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Research Methodology Abdulelah Nuqali Intern

Research Methodology

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Research Methodology. Abdulelah Nuqali Intern. Research. Anatomy. Physiology. What it’s made of. How it works. Anatomy. What it’s made of. Anatomy. The structure of a research project is set out in its protocol - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Research Methodology

Research MethodologyAbdulelah NuqaliIntern

Page 2: Research Methodology

Research

Anatomy PhysiologyWhat it’s made of How it works

Page 3: Research Methodology

AnatomyWhat it’s made of

Page 4: Research Methodology

Anatomy•The structure of a research project is set

out in its protocol•Which is helping the investigator to

organize her/his research in a logical, focused, and efficient way

Page 5: Research Methodology

Outline of the Study Protocol•Research questions•Background and significance•Design•Subjects•Variables•Statistical issues

Page 6: Research Methodology

Should people eat more fish?

Research questions

Page 7: Research Methodology

How often do Saudi people eat fish?

Research questions

Page 8: Research Methodology

Does eating fish lower the risk of cardiovascular disease?

Research questions

Page 9: Research Methodology

Do fish oil supplements have the same effects on cardiovascular disease as dietary fish?

Research questions

Page 10: Research Methodology

Good Research question

FINER

interesting

novel

ethicalrelevant

feasible

Page 11: Research Methodology
Page 12: Research Methodology

New Questions Arise

Results Interpreted

Data Collected

Question Identified

Hypotheses Formed

Research Plan

Closed-loop conceptualization of the research process (Drew, Hardman, and Hart, 1996)

Page 13: Research Methodology

Descriptive Analytical

Observational

Cross Sectional

Case Series

Case Report

Randomized Clinical Trial

Cohort

Case-Control

Study Design

Experimental

Page 14: Research Methodology

Descriptive

Observational

Page 15: Research Methodology

•Analytical study of multiple patients•“ rare” phenomenon occurring multiple times

Case Series

Page 16: Research Methodology

•Analytical study of one patient•Detailed profile of a “ rare” presentation or unusual side effect of drug

Case Report

Page 17: Research Methodology

•A descriptive survey •One to one questionnaire, Email, telephone, online

Cross Sectional

Page 18: Research Methodology

Example:•You interview subjects about current and past history of fish intake and correlates results with history of CHD

Page 19: Research Methodology

Advantages of a cross sectional study•Cheap•Fast•Simple

Page 20: Research Methodology

Disadvantages of a cross sectional study

•Failing to take time•Biases:Selection biasInformation biasConfounding bias

Page 21: Research Methodology

Analytical

Observational

Page 22: Research Methodology

Note:•Exposure = Risk Factor

•Outcome = Disease

Page 23: Research Methodology

Case-Control

Page 24: Research Methodology

Example:•You examine a group of patients with

CHD and compares them with a group who did not have CHD (the controls), asking about past fish intake

CHD

NoCHD

High fish

intake

Low fish

intake

Page 25: Research Methodology

Cohort

Page 26: Research Methodology

Example:•The investigator measures fish intake at

baseline and periodically examines subjects at follow-up visits to see if those who eat more fish have fewer coronary heart disease (CHD) events

CHD

NoCHD

High fish

intake

Low fish

intake

Page 27: Research Methodology

Randomized Clinical Trials

Experimental

Page 28: Research Methodology

Randomized Clinical Trial

Page 29: Research Methodology

Example:•You randomly assign subjects to receive

fish oil supplements or placebo, then follows both treatment groups for several years to observe the incidence of CHD

Page 30: Research Methodology

Randomized designs•Methods of randomization:– Several choices, from “flipping a coin” to

stratified randomization•Blinding/masking:– Participant, study investigator (and

anybody else involved in follow-up)– Ideally, double-blinded

Page 31: Research Methodology
Page 32: Research Methodology

PhysiologyHow it works

Page 33: Research Methodology

Physiology•Internal validity•External validity (also called generalizability)

Page 34: Research Methodology

The Last Slide•Can I do research?

Yes•How?Assemble a research teamAsk a general questionDo a literature searchAsk a good research questionFind a mentorConduct your research project

Page 35: Research Methodology
Page 36: Research Methodology

Thank you

@abdulelahnuqali

[email protected]

abdulelahn.blogspot.com