Research Methodology

Presented by : CHIPPY,R.S.

RESEARCH

It’s a systematic enquiry which provides

solution for a Problem

Objectives of Research

To gain familiarity with a phenomenon

To analyze the characteristics of an individual,

group or situation

To determine the frequency of occurrence of a

certain phenomenon

To test a casual relationship between variables

To develop new techniques, concept or theories

To find solution for a Problem (Ultimate

Objective)

Research Design It is a logical and systematic plan to conduct

a research study

It specifies the objectives of the study and

the methodology and technique to be

adopted to achieve the objectives

It involves:

1. Sampling design

2. Data collection design

3. Statistical design

4. Report design

Research ProblemSome difficulty experienced by a researcher in

the context of either a theory or practical

situation which require a solution

Statement of the ProblemConcise description of the issues that need to

be addressed by a problem solving team and

should be presented to them (or created by

them) before they try to solve the problem

Primary Data & Secondary Data

Data observed or conducted directly from

first hand experience(Primary data)

Published data and the data collected in the

past or other parties (Secondary data)

Hypothesis

A supposition or explanation(theory) that is

provisionally accepted in order to interpret certain

events or phenomena, and to provide guidance for

further investigation.

A hypothesis may be proven correct or wrong , and

must be capable of refutation

If it remains un refuted by facts, it is said to be

verified.

Sources of Hypothesis

Personal experience

Imagination & Thinking

Observation

Scientific Theory

Previous Study and Culture

Null Hypothesis

A proposition that undergoes verification to

determine if it should be accepted or rejected in

favor of an alternative proposition.

Often null hypothesis is expressed as: “there is no

relationship between two quantities.

Eg: H0:- A ten percentage increase in price will

not adversely affect the sale of this product

Alternate Hypothesis

Ha

Type -1 Error (∂ error)

Rejection of H0 which should have been accepted

Type -2 Error ( ß error)

Accepting H0 which should have been rejected

Sampling Statistical method of obtaining representative data

or observations from a group ( lot, batch, population

or universe)

Types of Sampling

Probability sampling

Non-Probability sampling

Probability sampling

Every unit in the population has a chance(greater

than zero) of being selected in the sample and this

probability can be accurately determined.

1.Simple random : Equal opportunities for all (Lottery, Table of

random numbers, computer)

2.Systematic sampling : Based on sampling interval.

3.Stratified random Sampling: Heterogeneous group and each one

want representation (Engineers, Local workers, Etc.)

4.Cluster Sampling : Specific Community

5.Multistage Sampling : Using several stages of Sampling

6.Multiphase Sampling: sampling units are different types at different stages

Non-Probability sampling

Any sampling method where some elements of

population have no chance of selection or where the

probability of selection can’t be accurately

determined. It involves the selection of elements

based on assumptions regarding the population of

interest, which forms the criteria for selection. Hence

because the selection of elements is non random,

non probability sampling not allows the estimation of

sampling errors.

1.Accidental Sampling

2.Quota Sampling

3.Judgment Sampling

4.Snowball Sampling : Building up respondents

with the help of References

Pilot Study

Conduct a preliminary analysis before committing

to a full-blown study

Standard Error

Standard deviation of sampling distribution

Footnotes

Notes placed at the bottom of the page to cite

references or comment on a designated part

of the text above it

Thank You…