Research for Disaster Response and - JICA - 国際協力機構 · 2015-04-14 · Research for Disaster Response and Preparedness Dkbhi 1953 O Ri J ... Ratio o direct managemen

Research for Disaster Response and Preparedness

D k b h i 1953 O Ri J

Dr. Matsuki Hirotada: JICA ExpertDyke breach in 1953, Onga River, Japan

ASEM High‐level Meeting on Disaster Prevention and Relief in Response to Climate Change“Strengthening Asia‐Europe Cooperation for Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development”

Grand Plaza Hotel, Hanoi ‐ Viet Nam, 18 November 2013

Build back better policy in Japan

Reconfirming DRR

Research of a river office

Research outputs for DRR(vulnerability reduction)(vulnerability reduction)(exposure reduction)(hazard reduction)(hazard reduction)

ConclusionConclusion

2

Osaka flood risk reduction (Yodo River Diversion 1896‐1910)

Kanzakigawa R.

Osaka had developed by flood risk reduction after repeat floods.

Kema

Nakatsugawa R.●

1594‐96 Uji River shifting1606‐11 Takase Channel excavation

Shinyodogawa R.Ohkawa R.

1606 11 Takase Channel excavation1684‐87 Aji Port construction1704 Yamato River diversion

● Osaka Castle1868 Yodo River Flood1868‐70 Kizu River shifting

1885 Yodo River Flood1896‐10 Yodo Floodway excavation

‐ Kema overfall weir‐ Kema lock gate‐ Dyke widening, heightening‐ Seta River overfall weir‐ Seta River widening/dredging‐ Uji River shifting

3

Tokyo urbanization progressed

Tokyo flood risk reduction (Ara River Diversion 1911‐1930)

1882

1919

37yeas

35years

Tokyo urbanization progressed due to the improvement of the safety level by the excavation of Ara River Floodway

Dykes and retarding area

1954

1996

35years

42years

Dykes and retarding area

1996Former retarding basin area has also been urbanized

Excavation of Ara River Floodway

1911 1930

4

Why flood among disasters?

forecastablity occurrence

Earthquakepredictable

after a time period We can

TsunamiStorm

Natural disasterpredictable(sometimes)

longer than a human life

We can research.

FloodNatural artificial many times in a working We can

DroughtLandslide

Natural‐artificial disaster

forecastablemany times in a working

age (15‐64)We can

prepare. *

FireFireBlackoutAccident

Artificial disaster unforeseeable frequentlyWe can alert.

* People can analyze floods in the past and forecast floods in the future.

Floods are calling for people to learn lessons and to transfer it to the next generationsFloods are calling for people to learn lessons and to transfer it to the next generations.People who could implement it could survive in the flood‐prone areas.

Flood risk management was developed in the history to build a resilient societyFlood risk management was developed in the history to build a resilient society.That’s why Japan survives on disaster‐prone islands in the Asia‐monsoon region.

5

Decrease of casualties

Number of dead and missing(Persons)10,000

(Persons)

1,000

Ty

ToSo To Ise

100

yphoon Kath

orren

tial Rain

outhern

Kii

oyam

aru Typ

ewan

Typhoo FfID

10

First flood Second

Third

Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth

Ninth flo

od

contro

l (7 years)

hleen

ns in

hoon

on

First P

riority Pfor S

ocial Infrastructure D

evelopment

1

1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

flood control(5 years)

g d

(Year)

lan

6

GDP

DRR investment effect

with disaster with DRR investment

without disaster

Disaster Event Effect of DRR investment

Enlarged view

with disaster without DRR investment

Stop of economic activity by direct damage

Stagnation of economic activity and the recovery delay due to lack of funds → con nua on of poverty trap

By disasters, increasing poverty and continued to be stuck Time

Stop of economic activity by direct damage⇒ Expansion of poverty

in an increase in poverty, widening inequality, from the trap of poverty

JICA DR2AD Model (DR2AD: Disaster Risk Reduction investment Accounts for Development)http://www.jica.go.jp/topics/news/2013/ku57pq00001ecfq5‐att/20130612_01_01.pdf 7


Reconfirming DRR




8

k h l d l l

Disaster Risk

Disaster risk: The potential disaster losses, in lives,health status, livelihoods, assets andservices, which could occur to a particular

it i t ifi dcommunity or a society over some specifiedfuture time period.

Vulnerability: The characteristics and circumstancesVulnerability: The characteristics and circumstancesof a community, system or asset that makeit susceptible to the damaging effects of ahazard

Construct of flood risk and its reductionRisk Sharing in Flood Managementhazard.

Exposure: People, property, systems, or otherelements present in hazard zones that are

Risk Sharing in Flood Management(WMO 2009)

elements present in hazard zones that arethereby subject to potential losses.

Hazard: A dangerous phenomenon that may cause

In order to reduce disaster risk,

how to reduce vulnerability?g p y

loss of life, injury or other health impacts,property damage, loss of livelihoods andservices, social and economic disruption, or

how to reduce vulnerability?

How to reduce exposure?

environmental damage.How to reduce Hazard?

9(2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction)

Disaster Risk Management

Disaster risk management: The systematic process in order to lessen the adverse impactsf h d d h b l f d h h d fof hazards and the possibility of disaster through activities and measures for

prevention, mitigation and preparedness.

saster

Response: The provision of emergency servicesand public assistance during a disaster.

Dis

Response

Recovery: The restoration of facilities, livelihoodsand living conditions of communities.

Miti ti Th l i li it ti f thResponse

Preparedness

Mitigation: The lessening or limitation of theadverse impacts of disaster.

Preparedness: The knowledge and capacities toRecovery

Preparedness: The knowledge and capacities toeffectively anticipate, respond to, andrecover from, the impacts of likely disasters.

MitigationDisaster risk can be reduced as a result of

people’s effort in all of the disasterpeople s effort in all of the disasterresponse, recovery, mitigation andpreparedness.

(2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction) 10

saster

saster

Disaster Risk Reduction

Response Recovery Mitigation Preparedness

Di

Di

Vulnerability reduction

Rescue Relief Awareness rising Early warning*

Exposure Fl d fi hti Q i k i B ild b k

Build back betterpreduction

Flood fighting Quick repair Build backDaily rehabilitation

Hazard reduction

Dam operation Cause analysisReview of rulesDam upgradingreduction Dam upgrading

*Following the Tsunami Early Warning System after the East Japan Great Earthquake, p q ,

more than 96% of 460,000 residents lived in the tsunami affected area.

Over 3,000 students evacuated further to higher ground by their own decision, as educated.

However, the local economy was completely destroyed.

Can we say this “sustainable”? 11

Disaster Risk Reduction & Climate Change Adaptation

Vulnerability reduction through Community‐based Disaster Risk Mismanagementis quite effective for DRR.

I t li t h hIn response to climate change, however,disaster risk is getting more frequent and severe.

Preparedness process becomes more important than beforePreparedness process becomes more important than before.We should focus on exposure reduction and hazard reduction.

er er

Disast

Disast

Response Recovery Mitigation Preparedness

Vulnerability reduction

Rescue Relief Awareness rising Early warning*

Exposure reduction

Flood fighting Quick repair Build backBuild back betterDaily rehabilitation

H d R i f lHazard reduction

Dam operation Cause analysisReview of rulesDam upgrading

12


Reconfirming DRR




13

River office

MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) is managing 7% of the total river length in Japan.

R ti f MLIT di t t

MLIT headquarters

Overview of river management in 9 regions

■河川延長比

直轄管理以外の区間約９３％

Ratio of MLIT direct management

Length

Others : about 93 %

■想定氾濫区域内人口

直轄管理以外の区間約９３％

直轄管理区間約７％

Population

%

National Government: about 7 %

Regional Bureaus

Overview of river management in

約４,７００万人（４１％）

About 47 million people (41%)

14 rivers (Kyushu)■想定氾濫区域内資産

約８８８兆円

Assets

About 888 trillion JPY

River Offices

Manage rivers at the site

直轄管理区間

直轄管理区間以外

凡例LegendNational Government

Others Manage rivers at the site with 100 officials (Onga)

Research and maintain before flood events

※想定氾濫区域内人口は、第9回河川現況調査、想定氾濫区域内資産は、第8回河川現況調査結果より集計

※河川延長は、河川管理統計（H21.4.30現在）〈河川局水政課〉による

(As of April 30, 2009)

※ Population and properties in expected inundation area are calculated from results of current river situation survey No.9 and No.8※Length of river is taken from river management statistics by water policy office of River Department (as of 30 th of April 2009)

14

Purposes of a river office

The purposes of river administration are flood control, water utilization and environmentalprotection. The facilities are grouped into river channels, dykes and structures, flowingwater, and river spaces.

River channel management Facility management Flowing water management River environment management

b d h k d f d k d P idi f d f blObserving sediment, scours and vegetation development, to maintain channel capacity.

Checks and repairs of dykes, dams, water gates, pump stations with operation test.

Maintaining quantity and quality of the flowing water, for stable water use and sound river environment.

Providing safe and preferable river space/environment for people and wildlife.

15

River basin observation

Onga River Office and 6 branches are watching the river basin by 28 water level gauges, 30rainfall gauges, 20 monitor cameras and communications with residents.

MLIT Onga River Office

Tagawa BranchNogata Branch

River mouth Branch Nakama Branch

Miyata Branch

Iizuka Branch

y

Onga River Basin Fukuoka Japan

16

Onga River Basin, Fukuoka, Japan (Length = 61km, C.A. =1.026 km2, Population = 670,000)

http://www.qsr.mlit.go.jp/onga/prevents/realtime/onga_suii.html

River channel survey

River channels are maintained to ensure that the capacity for flood discharge does notdecrease. Changes in river environment such as sedimentation and scouring, growth oftrees are grasped.

Change in river may lead to decrease in flood control capacity

C

Maintained and administered for not lowering the flood control levelC

hannel cap

aci

Level for administration

Comprehending the changes by measuring river forms regularlyMaintenance

ty

Time 17

Dyke inspection

Dykes are made of soil and sand, piled up long ago. As quality and intensity are uneven,inspection and monitoring are conducted for early detection of any abnormalities.

2004 Ai i2004 Aira river Composition of dyke is complex

G tti b t hi I ti f l f d k Detection of abnormality and repairGrass cutting by a remote machine Inspection of looseness of dyke body

Detection of abnormality and repair

18

Flowing water inspection

•River discharge and water quality are monitored to confirm safe and stable water use and environmental conservation. When oil is found, it will be immediately removed from the river.

Preservation of water quality Measuring of flood flow velocity

Chikugo River at drought 2005

Dam water release to resupply water for the downward cannel.

Continuous monitoring and removal of oil

Discharge observation at ordinary times.

Flood discharge measurement for runoff analysis.

19

River zone management

MLIT regularly monitor the condition of river zone to keep it in good order for residents’safety and comfort. To protect the environment, MLIT organizes trash cleaning andextermination of alien species in coordination with local residents.

Patrol/ Monitoring Care of local area Picking up trash and waterweed scouring Safe use

Regular monitoring and CCTV observation to avoid

Space management with riparian residents and local

Clearing away trash and alien species removal.

Safety inspection to prevent water accidents

illegal river use.p

government.p p

20

I h Fl d Fi h i A fl d fi h i i d fi d h ibili f i i li i

Transaction with flood fighters

In the Flood Fighting Act, flood fighting is defined as the responsibility of municipalities.Municipalities organize flood fighting teams of residents in the local communities toprotect their lives. Residents are to engage in activities to prevent dyke breaches andminimize flood damage.minimize flood damage.

Flood fighting activities at flood time Drill at normal time

Gokase River, 2005,

Ushizu River, 2009 21


Reconfirming DRR




22

From research to communities

Honest activities for promotion of basic information are conducted in cooperation withresident groups such as NPOs to spread basic knowledge, to raise awareness of disasterprevention and to grow kindness for protection of river

Education for evacuation and environment conservationEvacuation mapping Studying meeting

prevention and to grow kindness for protection of river.

Community‐based flood Discussion with mass‐ Disaster/environment education for children inCommunity based flood hazard/inundation mapping

Discussion with massmedia and fire fighters

Disaster/environment education for children in cooperation with primary schools and local NPOs.

23

Challenge 1: Disseminate information swiftly and surely

Provide information on TV.

Construct ‘River warning light’Construct ‘River warning light’.

Digital terrestrial broadcast Tickers to provide flash reports

Send information by e‐mail.

Indicate degree of risks by water level.

Select information E‐mails are Information is you wish to receive and

register your E‐mail address

sent to you automatically

provided in the E‐mails

24

Challenge 2: Provide accessible, understandable information

Provide water level forecast information.

→By knowing the predicted water levels people can prepare for evacua on

Integrate information on disaster prevention.

→By knowing the predicted water levels, people can prepare for evacua on

Improvement

On computers & Digital terrestrial radio broadcasts Through community wireless system25

Hold study sessions on prevention of water‐related disasters.Challenge 3: Make regular communication with residents

→By holding study sessions, residents can share common informa on that would be helpful when evacuating in case of emergencies.

Disseminate knowledge on disaster risk reduction by cooperating with NPOs

26


Reconfirming DRR




27

Post‐disaster restoration schemes (after Sendai Flood 2006)

A rain gauge station in Sendai River basin recorded 1,165mm in 5 days.

The post‐disaster restoration schemes has completed in 2012The post disaster restoration schemes has completed in 2012

under 5‐year budgetary support of the central government

to preventing repeat disasters and

to secure sustainable developmentDamage on to secure sustainable development.griver facilities

R t ti kPost‐disaster restoration schemes

2,800mm in 365 days Restoration work

by river offices

Post disaster restoration schemes support by the central government under “Build back better policy”

1,165mm in 5 days

in 365 days

1,700mm in 365 days

•Rapid repair of facilities•Prevention of repeat disasters

28

Post‐disaster restoration (Response process)

Observe rainfall and water level for emergency alerts.g y

Site inspection. Support for rescues. Support for searching.29

Post‐disaster restoration (Recovery process)

Access road opening. Emergency drainage by pumper trucks.

Quick repair of dyke breaches. Quick repair of bank erosions.30

Post‐disaster restoration (Mitigation process)

DDR discussions in communities.

Model experiment at a university.p y

31

Post‐disaster restoration (Preparedness = Pre‐disaster)

afterbefore

Sogi diversion.

afterbefore

Torai diversion.

ftb f afterbefore

Kusumoto dyke (16 km in total).

32


Reconfirming DRR




33

5000

Dam operation in Sendai Flood 2006 (Response)

3000

4000

5000

流入量(m3/s)

放流量(m3/s)

Dam Operation in flood time at Tsuruta dam

0

1000

2000

31

32

33 Lowered by 1.3mWater level in downstream (Miyanojo)

Tsuruta Dam

controlled discharge for evacuation and

28

29

30

31

（T Pｍ）

rescue

using full capacity of

24

25

26

27

Evacuation/Rescue

（T.P.ｍ）

（水位） Peak time delayed by 4 hours

using full capacity of the reservoir

to lower the water level downstream

Observed Water Level

23

24

24:00

4:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

20:00

21:00

22:00

23:00

24:00

1:00

2:00

11:45 Call for SD Force from Satsuma town

標高

12:00 Call for SD Force from pref.Jul 23Jul 22

level downstream

by 1.3 m

and to delay the flood peak timeObserved Water Level

Water level without flood control operation (estimated)

11:00 Evacuation advice

11:45 Call for SD Force from Satsuma town

▽

flood peak time

by 4 hours

34

Dam upgrading under operation (Preparedness)

Tsuruta Dam

is now on upgrading

to enlarge the dischargeto enlarge the discharge control capacity

until 2015

d tiunder power generating operation.

http://www.wec.or.jp/image/130716_saiseigijutsu.pdf 35


Reconfirming DRR




36

Conclusions

Repeat floods are a mainstream of disasters.Mainstreaming of disaster is how to reduce flood risks.

For DRR and CCA it is important to reduce vulnerability exposure and hazardFor DRR and CCA, it is important to reduce vulnerability, exposure and hazard.

What we can do?h d i i l bili d iWe have good practices in vulnerability reduction.

Now we should focus on exposure and hazard reduction.To make progress of them, an office of each river should play a key role.

The river office should implement daily/monthly/yearly research.Do not say “luck of fund” but implement what it can do “within the fund”.y p

That is the best way to save cost for disaster risk reduction in total.

The government and the international society should discuss budget allocation.The government and the international society should discuss budget allocation.Provide research budget first to promote response and preparedness later.

That is the best way to ensure the society to develop sustainably.

Thank you very much for further discussion. 37

Documents

Research for Disaster Response and - JICA - 国際協力機構 · 2015-04-14 · Research for Disaster Response and Preparedness Dkbhi 1953 O Ri J ... Ratio o direct managemen