Levels of trace metals in water and sediment from Tyume River and its effects on an irrigated farmland. Water SA Vol. 31 No. 17. Adhikari WWF. 2007. Water & Health Related Issues In Pakistan. A Special Report8. Ananymous. The Health Risks of Untreated Sewage. ww.AmericanRivers.org9. Anonymous. National Rivers Protection and Conservation Program http://www.environment.gov.pk/pro_pdf/Brief-RiverPluton.pdf10. Background Paper # 3 by Vaqar Zakaria ‘Water and Environmental Sustainability Country Water Resources Assistance Strategy’ March, 200511. Background Paper # 8 by Khurram Shahid ‘Drinking Water and Sanitation Sector Review of Policies and Performance and Future Options for Improving Service Delivery Country Water Resources Assistance Strategy’ March, 200512. Brijesh Sikka, Hirotaka Sato, Kunio Ishikawa, Alok Kumar.2003. The study on water quality management plan for Ganga River in the Republic of India”, JICA Progress Report. The Study period is from March 2003 to March, 2005.13. Farzana Panhwar 2004. Environmental Pollution in Sindh, Pakistan. ECO Services International14. Chang A. C., Genxing Pan, Albert L. Page, and Takashi Asano 2002. Developing Human Health-related Chemical

57

Guidelines for Reclaimed Water and Sewage Sludge Applications in Agriculture. WHO.15. Darwish M. R., F. A. El-Awar, M. Sharara, B. Hamdar.1999. Economic-Environmental Approach for Optimum Wastewater Utilization in Irrigation: A Case Study in Lebanon. American Society of Agricultural Engineers 0883-8542 / 99 / 1501-41. VOL. 15(1): 41-4816. Dewani V.K., I.A. Ansari, and M.Y.Khuhawar, Proc. 3rd Natl. Symp. Modern Trends in Contemporary Chemistry. 24-26 Feb. (1997).17. Khan, M.A; M.A. Naeem; and M.Ahmed. 2002. Heavy metal, Soil Salinity/Sodicity and Soil Fertility Status of Soils and Plants of Some Sewage Irrigated Farms. Pak. J. Arid Agriculture 5 (2);57-62.18. Salah Al-Warafy. 2008. Using Sewage Water in Irrigation Threatens Health of Yemenis. Yemen Times 10th November.19. Neelima Garg. 2007. Impact of Polluted Water on Health. http://www.Boloji.com20. Adhikari Central Pollution Control Board. Ministry of Environment and Forests. Government of India. Effect of Sewage Pollution on Surface Water Bodies21. FAO 1993. Water Resource Issues and Agriculture. FAO Corporate Document Repository.22. Mughal F.H. 2008. Indus river pollution a risk to livelihoods. http://www.DAWN.com, March 31.23. Raphaelo Steff 2007. Polluted Water is Your Health-Destroyer. http://www.EzineArticles.com24. Wattoo M. H. S., F. H. Wattoo, T. G. Kazi, S. A. Tirmizi, M. I. Bhanger,

R. B. Mahar And J. Iqbal. 2004. Quality Characterization Of Phulali Canal Water For Irrigation Purposes. The Nucleus, 41 (1-4) 2004 : 69-75.

25. Lokeshwari, H. and G. T. Chandrappa. 2006. Impact of heavy metal contamination of Bellandur Lake on soil and cultivated vegetation. Current Science, VOL. 91, NO. 526. Fred Pearce. 2004. Sewage waters a tenth of world's irrigated crops. http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns9999629727. Soomro M.S.; H. K Puno. And Mehr-u-Nissa Memon. 2000. Studies on the Status of Water Bodies in Rural Sindh and their Effect on Human Health. Final Report. Submitted to the EPA Sindh, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam.28. Guy Howard, Jamie Bartram, 2003. Domestic Water Quantity,

Service Level and Health. WHO/SDE/WSH/03.02 English 29. Central Pollution Control Board. 2003-2004 Status of Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Plants in Delhi. Control Of

58

Urban Pollution Series:Cups. ‘Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar. Delhi-11003230. Daniel Pepper 2007. Choking on Pollution in India. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,493033,00.htm31. IWMI 2003. Confronting the Realities of Wastewater Use in Agriculture. www.iwmi.org/health.

32. Khurshed Ahmed and Athar saeed Dil 1999. water Borne Diseases. Proceedings of the National Workshop on Quality of Drinking Water Held in Islamabad on March 07, 1998. sponsored by the PCRWR and the CSP.33. Lone M.I., S. Saleem, T. Mahmood†, K. Saifullah And G. Hussain. 2003. Heavy Metal Contents of Vegetables Irrigated by Sewage/Tubewell Water.International Journal Of Agriculture & Biology 1560–8530/2003/05–4–533–535 http://www.ijab.org34. Pandey S. 2006 Water pollution and health. Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2006), Vol. 4, No. 1, Issue 13, 128-13435. The News. http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=1930636. Times of India 1st September 2008. Sewage Water A Health Hazard. http://www.shvoong.com/tags/sewage-water/37. Stephanie Buechler and Christopher Scott. 2006. Wastewater as a Controversial, Contaminated yet Coveted Resource in South Asia. UNDP Human Development Report.38. SOE 2005 (http://www.environment.gov.pk/pub-pdf/StateER2005/Part3-Chp%201.pdf).39. Soomro M.S.; H. K Puno. And Mehr-u-Nissa Memon. 2000. Studies on the Status of Water Bodies in Rural Sindh and their Effect on Human Health. Final Report. Submitted to the EPA Sindh, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam.40. Stephanie Buechler and Christopher Scott. 2006. Wastewater as a Controversial, Contaminated yet Coveted Resource in South Asia. UNDP Human Development Report.41. The News. http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=1930642. Times of India 1st September 2008. Sewage Water A Health Hazard. http://www.shvoong.com/tags/sewage-water/43. Wattoo M. H. S., F. H. Wattoo, T. G. Kazi, S. A. Tirmizi, M. I. Bhanger,R. B. Mahar And J. Iqbal. 2004. Quality Characterization Of Phulali Canal Water For Irrigation Purposes. The Nucleus, 41 (1-4) 2004 : 69-75.44. Wattoo M. H. S., F. H. Wattoo, T. G. Kazi, S. A. Tirmizi, M. I. Bhanger, R. B. Mahar And J. Iqbal. 2006. Pollution of Phuleli Canal water in the City Premises of Hyderabad: Metal

59

Monitoring. J.Che.Soc.Pak vol:2, No.2

60