Research Problem And Lit and Theoretical Framework

8/8/2019 Research Problem And Lit and Theoretical Framework

1/101


2/101

OBJECTIVES Determine a good research

problem.(Collaborative Competencies /Creative thinking) State an acceptable researchproblem. (Communication skills /Creative Thinking)


3/101

Research is systematic inquiry that usesdisciplined methods to answer questions orsolve problems. The ultimate goal of research is to develop,

refine, and expand a base of knowledge.


4/101

Nursing research is systematic inquirydesigned to develop knowledge aboutissues of importance to nurses, including

nursing practice, nursing education, andnursing administration.

A scientific process that validates and refines

existing knowledgeand generates newknowledgethat directly and indirectlyinfluences nursing practice.


5/101

With evidence based practice, researchprovides the best clinical evidence inmaking patient care decisions.


6/101


7/101


8/101

Nurses are accepting the need tobase specific nursing actions anddecisions on evidence indicatingthat the actions are clinicallyappropriate and cost-effective,and result in positive outcomes

for clients.


9/101


10/101

Another reason for nurses to engagein research involves the spiraling

costs of health care and the cost-containment practices being institutedin health care facilities.


11/101

nurses need to document the effectivenessof their practice not only to the professionbut also to nursing care consumers, health

care administrators, third-party payers(e.g., insurance companies), andgovernment agencies.


12/101

Research enables nurses to understand a particular nursing situation about which

little is known,

assess the need for an intervention,

identify factors that must be considered in planningnursing care,

predict the probable outcomes of certain nursing

decisions, control the occurrence of undesired outcomes,

provide advice to enhance client health,

and initiate activities to promote appropriate clientbehavior.


13/101

Numerous clinical practice changes over thepast 2 decades reflect the impact of research.For example, a recent nursing study

documented that kangaroo care (the holdingof diaper-clad preterm infants skin-to-skin,chest-to-chest by parents) is now widelypracticed in neonatal intensive care units(NICUs) in the United States (Engler et al.,2002), but this is a new trend.


14/101

As recently as the early 1990s, only a minority ofNICUs offered kangaroo care options. The adoptionof this practice reflects the accumulating evidencethat early skin-to-skin contact has clinical benefitswithout any apparent negative side effects(Anderson et al., 2003). Some of that accumulatedevidence was developed in rigorous studies by nurse

researchers in the United States, Australia, Canada,Taiwan, and other countries (Chwo et al., 2002).


15/101

Nursing Process Research Process1. Assessment 1. Knowledge of the World of

a. Data Collection Nursingb. Data Interpretation

2. Nursing Diagnosis 2. Problem & PurposeIdentification

3. Plan 3. Methodologya. Goal Identification a. Designb. Planned Interventions b. Sample

c. Measurement4. Implementation 4. Data Collection & Analysis5. Evaluation & Modification 5. Outcomes & Disseminating

Findings


16/101

Research Problem & Purpose

Literature Review

Study Framework

Objectives, Questions, or Hypotheses

Study Variables


17/101

Assumptions

Limitations

Research Design

Population & Sample

Methods of Measurement


18/101

Data Collection & Analysis

Research Outcomes

Communication of Findings


19/101


20/101

1. Descriptive finds answer to thequestions who, what, when & where

Ex. The management styles of schooladministrators in Cebu City.

Smoking habits of health service

providers in government and privatehospitals


21/101


22/101

3. Intervention/Experimental - evaluates theeffect or outcome of a particular

intervention or treatment Cause & effect

Ex. The effect of Group therapy on the GPAof Level 1 Nursing Students

The effect of Malunggay on the BP of

eldery men at Pasay City


23/101

Experimental method determines thecauses & effect relationship of certainphenomena under controlled condition

Survey/Descriptive method obtains datadetermine specific characteristics of agroup

- aims to describe the relationship amongvariables rather than to infer cause &effect

- serve as a starting point of theory dev.

or hypothesis generation


24/101


25/101

Research Problem &Purpose


26/101

Major concepts Focused on areas of concern Key issues for practice,education, & administration Examples: Chronic pain, Acute

pain, Self-care, Coping, HealthPromotion, Respiratorypathology


27/101

Area of Concern Gap in the knowledge base forpractice

Not previously studied Conflicting findings Omission of a group of

subjects Significant for Nursing


28/101

What is a Researchable Problem? There is perceived discrepancy between what is

and what should be. There are two or more plausible reasons for the

discrepancy


29/101

Patients concerns about reporting painand using analgesics are barriers toadequate pain managementDespiteextensive attention to issues of painmanagementfew studies have beenconducted testing impact of interventionon cancer painWard et al. (2000). An individualized intervention to overcomepatient-related barriers to pain management in women withgynecologic cancers. Research in Nursing & Health, 23(5), p. 394.


30/101

Little is known about... Findings of previous studiesare conflicting Few studies of this have been

done


31/101

Nursing Practice Researcher and Peer Interaction Literature Review Theory Research Priorities


32/101

Clear, concise statement Goal, aim, focus, or objectiveof the study Includes variables, population,

& setting


33/101

The purpose of this study was to describe... determine differences betweengroups... examine relationships among... determine the effect of...


34/101

The purpose of this pilot study wasto determine if information aboutanalgesic side effects andinformation to countermisconceptions would enhancepain management inwomen withgynecologic cancer.Ward et al. (2000). An individualized intervention toovercome patient-related barriers to pain management inwomen with gynecologic cancers. Research in Nursing &Health, 23(5), p. 394.


35/101

Current policy at most hospitals requires theuse of routine flushing of heparin locks afteradministration of medication or flushingheparin locks every 8 hours when not beingused for medication administration. However,there is disagreement on whether flushes of

low doses of heparin are necessary tomaintain the patency of heparin locks....


36/101

1. External Criteriaa. Novelty. The practical value of the

problem due to its newness in the field ofinquiry (Polit and Beck: 2004)

b. Availability of Subjects. The existence ofpeople with the desired capability andwillingness to participate in the study; thesampling of study participants must beenough to ensure reliability and validity ofresults


37/101

c. Institutional or Administrative Support,Sponsorship by a department or theinstitution itself to help gather data and coverthe cost of the study: permission of those

concern for participation in the study of staffmembers, the children, the aged and thementally retarded (Ardales, 1992).d. Ethical Considerations. The conduct of

research must not pose unethical demandson the part of study participants and theresearcher.


38/101

2. Internal Criteriaa. The motivation, Interest, Intellectual Curiosityand Perceptiveness of the Researcher

The personal motive of research as cited byscientist is pure curiosity, along with genuine

interest and the anticipated satisfaction orenjoyment in pursuing research tasks throughcompletion.b. Experience, Training and ProfessionalQualifications

Knowledge and expertise as a result ofexperience, constitute the researchers tools incoping with the demands of rfesearch.


39/101

c. Time ManagementStudies must be pursued satisfactorily

through completion within the given time frame.Thus, the researcher must set the time-table

prior to the conduct of the study.d. Costs and Returns

Research is an expensive undertaking whichrequires facilities and adequate funding which

vary with the kind and relevance of the study, themethods of research used and statistical toolsrequired in data treatment.


40/101

e. Hazards, Penalties and HandicapsThese could come up during the pursuit

of any scientific work, which the researchershould be capable enough to cope with

intellectually, morally and materially.


41/101

Characteristics of a Good ResearchProblem

Relevant contribute to knowledge &devt

Feasible worth the time, money &effort

Clear Ethical does not impose danger in

the research subjects


42/101

Non-researchableProblems Researchable ProblemsShould nurses usemassage therapy?

What is therelationship betweenmassage therapy and

pain?

Is imaging any good? To what extent doesimaging affect a

patients ability tocope with healthcrises?


43/101


44/101

The purpose of this study was toevaluate the effectiveness of normal

saline versus normal saline containing10 U/mL of heparin for maintainingheparin-loc sites.


45/101

The purpose of this study was todescribe, at the level of thenursing care unit, therelationships among total hoursof nursing care, registered nurse(RN) skill mix, and adverse patientoutcomes (Blegen et al., 1998).


46/101

The higher the RN skillmix, the lower theincidence of adverseoccurrenceon inpatientcare units.


47/101

Definition:Objectives are declarativestatements which focus on theidentification and the descriptionof variables or concepts andsometimes on determination ofrelationships of variables.


48/101

The objectives of this study were to: (a)describe the self-reported physical &mental health, disability level, & socialsupport of persons chronically ill withmultiple sclerosis; and (b) contrast rural &urban residents in relation to healthdescription, social support, & perceptionof health.


49/101

Definition:Research questions areinterrogative statements that focuson what variables or concepts areto be described and whatrelationships might exist amongthem.


50/101

What is the relationshipbetween reporteddepressive symptoms andrate of return to work forpatients following cardiacsurgery?


51/101

1. Factor-isolating Questions What is this? eg. Cattegorize, name factorsandssituation eg. Demographic profile

2. Factor-relating Questions What is

happening here? eg. What is therelationship

3. Situation-relating questions What willhappen if? Eg. What are the effects

4. Situation-producing question How can Imake it happen? eg. What program


52/101


53/101

Determine the process of coming up with areview of related literature.


54/101

Identification of a research problem and developmentor refinement of research questions or hypothesis

Orientation to what is known and not known about anarea of inquiry

Determine any gaps or inconsistencies in a body ofresearch

Determine a need to replicate a prior study in adifferent setting or with a different study population

Identification or development of a new or refinedclinical interventions to test through empiricalresearch


55/101


56/101


57/101

Electronic Literature Searches Mapping is a feature that allows the researcher to

search for topics in his own words, rather thanneeding a to enter a term that is exactly the same

as a subject heading in the database. The 3 electronic databases for nurse researchers

CINAHL (cumulative Index to Nursing and AlliedHealth Literature)

MEDLINE (Medical Literature On-line) ISI (Institute for Scientific Information)


58/101

Other Useful database AIDSEEARCH

CancerLit (Cancer Literature) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Dissertation Abstracts on Line

EMBASE ( the Excerpta Medica database)

ERIC ( Education Resources Information Centerdatabase)

HAPI (Health and Psychosocial Instrumentsdatabase)

PsycINFO (Psychology Information)


59/101


60/101

For literature review, the researcher shouldrely mostly on primary source researchreports, which are description of studieswritten by other researchers who conducted

them. Secondary research documents are

description of studies prepared by someone

other than the original researcher Literature review summaries are secondary sources


61/101

The adaptability to identify and locatedocuments on a research topic is animportant skill that requires adaptability.

Researchers are urged to consult with

librarians or to search for updatedinformation.

Electronic Literature Searches Even whenthere are mapping capabilities, it may proveuseful on the researcher to learn the subjectheadings of the database or the key wordsthat researchers themselves identify toclassify their studies.


62/101

If researcher wants to identify all majorresearch reports on a topic, he needs to beflexible and to think broadly about the keywords that could be related to his topic.

If the topic includes independent anddependent variables, it is necessary to doindependent searches for each.

When searching a database through acommercial vendor, it is usually possible tocombine searches to find only the referencesthat include only two or more topics.


63/101


64/101

Screening references Abstracting and recording notes

Organizing the review - Develop outline


65/101


66/101

Writing a literature review -

Should be objective, well-organized.

Not a series of quotes not abstracts.

Should summarize and criticallyevaluate the overall evidence so as toreveal the current state ofknowledge.

Summarized at own words


67/101

Style of a research review

Should use phrases indicatingtentativeness of the results such as

Several researchers have found

Findings thus far suggests Results from a landmark studyindicated

The data supported the hypothesis There appears to be strong evidencethat


68/101

1. Practicality is the reference readilyaccessible?

2. Relevance how relevant is the literature tothe issue or problem under study?

3. Studys methodologic quality the qualityof evidence the study yields


69/101

1. Purpose of the study

2. Research design

3. Research instruments

4. Data analysis procedure

5. Implications


70/101


71/101


72/101

1. Theory originates from the Greek wordtheorem which means a proposition to beproven.

A theory (n.) therefore, is a supposition to

account for something; system of rules andprinciples; rules and reasoning, etc., asdistinguished from practice (WebstersDictionary an Thesaurus, 1991).


73/101

2. A Theory is a statement that is muchbroader than facts; the basis of policies andpractices in a particular discipline that givesdirection to the researchers solution of the

research problem (Polit and Hungler, 1991).


74/101


75/101

A theory- is a broad abstract characterization of

phenomena.

- is an abstract generalization that

systematically explains relationships amongphenomena.

- Descriptive theory thoroughly describes aphenomenon.


76/101

A theory has the following features: (1)concept, (2) construct, and (3) proposition.

CONCEPT. It is the building block of atheory; a word picture or mental idea of

phenomenon, and a word or term thatsymbolizes certain aspects of reality.Concepts may be concrete or maybe abstract:


77/101

Concrete Abstract

The Human brain ------------Intelligence

The Human heart ------------ Care,Love

A nurse ------------ Nursing

A caregiver ------------Caregiving


78/101

CONSTRUCT.

used to specify a phenomenon or a situationthat cannot be directly observed but needs tobe inferred by certain concrete or lessabstract indicators of the phenomenon.

takes its form from a concept which isbasically abstract.

It can be ascertained only by using certainobservable and measurable procedures.Physical health, Mental health, Wellness,Stress, Preparednes, etc,. are some examples

of construct.


79/101

Mental Health maybe inferred through clinicalobservations or laboratory data.

A very objective indicator of physical health isthe careful assessment of laboratory data,

while clinical observation may be a lessobjective indicator of physical health.


80/101

PROPOSITION.

- a statement or assertion of a relationshipbetween concepts.

- Theories or generalizations founded onempirical data are sources of propositional

statements.- For example, in Maslows theory of human

needs, a proposition may be stated as: Safetyneeds take precedence over self-esteem

needs.


81/101

A model symbolically presents aphenomenon or phenomena.

a representation of some aspect of reality,

concrete or abstract, by means of a likenesswhich may be structural, pictorial,diagrammatic, or mathematical (Bush, 1979).


82/101

Conceptual models consist of concepts and

propositions showing the relationshipsbetween the concepts.

Although in abstract forms and not ready forempirical observation, concepts identified inconceptual models may be ready for use oncethey are operationally defined and

categorized.

Conceptual models generally include commonconcepts or elements, i.e., person,

environment, health and nursing.


83/101

In research, the overall objectives of theoriesand models are to make findings meaningful,to summarize existing knowledge intocoherent systems, to stimulate new research,

and to explain phenomena and relationshipsamong them.


84/101

Schematic models (or conceptual maps) aregraphic representations of phenomena andtheir interrelationships using symbols ordiagrams and a minimal use of words.


85/101

A conceptual framework is the conceptualunderpinning of a study, including an overallrationale and conceptual definitions of keyconcepts. In qualitative studies, the

framework usually springs from distinctresearch traditions.


86/101

Several conceptual models of nursing have

been developed and have been used innursing research. The concepts central tomodels of nursing are human beings,environment, health, and nursing.

Two major conceptual models of nursingused by nurse researchers are RoysAdaptation Model and Rogers Science ofUnitary Human Beings.

Nonnursing models used by nurseresearchers (e.g., Banduras Social CognitiveTheory) are referred to as borrowed theories;

when the appropriateness of borrowed


87/101

Orems Self-Care Model. Developed by

Dorothea Orem in the 1950s, this modelincludes concepts about self-care, self-careagency, self-care demand, self-care deficit,nursing agency, and nursing system. The

theory of nursing systems, theory of self-caredeficit, and theory of self-care haveoriginated from Orems self-care model.


88/101

USES OF FRAMEWORK A research framework helps in the

organization of the study.

It provides a background or foundation for a

study. It supplies a context for the interpretation of

the study findings.

It is used in all quantitative studies.


89/101

TYPES OF FAMEWORK Theoretical Framework. A theoretical

framework focuses on a broad, generalexplanation of the relationships between

concepts of interest in a research study. It isfounded on one existing theory. Combiningor merging theories (two or more) may beobserved when conducting a research.


90/101

Conceptual Framework. A conceptualframework is used to explain therelationships between concepts. It is nottheory-based.

- links concepts lifted from various theories,previous study results, or from theresearchers own experiences.

- - relates selected concepts in a logical way.

- may be considered a less well-developedstructure than a theoretical framework, but itmay serve as a basis for a theory formulation.


91/101

In some qualitative research traditions (e.g.,phenomenology), the researchers strives tosuspend previously held substantive theoriesof the phenomena under study; nevertheless,

there is a rich theoretical underpinningassociated with the tradition itself.


92/101

Some qualitative researchers specifically seekto develop grounded theories, date-drivenexplanations to account for phenomenaunder study to inducted processes.


93/101

c.4 Definition of the variables. A Variable is a characteristic or quality that

takes effect on different values. (i.e. variesfrom one person or object to another.)

c.5 Identifying the variables of the study. Continuous variables can take on an infinite

range of values along a continuum. Egweight.


94/101

Discrete variables have a finite number ofvalues between two points. Eg. Number ofchildren.

Categorical variables have distinct categories

that do not represent a quantity (eg. Gender) Dependent (outcome) variable is the behavior,

characteristic, or outcome the researcher isinterested in understanding, explaining, or

affecting.


95/101

The Independent variable is the presumedcause of, antecedent to, or influence on thedependent variable.

Moderator variables affects the strength or

direction of a relationship between theindependent and dependent variable.

Mediating variables intervene between theindependent and dependent variable and

helps to explain why the relationship exists.


96/101

d. Formulating hypotheses d.1Purpose of research hypotheses

Hypothesis is a statement of predictedrelationships between two or more variables.

A testable hypothesis states the anticipatedassociation between one or more dependentvariables.

Research hypothesis predict the existence ofrelationships.


97/101

Purposes: It unify theory and reality by evaluating theory on

the basis of observable facts or reality.

It gives direction to research by determining

research design, data collection procedures,analysis and interpretation of data. It alsodetermine the importance of data collected asexplained by a known theory.

It enhance knowledge by including criticalthinking and deepening insights. They help theresearcher in the analysis and interpretation offindings and in formulating conclusions.


98/101

d.2Types of hypotheses Inductive hypothesis is a generalization

inferred from observed relationships.

Deductive hypothesis have a starting point

theories that are applied to particularsituations.

Simple hypothesis express a predictedrelationship between one independentvariable and one dependent variable.


99/101


100/101

d.3Criteria considered when stating hypotheses 1. Stated in declarative form.

2. Identifies the variables.

3. Identifies the population.

4. Reflects the problem statement 5. Empirically testable.

d.4 Stating a hypothesis.

A good hypothesis is worded in clear and conciselanguage. It should be worded in the presenttense.


101/101

Conceptual definition describes the abstractor theoretical meaning of the concepts beingstudied.

Operational definition specifies theprocedures required to measure a variable.

Documents

Research Problem And Lit and Theoretical Framework