Research Methodology MHR

8/18/2019 Research Methodology MHR

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Research Methodology Research Met

hodology

Prof. M. Harun-Ar-Rashid Prof. M. Harun-Ar-Rashid Treasurer, IIUC Treasurer, IIUC

Chief, IIUC-DC Chief, IIUC-DC


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Definition of ResearchDefinition of Research

Business Research is defined as the systematicBusiness Research is defined as the systematic

and objective process of gathering, recordingand objective process of gathering, recording

and analyzing data for aid in making businessand analyzing data for aid in making business

decision. The term ‘Research’ consists of todecision. The term ‘Research’ consists of to

ords Research ! Re " #earch. $iterallyords Research ! Re " #earch. $iterally

research %re&search' means search again. #oresearch %re&search' means search again. #o

research is purposeful investigation. (tresearch is purposeful investigation. (t provides a structure for decision&making. provides a structure for decision&making.


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Definition of ResearchDefinition of Research

There are three parts involved in any investigationThere are three parts involved in any investigation

%i' the implicit )uestion posed%i' the implicit )uestion posed

%ii' the e*plicit anser proposed, and%ii' the e*plicit anser proposed, and

%iii' collection, analysis, and interpretation of the%iii' collection, analysis, and interpretation of theinformation leading from the )uestion to the anser.information leading from the )uestion to the anser.

Research alays starts ith aResearch alays starts ith a )uestion or problem)uestion or problem. (ts. (ts purpose is to find purpose is to find ansers to )uestionansers to )uestion through thethrough the

application of the scientific method. The ordapplication of the scientific method. The ordresearch identifies a process by hich theresearch identifies a process by hich theorganization attempts to supply the informationorganization attempts to supply the informationre)uired for making sound management decision.re)uired for making sound management decision.


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ResearchResearch

R Recognition of information needs

E Effective decision making

S Systematic and objective

E Exude or disseminate information

A Analysis of information

R Recommendation for action

C Collection of information

H Helpful to managers

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Redman and MoryRedman and Mory defines research as adefines research as a

systematized effort to gain new knowledge.systematized effort to gain new knowledge.

Some people consider research as aSome people consider research as a

movement, a movement from the unknownmovement, a movement from the unknown

to the known. It is actually a voyage ofto the known. It is actually a voyage of

discovery.discovery.


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According toAccording to P.M ook!P.M ook!

""Research is an honest e#haustive, intelligentResearch is an honest e#haustive, intelligent

searching for facts and their meanings orsearching for facts and their meanings orimplications with to a given pro$lem. %heimplications with to a given pro$lem. %he

product or findings of a given piece ofproduct or findings of a given piece of

research should $e an authentic, verifia$leresearch should $e an authentic, verifia$le

and contri$ution to knowledge in the fieldand contri$ution to knowledge in the field

studied&studied&


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Mr. P.M. Cook has emphasized the foo!in"Mr. P.M. Cook has emphasized the foo!in"

characteristics of research in his definitioncharacteristics of research in his definition..

'.'. It is an honest and e#haustive process.It is an honest and e#haustive process.

(.(. %he facts are studied with understanding.%he facts are studied with understanding.

).). %he facts are discovered in the light of%he facts are discovered in the light ofpro$lem. Research is pro$lem centered.pro$lem. Research is pro$lem centered.

*.*. %he finding are valid and verifia$le.%he finding are valid and verifia$le.

+.+. Research work should contri$ute newResearch work should contri$ute newknowledge in that field.knowledge in that field.


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Definition of Research #contd.$Definition of Research #contd.$

efinitions!efinitions! -#ford earner/s dictionary!-#ford earner/s dictionary! “Research is“Research is carefulcareful

study or investigation in order to discover facts orstudy or investigation in order to discover facts orinformation.” information.”

ham$er ictionary!ham$er ictionary! "" Systematic investigation Systematic investigationtowards increasing the sum of knowledge.” towards increasing the sum of knowledge.”

P.V. Young P.V. Young !! Research is aResearch is a “systematic method of“systematic method ofdiscovering new facts or verifying the old facts, theirdiscovering new facts or verifying the old facts, theirsequences, interrelationshi, causal e!lanations andsequences, interrelationshi, causal e!lanations andnatural laws which govern them.natural laws which govern them.


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"mery and #ooer$ "mery and #ooer$ Research is a systematic inquiry Research is a systematic inquiry

aimed at roviding information to solve ro%lems.aimed at roviding information to solve ro%lems.

&saac' (ichael$ &saac' (ichael$

"" Research, having its origin in science, is oriented Research, having its origin in science, is oriented

towards the develoment of theories and its familiartowards the develoment of theories and its familiar

aradigm is the e!erimental method, in which aradigm is the e!erimental method, in whichhyotheses are logically derived from theory and uthyotheses are logically derived from theory and ut

to a test under controlled conditions.” to a test under controlled conditions.”


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Definition of Research #contd.$Definition of Research #contd.$

Cifford Mood%& Cifford Mood%&

“ “+ research comprises defining and redefining+ research comprises defining and redefining

problem formulating hypotheses or suggested problem formulating hypotheses or suggested

solutions collecting, organizing andsolutions collecting, organizing and

evaluating data, making deduction and makingevaluating data, making deduction and making

conclusion and it last carefully testingconclusion and it last carefully testing

conclusions to determine hether they fit theconclusions to determine hether they fit the

formulated hypotheses.-formulated hypotheses.-


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General Characteristics ofGeneral Characteristics of

ResearchResearch

%he following characteristics may $e gathered from%he following characteristics may $e gathered from

the definitions of "Research&!the definitions of "Research&!

'.'. It gathers new knowledge or data from primaryIt gathers new knowledge or data from primary

or first0hand sources.or first0hand sources.

(.(. It places emphasis upon the discovery of generalIt places emphasis upon the discovery of general

principles.principles.

).). It is an e#act systematic and accurateIt is an e#act systematic and accurateinvestigation.investigation.

*.*. It uses certain valid data gathering devices.It uses certain valid data gathering devices.

+.+. It is logical and o$1ective.It is logical and o$1ective.


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2.2. %he researcher resist the temptation to seek only%he researcher resist the temptation to seek onlythe data support his hypothesis.the data support his hypothesis.

3.3. %he researcher eliminates personal feelings and%he researcher eliminates personal feelings andpreferences.preferences.

4.4. It endeavors to organize data in 5uantitativeIt endeavors to organize data in 5uantitativeterms.terms.

6.6. Research is patient and unhurried activity.Research is patient and unhurried activity.

'7.'7. %he researcher is willing to follow his procedures%he researcher is willing to follow his procedures

to the conclusions that may $e unpopular andto the conclusions that may $e unpopular and$ring social disapproval.$ring social disapproval.

''.''. Research is carefully recorded and reported.Research is carefully recorded and reported.

'(.'(. onclusions and generalization are arrived atonclusions and generalization are arrived at

carefully and cautiously.carefully and cautiously.


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Criteria of a "ood researchCriteria of a "ood research

.. The purpose of the research should be clearly definedThe purpose of the research should be clearly definedand common concepts be used.and common concepts be used.

/./. The research procedure used should be described inThe research procedure used should be described in

sufficient detail to permit another of hat has alreadysufficient detail to permit another of hat has already been attained. been attained.

0.0. The procedural design of the research should beThe procedural design of the research should beclearly planned to yield results that are as objective asclearly planned to yield results that are as objective as

possible. possible.

1.1. The researcher should report ith complete frankness,The researcher should report ith complete frankness,flas in procedure design and estimates their effectsflas in procedure design and estimates their effectsupon the findings.upon the findings.


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Criteria of a "ood research #contd.$Criteria of a "ood research #contd.$

+.+. %he analysis of data should $e sufficiently%he analysis of data should $e sufficientlyade5uate to reveal its significance and theade5uate to reveal its significance and the

methods of analysis used should $e appropriate.methods of analysis used should $e appropriate.

%he validity and relia$ility of the data should $e%he validity and relia$ility of the data should $e

checked carefully.checked carefully.2.2. onclusions should $e confined to those 1ustifiedonclusions should $e confined to those 1ustified

$y the data of the research and limited to those$y the data of the research and limited to those

for which the data provide an ade5uate $asis.for which the data provide an ade5uate $asis.

3.3. 8reater confidence in research is warranted if8reater confidence in research is warranted ifthe researcher is e#perienced, has a goodthe researcher is e#perienced, has a good

reputation in research and is a person onreputation in research and is a person on

integrity.integrity.


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According to anny 9 :ellenger and :arnett, A.According to anny 9 :ellenger and :arnett, A.8reen$erg, the 5ualities of good research as under!8reen$erg, the 5ualities of good research as under!

'.'. (ood research is s%stematic(ood research is s%stematic. It means that. It means thatresearch is structured with specified steps to $e taken in aresearch is structured with specified steps to $e taken in aspecified se5uence in accordance with the well defined setspecified se5uence in accordance with the well defined setof rules.of rules.

).). (ood research is o"ica(ood research is o"ica! %his implies that research! %his implies that researchis guided $y the rules of logical reasoning and logicalis guided $y the rules of logical reasoning and logical

process of induction and deduction are of great value inprocess of induction and deduction are of great value incarrying out research. Induction is the process ofcarrying out research. Induction is the process ofreasoning from a part to the whole whereas deduction isreasoning from a part to the whole whereas deduction isthe process of reasoning from some premise to athe process of reasoning from some premise to aconclusion which follows from that very premise.conclusion which follows from that very premise.


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*.*. (ood research is empirica(ood research is empirica:: It implies thatIt implies thatresearch is related $asically to one or moreresearch is related $asically to one or more

aspects of a real situation and deals withaspects of a real situation and deals with

concrete data that provides a $asis for e#ternalconcrete data that provides a $asis for e#ternalvalidity to research results.validity to research results.

+.+. (ood research is repicae&(ood research is repicae& %his%his

characteristics allows research results to $echaracteristics allows research results to $everified $y the replicating the study and there$yverified $y the replicating the study and there$y

$uilding a sound $asis for decisions.$uilding a sound $asis for decisions.


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-teps of Research process,-teps of Research process,

This definition of research states arious steps inoed in aThis definition of research states arious steps inoed in aresearch process. The steps areresearch process. The steps are!!

'.'. ;ormulating the research pro$lem;ormulating the research pro$lem

(.(.


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Research and Scientific Method Research and Scientific Method

%he two terms Research and Scientific Methods are closely%he two terms Research and Scientific Methods are closely

related. ;or clear perception of the term research, one shouldrelated. ;or clear perception of the term research, one should

know the meaning of scientific methodknow the meaning of scientific method..

Characteristics of science:Characteristics of science:'.'. A Science is a systemA Science is a system

(.(. A Science is empiricalA Science is empirical

).). A Science is $ased on critical discriminationA Science is $ased on critical discrimination

*.*. A Science is a $ody of reasoned knowledgeA Science is a $ody of reasoned knowledge

+.+. A Science is self0corrective in natureA Science is self0corrective in nature

2.2. A Science formulates lawA Science formulates law

3.3. A Science can predictA Science can predict


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What is a Good Scientific What is a Good Scientific

Research?Research? PurposivenessPurposiveness

Starte !ith a efinite ai" an purposeStarte !ith a efinite ai" an purpose #i$or#i$or

% $oo theoretica& 'ase an a soun% $oo theoretica& 'ase an a soun"ethoo&o$ica& esi$n"ethoo&o$ica& esi$n

(esta'i&it)(esta'i&it)

*ens itse&f to testin$ &o$ica&&) eve&ope*ens itse&f to testin$ &o$ica&&) eve&opeh)pothesesh)potheses

#ep&ica'i&it)#ep&ica'i&it)

#esearch resu&ts supporte !hen research is#esearch resu&ts supporte !hen research isrepeate in other si"i&ar circu"stancesrepeate in other si"i&ar circu"stances


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/hat is a (ood -cientific Research0 /hat is a (ood -cientific Research0 Precision an ConfiencePrecision an Confience

C&oseness of finin$s to rea&it) anC&oseness of finin$s to rea&it) anpro'a'i&it) that esti"ations are correct+pro'a'i&it) that esti"ations are correct+respective&)respective&)

,'-ectivit),'-ectivit)

Conc&usions ra!n are 'ase on factsConc&usions ra!n are 'ase on factsresu&tin$ fro" the actua& ataresu&tin$ fro" the actua& ata

enera&i/a'i&it)enera&i/a'i&it)

(he scope of app&ica'i&it) of the research(he scope of app&ica'i&it) of the research

finin$s in one settin$s to other settin$sfinin$s in one settin$s to other settin$s Parsi"on)Parsi"on)

Si"p&e in ep&ainin$ pheno"ena orSi"p&e in ep&ainin$ pheno"ena orpro'&e"s that occur+ an in the app&icationpro'&e"s that occur+ an in the app&icationof so&utions to pro'&e"sof so&utions to pro'&e"s


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%he scientific method is, thus, $ased on certain $asic%he scientific method is, thus, $ased on certain $asic

postulates, which can $e stated as under!postulates, which can $e stated as under!

'.'. It relies on empirical evidence=It relies on empirical evidence=

(.(. It utilizes relevant concepts=It utilizes relevant concepts=

).). It is common to only o$1ective considerations=It is common to only o$1ective considerations=

*.*. It presupposes ethical neutrality, i.e., it aims atIt presupposes ethical neutrality, i.e., it aims atnothings $ut making only ade5uate and correctnothings $ut making only ade5uate and correct

statements a$out population o$1ects=statements a$out population o$1ects=

+.+. It results into pro$a$ilistic predictions=It results into pro$a$ilistic predictions=


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2.2. Its methodology is made known to all concerned forIts methodology is made known to all concerned forcritical scrutiny are for use in testing the conclusionscritical scrutiny are for use in testing the conclusionsthrough replication=through replication=

3.3. It aims at formulating most general a#ioms or what canIt aims at formulating most general a#ioms or what can

$e termed as scientific theories$e termed as scientific theories4.4. Accordingly, scientific method implies an o$1ective=Accordingly, scientific method implies an o$1ective=

logical and systematic method, i.e., a method free fromlogical and systematic method, i.e., a method free frompersonal $ias or pre1udice, a method to ascertainpersonal $ias or pre1udice, a method to ascertaindemonstra$le 5ualities of a phenomenon capa$le of $eingdemonstra$le 5ualities of a phenomenon capa$le of $eing

verified, a method wherein the researcher is guided $y theverified, a method wherein the researcher is guided $y therules of logical reasoning, a method wherein therules of logical reasoning, a method wherein theinvestigation proceeds in an orderly manner and ainvestigation proceeds in an orderly manner and amethod that implies internal consistency.method that implies internal consistency.

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Research Methodology MHR