Research-Led Approaches to Increasing Pupil LearningRobert CoeCapita Conference: Implementing the Pupil Premium Newcastle, 8 July 2013

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Outline How can we use school resources to get the

biggest increases in learning? What can research tell us about the likely

impact of different strategies? How do we implement these strategies? What else do we need do to make it likely

that attainment will rise?

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Improving Education: A triumph of hope over experiencehttp://www.cem.org/attachments/publications/ImprovingEducation2013.pdf

Evidence about the effectiveness of different strategies

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Toolkit of Strategies to Improve Learning

The Sutton Trust-EEF Teaching and Learning Toolkit http://www.educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/toolkit/

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Impact vs cost

Cost per pupil

Effec

t Size

(mon

ths g

ain)

£00

8

£1000

Meta-cognitive

Peer tutoringEarly Years1-1 tuitionHomework

(Secondary)

Mentoring

Summer schools After

school

AspirationsPerformance pay

Teaching assistants

Smaller classes

Ability grouping

Promising May be

worth it

Notworth

it

Feedback

Phonics

Homework (Primary)

CollaborativeSmall gp

tuition Parental involvement

Individualised learning

ICT

Behaviour

Social

www.educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/toolkit

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Some things that are popular or widely thought to be effective are probably not worth doing– Ability grouping (setting); After-school clubs;

Teaching assistants; Smaller classes; Performance pay; Raising aspirations

Some things look ‘promising’– Effective feedback; Meta- cognitive and self

regulation strategies; Peer tutoring/peer‐assisted learning strategies; Homework

Key messages

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Clear, simple advice:

Choose from the top left Go back to school and do it

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For every complex problem there is an answer that is clear, simple, and wrong

H.L. Mencken

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Why not? We have been doing some of these things for a

long time, but have generally not seen improvement

Research evidence is problematic– Sometimes the existing evidence is thin– Research studies may not reflect real life– Context and ‘support factors’ may matter

Implementation is problematic– We may think we are doing it, but are we doing it right?– We do not know how to get large groups of teachers and

schools to implement these interventions in ways that are faithful, effective and sustainable

So what should we do?

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Four steps to improvement

Think hard about learning Invest in good professional development Evaluate teaching quality Evaluate impact of changes

1. Think hard about learning

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Impact vs cost

Cost per pupil

Effec

t Size

(mon

ths g

ain)

£00

8

£1000

Meta-cognitive

Peer tutoringEarly Years1-1 tuitionHomework

(Secondary)

Mentoring

Summer schools After

school

AspirationsPerformance pay

Teaching assistants

Smaller classes

Ability grouping

Promising May be

worth it

Notworth

it

Feedback

Phonics

Homework (Primary)

CollaborativeSmall gp

tuition Parental involvement

Individualised learning

ICT

Behaviour

Social

www.educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/toolkit

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1. Which strategies/interventions are very surprising (you really don’t believe it)?

2. Which strategies/interventions can you explain why they do (or don’t) improve attainment?

3. Which strategies/interventions o you want to know more about?

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Poor Proxies for Learning Students are busy: lots of work is done

(especially written work) Students are engaged, interested, motivated Students are getting attention: feedback,

explanations Classroom is ordered, calm, under control Curriculum has been ‘covered’ (ie presented to

students in some form) (At least some) students have supplied correct

answers (whether or not they really understood them or could reproduce them independently)

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∂Learning happens when people have

to think hard

A simple theory of learning

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Hard questions about your school

How many minutes does an average pupil on an average day spend really thinking hard?

Do you really want pupils to be ‘stuck’ in your lessons?

If they knew the right answer but didn’t know why, how many pupils would care?

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2. Invest in effective CPD

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How do we get students to learn hard things?

Eg Place value Persuasive

writing Music

composition Balancing

chemical equations

• Explain what they should do• Demonstrate it• Get them to do it (with

gradually reducing support)• Provide feedback • Get them to practise until it is

secure• Assess their skill/

understanding

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How do we get teachers to learn hard things?

Eg Using formative

assessment Assertive

discipline How to teach

algebra

• Explain what they should do

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Intense: at least 15 contact hours, preferably 50 Sustained: over at least two terms Content focused: on teachers’ knowledge of

subject content & how students learn it Active: opportunities to try it out & discuss Supported: external feedback and networks to

improve and sustain Evidence based: promotes strategies supported

by robust evaluation evidence

What CPD helps learners?

3. Evaluate teaching quality

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Every teacher needs to improve, not because they are not good enough, but because they can be even better.

Dylan Wiliam

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Sources of evidence:1. Colleagues (peers, SLT) observing lessons2. Trained outsiders observing lessons3. Pupils’ test score gains4. Progress in NC levels (from teacher assessment)5. Pupils’ ratings of teacher/lesson quality6. Teacher qualifications7. Tests of teachers’ content knowledge8. Parents’ ratings9. Ofsted ratings10. Colleagues’ (including SLT) perceptions11. Teachers’ self-evaluation

Identifying the best teachers

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Next generation of CEM systems …

Assessments that are– Comprehensive, across the full range of curriculum areas,

levels, ages, topics and educationally relevant abilities– Diagnostic, with evidence-based follow-up– Interpretable, calibrated against norms and criteria– High psychometric quality

Feedback that is– Bespoke to individual teacher, for their students and classes– Multi-component, incorporating learning gains, pupil ratings,

peer feedback, self-evaluation, …– Diagnostic, with evidence-based follow-up

Constant experimenting

4. Evaluate impact of changes

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1. Wait for a bad year or choose underperforming schools to start with. Most things self-correct or revert to expectations (you can claim the credit for this).

2. Take on any initiative, and ask everyone who put effort into it whether they feel it worked. No-one wants to feel their effort was wasted.

3. Define ‘improvement’ in terms of perceptions and ratings of teachers. DO NOT conduct any proper assessments – they may disappoint.

4. Only study schools or teachers that recognise a problem and are prepared to take on an initiative. They’ll probably improve whatever you do.

Mistaking School Improvement (1)(Coe, 2009)

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5. Conduct some kind of evaluation, but don’t let the design be too good – poor quality evaluations are much more likely to show positive results.

6. If any improvement occurs in any aspect of performance, focus attention on that rather than on any areas or schools that have not improved or got worse (don’t mention them!).

7. Put some effort into marketing and presentation of the school. Once you start to recruit better students, things will improve.

Mistaking School Improvement (2) (Coe, 2009)

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Clear, well defined, replicable intervention

Good assessment of appropriate outcomes

Well-matched comparison group

EEF DIY

Evaluatio

n Guide

Key elements of good evaluation

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1. Think hard about learning

2. Invest in good CPD

3. Evaluate teaching quality

4. Evaluate impact of changes

Summary …

Robert.Coe@cem.dur.ac.uk @ProfCoe

www.cem.org