Research Designing

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY

FOR M.F.M.FOR M.F.M.FOR M.F.M.FOR M.F.M.FOR M.F.M.FOR M.F.M.FOR M.F.M.FOR M.F.M.

TOPICS COVEREDTOPICS COVEREDTOPICS COVEREDTOPICS COVEREDTOPICS COVEREDTOPICS COVEREDTOPICS COVEREDTOPICS COVERED

�� RELEVENCE & SCOPE OF RESEARCH IN RELEVENCE & SCOPE OF RESEARCH IN RELEVENCE & SCOPE OF RESEARCH IN RELEVENCE & SCOPE OF RESEARCH IN RELEVENCE & SCOPE OF RESEARCH IN RELEVENCE & SCOPE OF RESEARCH IN RELEVENCE & SCOPE OF RESEARCH IN RELEVENCE & SCOPE OF RESEARCH IN

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

�� STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH IN THE STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH IN THE STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH IN THE STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH IN THE STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH IN THE STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH IN THE STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH IN THE STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH IN THE

RESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESS

�� IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEMIDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEMIDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEMIDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEMIDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEMIDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEMIDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEMIDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

�� IDENTIFICATION OF TYPES OF VARIABLESIDENTIFICATION OF TYPES OF VARIABLESIDENTIFICATION OF TYPES OF VARIABLESIDENTIFICATION OF TYPES OF VARIABLESIDENTIFICATION OF TYPES OF VARIABLESIDENTIFICATION OF TYPES OF VARIABLESIDENTIFICATION OF TYPES OF VARIABLESIDENTIFICATION OF TYPES OF VARIABLES

�� RESEARCH DESIGNINGRESEARCH DESIGNINGRESEARCH DESIGNINGRESEARCH DESIGNINGRESEARCH DESIGNINGRESEARCH DESIGNINGRESEARCH DESIGNINGRESEARCH DESIGNING

�� DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGYDATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGYDATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGYDATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGYDATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGYDATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGYDATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGYDATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY


�� QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUESQUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUESQUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUESQUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUESQUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUESQUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUESQUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUESQUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES

# MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY# MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY# MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY# MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY# MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY# MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY# MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY# MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

# MEASURES OF DISPERSION # MEASURES OF DISPERSION # MEASURES OF DISPERSION # MEASURES OF DISPERSION # MEASURES OF DISPERSION # MEASURES OF DISPERSION # MEASURES OF DISPERSION # MEASURES OF DISPERSION

# CONCEPT OF SKWNESS AND KURTOSIS# CONCEPT OF SKWNESS AND KURTOSIS# CONCEPT OF SKWNESS AND KURTOSIS# CONCEPT OF SKWNESS AND KURTOSIS# CONCEPT OF SKWNESS AND KURTOSIS# CONCEPT OF SKWNESS AND KURTOSIS# CONCEPT OF SKWNESS AND KURTOSIS# CONCEPT OF SKWNESS AND KURTOSIS

# THEORY OF ATTRIBUTES # THEORY OF ATTRIBUTES # THEORY OF ATTRIBUTES # THEORY OF ATTRIBUTES # THEORY OF ATTRIBUTES # THEORY OF ATTRIBUTES # THEORY OF ATTRIBUTES # THEORY OF ATTRIBUTES ________________________________________________________________________

# CORRELATION AND REGRESSION # CORRELATION AND REGRESSION # CORRELATION AND REGRESSION # CORRELATION AND REGRESSION # CORRELATION AND REGRESSION # CORRELATION AND REGRESSION # CORRELATION AND REGRESSION # CORRELATION AND REGRESSION

# CONCEPT OF TESTING : TYPE# CONCEPT OF TESTING : TYPE# CONCEPT OF TESTING : TYPE# CONCEPT OF TESTING : TYPE# CONCEPT OF TESTING : TYPE# CONCEPT OF TESTING : TYPE# CONCEPT OF TESTING : TYPE# CONCEPT OF TESTING : TYPE--------I AND TYPEI AND TYPEI AND TYPEI AND TYPEI AND TYPEI AND TYPEI AND TYPEI AND TYPE--------II II II II II II II II ERRORSERRORSERRORSERRORSERRORSERRORSERRORSERRORS

CONCEPT OF NULL AND ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT OF NULL AND ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT OF NULL AND ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT OF NULL AND ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT OF NULL AND ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT OF NULL AND ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT OF NULL AND ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT OF NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESESHYPOTHESESHYPOTHESESHYPOTHESESHYPOTHESESHYPOTHESESHYPOTHESESHYPOTHESES

# CHISQUARE TEST FOR INDEPENDENCE OF # CHISQUARE TEST FOR INDEPENDENCE OF # CHISQUARE TEST FOR INDEPENDENCE OF # CHISQUARE TEST FOR INDEPENDENCE OF # CHISQUARE TEST FOR INDEPENDENCE OF # CHISQUARE TEST FOR INDEPENDENCE OF # CHISQUARE TEST FOR INDEPENDENCE OF # CHISQUARE TEST FOR INDEPENDENCE OF ATTRIBUTES & GOODNES OF FITATTRIBUTES & GOODNES OF FITATTRIBUTES & GOODNES OF FITATTRIBUTES & GOODNES OF FITATTRIBUTES & GOODNES OF FITATTRIBUTES & GOODNES OF FITATTRIBUTES & GOODNES OF FITATTRIBUTES & GOODNES OF FIT


�� LARGE SAMPLE TESTING : SINGLE LARGE SAMPLE TESTING : SINGLE

MEAN AND PROPORTION TESTINGMEAN AND PROPORTION TESTING

�� T T ––TEST FOR SINGLE AND DOUBLE TEST FOR SINGLE AND DOUBLE

MEANS AND PAIRED TMEANS AND PAIRED T--TEST TEST

�� ANALYSIS OF VARIANCEANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

�� RESEARCH REPORT WRITINGRESEARCH REPORT WRITING

** RESEARCH ** RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY **METHODOLOGY **

�� 1 # INTRODUCTION[MEANING OF 1 # INTRODUCTION[MEANING OF 1 # INTRODUCTION[MEANING OF 1 # INTRODUCTION[MEANING OF 1 # INTRODUCTION[MEANING OF 1 # INTRODUCTION[MEANING OF 1 # INTRODUCTION[MEANING OF 1 # INTRODUCTION[MEANING OF RESEARCH] RESEARCH] RESEARCH] RESEARCH] RESEARCH] RESEARCH] RESEARCH] RESEARCH]

�� 2 # Objectives of Research2 # Objectives of Research2 # Objectives of Research2 # Objectives of Research2 # Objectives of Research2 # Objectives of Research2 # Objectives of Research2 # Objectives of Research

�� 3 # Types of Research3 # Types of Research3 # Types of Research3 # Types of Research3 # Types of Research3 # Types of Research3 # Types of Research3 # Types of Research

�� 4 # Steps involved [ Stages ] in the 4 # Steps involved [ Stages ] in the 4 # Steps involved [ Stages ] in the 4 # Steps involved [ Stages ] in the 4 # Steps involved [ Stages ] in the 4 # Steps involved [ Stages ] in the 4 # Steps involved [ Stages ] in the 4 # Steps involved [ Stages ] in the Research processResearch processResearch processResearch processResearch processResearch processResearch processResearch process

�� 5 # Significance of Research5 # Significance of Research5 # Significance of Research5 # Significance of Research5 # Significance of Research5 # Significance of Research5 # Significance of Research5 # Significance of Research

�� 6 # Identification to Research 6 # Identification to Research 6 # Identification to Research 6 # Identification to Research 6 # Identification to Research 6 # Identification to Research 6 # Identification to Research 6 # Identification to Research problemsproblemsproblemsproblemsproblemsproblemsproblemsproblems

�� 7 # Research design7 # Research design7 # Research design7 # Research design7 # Research design7 # Research design7 # Research design7 # Research design

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION :INTRODUCTION :

# Research is expected to be something # Research is expected to be something original or piece of work that advances or original or piece of work that advances or updates our knowledge.updates our knowledge.

# The domain of research problems must be # The domain of research problems must be well specified and accurately defined.Those well specified and accurately defined.Those research investigations whose operational research investigations whose operational domain is not specified always remain domain is not specified always remain inconclusive.inconclusive.

# It is always advisable to select a smaller area # It is always advisable to select a smaller area of investigation study it more intensively. of investigation study it more intensively. MicroMicro-- level analysis are more precisely level analysis are more precisely researchable than the researchable than the macrolevelmacrolevel studies.studies.

1 # Introduction[Meaning of 1 # Introduction[Meaning of 1 # Introduction[Meaning of 1 # Introduction[Meaning of 1 # Introduction[Meaning of 1 # Introduction[Meaning of 1 # Introduction[Meaning of 1 # Introduction[Meaning of

Research] Research] Research] Research] Research] Research] Research] Research] �� Fred Fred Fred Fred Fred Fred Fred Fred KerlingerKerlingerKerlingerKerlingerKerlingerKerlingerKerlingerKerlinger : “ Research is an organized enquiry : “ Research is an organized enquiry : “ Research is an organized enquiry : “ Research is an organized enquiry : “ Research is an organized enquiry : “ Research is an organized enquiry : “ Research is an organized enquiry : “ Research is an organized enquiry

designed and carried out to provide information for designed and carried out to provide information for designed and carried out to provide information for designed and carried out to provide information for designed and carried out to provide information for designed and carried out to provide information for designed and carried out to provide information for designed and carried out to provide information for solving problem” solving problem” solving problem” solving problem” solving problem” solving problem” solving problem” solving problem”

�� Francis Francis Francis Francis Francis Francis Francis Francis RummelRummelRummelRummelRummelRummelRummelRummel :” Research is careful inquiry or :” Research is careful inquiry or :” Research is careful inquiry or :” Research is careful inquiry or :” Research is careful inquiry or :” Research is careful inquiry or :” Research is careful inquiry or :” Research is careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or examination to discover new information or examination to discover new information or examination to discover new information or examination to discover new information or examination to discover new information or examination to discover new information or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand to verify existing relationships and to expand to verify existing relationships and to expand to verify existing relationships and to expand to verify existing relationships and to expand to verify existing relationships and to expand to verify existing relationships and to expand to verify existing relationships and to expand to verify existing knowledge”knowledge”knowledge”knowledge”knowledge”knowledge”knowledge”knowledge”

�� Robert RossRobert RossRobert RossRobert RossRobert RossRobert RossRobert RossRobert Ross : “ Research is essentially an : “ Research is essentially an : “ Research is essentially an : “ Research is essentially an : “ Research is essentially an : “ Research is essentially an : “ Research is essentially an : “ Research is essentially an investigation , a recording and analysis of evidence for investigation , a recording and analysis of evidence for investigation , a recording and analysis of evidence for investigation , a recording and analysis of evidence for investigation , a recording and analysis of evidence for investigation , a recording and analysis of evidence for investigation , a recording and analysis of evidence for investigation , a recording and analysis of evidence for purpose of gaining knowledge” purpose of gaining knowledge” purpose of gaining knowledge” purpose of gaining knowledge” purpose of gaining knowledge” purpose of gaining knowledge” purpose of gaining knowledge” purpose of gaining knowledge”

�� C.C.CrawFordC.C.CrawFordC.C.CrawFordC.C.CrawFordC.C.CrawFordC.C.CrawFordC.C.CrawFordC.C.CrawFord : “Research is a systematic and refined : “Research is a systematic and refined : “Research is a systematic and refined : “Research is a systematic and refined : “Research is a systematic and refined : “Research is a systematic and refined : “Research is a systematic and refined : “Research is a systematic and refined technique of thinking ,employing specialized technique of thinking ,employing specialized technique of thinking ,employing specialized technique of thinking ,employing specialized technique of thinking ,employing specialized technique of thinking ,employing specialized technique of thinking ,employing specialized technique of thinking ,employing specialized tools,instruments and procedures in order to obtain a tools,instruments and procedures in order to obtain a tools,instruments and procedures in order to obtain a tools,instruments and procedures in order to obtain a tools,instruments and procedures in order to obtain a tools,instruments and procedures in order to obtain a tools,instruments and procedures in order to obtain a tools,instruments and procedures in order to obtain a more adequate solution of the problem than would be more adequate solution of the problem than would be more adequate solution of the problem than would be more adequate solution of the problem than would be more adequate solution of the problem than would be more adequate solution of the problem than would be more adequate solution of the problem than would be more adequate solution of the problem than would be possible under ordinary means.It starts with a problem possible under ordinary means.It starts with a problem possible under ordinary means.It starts with a problem possible under ordinary means.It starts with a problem possible under ordinary means.It starts with a problem possible under ordinary means.It starts with a problem possible under ordinary means.It starts with a problem possible under ordinary means.It starts with a problem , collects data or facts , analyses them critically and , collects data or facts , analyses them critically and , collects data or facts , analyses them critically and , collects data or facts , analyses them critically and , collects data or facts , analyses them critically and , collects data or facts , analyses them critically and , collects data or facts , analyses them critically and , collects data or facts , analyses them critically and researches decisions based on the actual evidence” researches decisions based on the actual evidence” researches decisions based on the actual evidence” researches decisions based on the actual evidence” researches decisions based on the actual evidence” researches decisions based on the actual evidence” researches decisions based on the actual evidence” researches decisions based on the actual evidence”

2 # 2 # OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCHOBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

� TO VERIFY AN OLD THEORY OR TO FIND A NEW AREA OF KNOWLEDGE.

� TO DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH SOMETHING OCCURS.

� TO TEST A HYPOTHESIS OF A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES.

� VALIDATING OR REVALIDATING THE ESTABLISHED TRUTH.

� TO ORGANIZE DATA IN QUANITATIVE TERMS.

3 # TYPES[CLASSIFICATION]3 # TYPES[CLASSIFICATION]

OF RESEARCH OF RESEARCH

� PURE RESEARCH

� APPLIED RESEARCH

� ACTION RESEARCH

� EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

� CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH

� DESCRIPTIVE AND ANALYTICAL RESEARCH

� QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE BOOKS FOR REFERENCE BOOKS FOR REFERENCE BOOKS FOR REFERENCE BOOKS FOR REFERENCE BOOKS FOR REFERENCE BOOKS FOR REFERENCE BOOKS FOR REFERENCE

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Methods & Techniques : CMethods & Techniques : CMethods & Techniques : CMethods & Techniques : CMethods & Techniques : CMethods & Techniques : CMethods & Techniques : CMethods & Techniques : C.R.KOTHARI.R.KOTHARI.R.KOTHARI.R.KOTHARI.R.KOTHARI.R.KOTHARI.R.KOTHARI.R.KOTHARI

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

in Social Science : in Social Science : in Social Science : in Social Science : in Social Science : in Social Science : in Social Science : in Social Science : ARVIND KUMARARVIND KUMARARVIND KUMARARVIND KUMARARVIND KUMARARVIND KUMARARVIND KUMARARVIND KUMAR


: : : : : : : : D K BHATTACHARYYAD K BHATTACHARYYAD K BHATTACHARYYAD K BHATTACHARYYAD K BHATTACHARYYAD K BHATTACHARYYAD K BHATTACHARYYAD K BHATTACHARYYA


: : : : : : : : G.R.BASOTIA & K.K.SHARMAG.R.BASOTIA & K.K.SHARMAG.R.BASOTIA & K.K.SHARMAG.R.BASOTIA & K.K.SHARMAG.R.BASOTIA & K.K.SHARMAG.R.BASOTIA & K.K.SHARMAG.R.BASOTIA & K.K.SHARMAG.R.BASOTIA & K.K.SHARMA

5. RESEARCH METHODS5. RESEARCH METHODS5. RESEARCH METHODS5. RESEARCH METHODS5. RESEARCH METHODS5. RESEARCH METHODS5. RESEARCH METHODS5. RESEARCH METHODS

: : : : : : : : R A M A H U J AR A M A H U J AR A M A H U J AR A M A H U J AR A M A H U J AR A M A H U J AR A M A H U J AR A M A H U J A

4 # STAGES IN THE RESEARCH 4 # STAGES IN THE RESEARCH 4 # STAGES IN THE RESEARCH 4 # STAGES IN THE RESEARCH 4 # STAGES IN THE RESEARCH 4 # STAGES IN THE RESEARCH 4 # STAGES IN THE RESEARCH 4 # STAGES IN THE RESEARCH

PROCESSPROCESSPROCESSPROCESSPROCESSPROCESSPROCESSPROCESS

� # 1. DEFINING THE PROBLEM# 1. DEFINING THE PROBLEM# 1. DEFINING THE PROBLEM# 1. DEFINING THE PROBLEM

� # 2. PLANNING A RESEARCH DESIGN# 2. PLANNING A RESEARCH DESIGN# 2. PLANNING A RESEARCH DESIGN# 2. PLANNING A RESEARCH DESIGN

� # 3. PLANNING A SAMPLE# 3. PLANNING A SAMPLE# 3. PLANNING A SAMPLE# 3. PLANNING A SAMPLE

� # 4. COLLECTION OF DATA # 4. COLLECTION OF DATA # 4. COLLECTION OF DATA # 4. COLLECTION OF DATA

� # 5. ANALYSING THE DATA# 5. ANALYSING THE DATA# 5. ANALYSING THE DATA# 5. ANALYSING THE DATA

� # 6. REPORT WRITING # 6. REPORT WRITING # 6. REPORT WRITING # 6. REPORT WRITING

STAGES IN THE RESEARCH STAGES IN THE RESEARCH STAGES IN THE RESEARCH STAGES IN THE RESEARCH STAGES IN THE RESEARCH STAGES IN THE RESEARCH STAGES IN THE RESEARCH STAGES IN THE RESEARCH

PROCESSPROCESSPROCESSPROCESSPROCESSPROCESSPROCESSPROCESS

## 1 . ## 1 . ## 1 . ## 1 . DEFINING THE PROBLEMDEFINING THE PROBLEMDEFINING THE PROBLEMDEFINING THE PROBLEMA problem well defined is a problem half solved.A problem well defined is a problem half solved.A problem well defined is a problem half solved.A problem well defined is a problem half solved.

Careful attention to problem definition allows theCareful attention to problem definition allows theCareful attention to problem definition allows theCareful attention to problem definition allows the

researcher to set proper Research Objectives.researcher to set proper Research Objectives.researcher to set proper Research Objectives.researcher to set proper Research Objectives.

It should be noted that the initial stage is It should be noted that the initial stage is It should be noted that the initial stage is It should be noted that the initial stage is

problem discovery , rather than definition.problem discovery , rather than definition.problem discovery , rather than definition.problem discovery , rather than definition.

There are three basic techniques of discoveringThere are three basic techniques of discoveringThere are three basic techniques of discoveringThere are three basic techniques of discovering

insights and gaining a clear idea of the problem :insights and gaining a clear idea of the problem :insights and gaining a clear idea of the problem :insights and gaining a clear idea of the problem :

**** Secondary DataSecondary DataSecondary DataSecondary Data

**** Experience SurveyExperience SurveyExperience SurveyExperience Survey

* * * * Pilot StudiesPilot StudiesPilot StudiesPilot Studies

## 2 . ## 2 . ## 2 . ## 2 . ## 2 . ## 2 . ## 2 . ## 2 . PLANNING THE PLANNING THE PLANNING THE PLANNING THE PLANNING THE PLANNING THE PLANNING THE PLANNING THE

RESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGN

A research Design is a master plan specifying A research Design is a master plan specifying A research Design is a master plan specifying A research Design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures forthe methods and procedures forthe methods and procedures forthe methods and procedures for

collecting and analyzing the neededcollecting and analyzing the neededcollecting and analyzing the neededcollecting and analyzing the needed

information. There are four basic designinformation. There are four basic designinformation. There are four basic designinformation. There are four basic design

techniques :techniques :techniques :techniques :

# Survey Technique# Survey Technique# Survey Technique# Survey Technique

# Experiments# Experiments# Experiments# Experiments

# Secondary Data# Secondary Data# Secondary Data# Secondary Data

# Observation # Observation # Observation # Observation

# # 3 . # # 3 . PLANNING A SAMPLEPLANNING A SAMPLE

The question that must be asked is “ WhoThe question that must be asked is “ Who

is to be sampled ? ”. The answer to this is to be sampled ? ”. The answer to this

primary question requires the identification primary question requires the identification

of a target population, deciding the sampleof a target population, deciding the sample

size and how the sampling units are to besize and how the sampling units are to be

selected. There are two sampling techniques : selected. There are two sampling techniques :

** Probability Sampling ** Probability Sampling

** Non ** Non –– Probability SamplingProbability Sampling

PROBABILITY PROBABILITY –– SAMPLING SAMPLING

�� ## Simple Random Sampling (S.R.S.) or Simple Random Sampling (S.R.S.) or Simple Random Sampling (S.R.S.) or Simple Random Sampling (S.R.S.) or Simple Random Sampling (S.R.S.) or Simple Random Sampling (S.R.S.) or Simple Random Sampling (S.R.S.) or Simple Random Sampling (S.R.S.) or Probability SamplingProbability SamplingProbability SamplingProbability SamplingProbability SamplingProbability SamplingProbability SamplingProbability Sampling ::::::::

This is the processing of selecting a sample This is the processing of selecting a sample from a population in such a way that eachfrom a population in such a way that each

and every unit of the population has an equal and every unit of the population has an equal and independent chance of being includedand independent chance of being included

in the sample. in the sample.

�� e.g. (i) To select a random sample of 5 bags e.g. (i) To select a random sample of 5 bags of rice from a ship load containing 1000 bags. of rice from a ship load containing 1000 bags. (ii) To select randomly 15 words from a (ii) To select randomly 15 words from a dictionary.dictionary.

PROBABILITY PROBABILITY –– SAMPLINGSAMPLING

�� ######## Stratified sampling Stratified sampling Stratified sampling Stratified sampling Stratified sampling Stratified sampling Stratified sampling Stratified sampling ::::::::

Stratified sampling is generally used when the Stratified sampling is generally used when the population is heterogeneous. In this method , the population is heterogeneous. In this method , the population is first subpopulation is first sub--divided in to several parts or divided in to several parts or small groups called strata according to some relevant small groups called strata according to some relevant characteristics so that each stratum is more or lesscharacteristics so that each stratum is more or less

homogeneous. Each stratum is called a subhomogeneous. Each stratum is called a sub--population.population.

Then a small sample is selected from each stratum at Then a small sample is selected from each stratum at random. All the subrandom. All the sub--samples combined together from samples combined together from the stratified sample. The process of obtaining and the stratified sample. The process of obtaining and examining a stratified sample with a view to examining a stratified sample with a view to estimating the characteristic of the population is estimating the characteristic of the population is known as stratified sampling. known as stratified sampling.


�� # # # # # # # # Systematic sampling or Quasi Random Systematic sampling or Quasi Random Systematic sampling or Quasi Random Systematic sampling or Quasi Random Systematic sampling or Quasi Random Systematic sampling or Quasi Random Systematic sampling or Quasi Random Systematic sampling or Quasi Random Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling ::::::::

This means forming the sample in some This means forming the sample in some systematic manner usually by taking items at systematic manner usually by taking items at regular intervals. In this case , all the units of regular intervals. In this case , all the units of the population are arranged in some the population are arranged in some order.Iforder.Ifthe population size is finite , all the units are the population size is finite , all the units are first serially listed and arranged in first serially listed and arranged in order.Thenorder.Thenfrom the first 15 units , one unit is selected at from the first 15 units , one unit is selected at random. This unit and every random. This unit and every KthKth unit of the unit of the serially listed population combined together serially listed population combined together constitute a systematic sample. This type of constitute a systematic sample. This type of sampling is known as systematic sampling.sampling is known as systematic sampling.


�� # # # # # # # # Multiple sampling :Multiple sampling :Multiple sampling :Multiple sampling :Multiple sampling :Multiple sampling :Multiple sampling :Multiple sampling :

In this method , the sampling procedure is carried out In this method , the sampling procedure is carried out in several stages. The population Is first divided in to in several stages. The population Is first divided in to large groups called first stage units. These first stage large groups called first stage units. These first stage units are then divided into smaller groups called units are then divided into smaller groups called second stage units and second stage units are divided second stage units and second stage units are divided into third stage units and so on until we come to the into third stage units and so on until we come to the ultimate units or a sample of desired size. At first , a ultimate units or a sample of desired size. At first , a sample of the first stage units is chosen by any sample of the first stage units is chosen by any suitable method. Then a sample of second stage is suitable method. Then a sample of second stage is selected from each of the selected first stage units selected from each of the selected first stage units and the process is repeated from stage to stage until and the process is repeated from stage to stage until we reach the ultimate units.we reach the ultimate units.

NON NON –– PROBABILITY PROBABILITY

SAMPLINGSAMPLING�� # Purposive Sampling or # Purposive Sampling or # Purposive Sampling or # Purposive Sampling or # Purposive Sampling or # Purposive Sampling or # Purposive Sampling or # Purposive Sampling or JudgementJudgementJudgementJudgementJudgementJudgementJudgementJudgement Sampling:Sampling:Sampling:Sampling:Sampling:Sampling:Sampling:Sampling:

When the choice of the individual items of a sample When the choice of the individual items of a sample entirely depends on the decision i.e. individual entirely depends on the decision i.e. individual judgementjudgement of the investigator is called a of the investigator is called a purposivepurposivepurposivepurposivepurposivepurposivepurposivepurposive or or JudgementJudgementJudgementJudgementJudgementJudgementJudgementJudgement sampling. In this method , the members sampling. In this method , the members constituting the sample are chosen not according to constituting the sample are chosen not according to some Definite scientific procedure , but according to some Definite scientific procedure , but according to convenience and personal choice of the Individual who convenience and personal choice of the Individual who selects the sample. Two or more such independent selects the sample. Two or more such independent purposive samples May give widely different estimates purposive samples May give widely different estimates of the same population. Purposive sampling is always of the same population. Purposive sampling is always subject to some kind of bias, This method is suitable subject to some kind of bias, This method is suitable when the sample is small.when the sample is small.


SAMPLINGSAMPLING

�� # Quota Sampling :# Quota Sampling :# Quota Sampling :# Quota Sampling :# Quota Sampling :# Quota Sampling :# Quota Sampling :# Quota Sampling :

In this method , the investigators are In this method , the investigators are assigned definite quotas according to certain assigned definite quotas according to certain criteria. They are instructed to obtain the criteria. They are instructed to obtain the required number of interviews to fill in each required number of interviews to fill in each quota. The interviewers select the individuals quota. The interviewers select the individuals i.e. sample items for interviews on their i.e. sample items for interviews on their personal personal judgementjudgement with in the with in the quotas.Quotaquotas.Quotasampling is type of sampling is type of judgementjudgement sampling. It is sampling. It is cheap and easy , but it is open to various cheap and easy , but it is open to various types of errors and bias. This method is often types of errors and bias. This method is often used in marketing research studiesused in marketing research studies


SAMPLINGSAMPLING

�� # Cluster or Block sampling :# Cluster or Block sampling :# Cluster or Block sampling :# Cluster or Block sampling :# Cluster or Block sampling :# Cluster or Block sampling :# Cluster or Block sampling :# Cluster or Block sampling :

This method is useful when the population is This method is useful when the population is wisely dispersed and consists of an unequal wisely dispersed and consists of an unequal concentration of individual units. In this type concentration of individual units. In this type sampling we first form suitable Clusters or sampling we first form suitable Clusters or blocks of units of higher concentration. Then blocks of units of higher concentration. Then we survey all the units of some Clusters we survey all the units of some Clusters selected by any suitable sampling method. It selected by any suitable sampling method. It is also called area sampling. This method is is also called area sampling. This method is not scientific as it is subject to personal bias. not scientific as it is subject to personal bias. Cluster sampling is used for geographical Cluster sampling is used for geographical studies of many kinds. studies of many kinds.

# # 4 . # # 4 . # # 4 . # # 4 . # # 4 . # # 4 . # # 4 . # # 4 . DATA COLLECTION DATA COLLECTION DATA COLLECTION DATA COLLECTION DATA COLLECTION DATA COLLECTION DATA COLLECTION DATA COLLECTION

There are two phases in Data collection :

## Pre testing ## The main study

A pre testing phase , using a small sub-

sample , may decide whether the data

collection plan for the main study is an

appropriate procedure.

## 5. ## 5. ## 5. ## 5. ## 5. ## 5. ## 5. ## 5. DATA PROCESSING ANDDATA PROCESSING ANDDATA PROCESSING ANDDATA PROCESSING ANDDATA PROCESSING ANDDATA PROCESSING ANDDATA PROCESSING ANDDATA PROCESSING AND

DATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSIS

Once the field work has been completed , the Once the field work has been completed , the

data must be converted into format that will data must be converted into format that will

answer the decision maker’s questions. Data answer the decision maker’s questions. Data

processing begins with editing and coding of processing begins with editing and coding of

the data. Statistical analysis may range from the data. Statistical analysis may range from

portraying a simple frequency distribution to portraying a simple frequency distribution to

complex multivariate analysis.complex multivariate analysis.

## 6. ## 6. CONCLUSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS AND

REPORT PREPARATIONREPORT PREPARATION

The research report should communicate the The research report should communicate the

research findings effectively. The written research findings effectively. The written

report is not only a historical document that report is not only a historical document that

will be a source of record for later usage , will be a source of record for later usage ,

but also an aid for the Management for taking but also an aid for the Management for taking

decisions. decisions.

Management is not interested in detailedManagement is not interested in detailed

reporting of the research design but wishesreporting of the research design but wishes

only be good , if its findings are applied.only be good , if its findings are applied.

5 # SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH5 # SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

�� Research has important role in guiding social Research has important role in guiding social planning.planning.

�� Knowledge is a kind of power with which one can Knowledge is a kind of power with which one can foresee the implications of a particular phenomena.foresee the implications of a particular phenomena.

�� Research is charged with responsibility for Research is charged with responsibility for effective functioning of facts.effective functioning of facts.

�� It is a role of the researcher to effect constant It is a role of the researcher to effect constant improvement in techniques of his trade.improvement in techniques of his trade.

�� Research provides the basis for nearly all Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in the economic system, government policies in the economic system,

�� Research has its special significance in solving Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of various operational and planning problems of business and industry. business and industry.

6 # IDENTIFICATION OF 6 # IDENTIFICATION OF 6 # IDENTIFICATION OF 6 # IDENTIFICATION OF 6 # IDENTIFICATION OF 6 # IDENTIFICATION OF 6 # IDENTIFICATION OF 6 # IDENTIFICATION OF

RESEARCH PROBLEMRESEARCH PROBLEMRESEARCH PROBLEMRESEARCH PROBLEMRESEARCH PROBLEMRESEARCH PROBLEMRESEARCH PROBLEMRESEARCH PROBLEM

� 1 # Identification of Research 1 # Identification of Research 1 # Identification of Research 1 # Identification of Research

problemproblemproblemproblem

� 2 # Selection of a problem2 # Selection of a problem2 # Selection of a problem2 # Selection of a problem

� 3 # Formulation of a problem3 # Formulation of a problem3 # Formulation of a problem3 # Formulation of a problem

� 4 # Research Design4 # Research Design4 # Research Design4 # Research Design

� 5 # A Model Design5 # A Model Design5 # A Model Design5 # A Model Design

1# Identification of research 1# Identification of research

problems:problems:

��The selection of a topic for The selection of a topic for

research is a commitment of research is a commitment of

one’s time and efforts in a one’s time and efforts in a

particular direction. There particular direction. There

should not be any haste in should not be any haste in

deciding on the topic, nor in deciding on the topic, nor in

defining its scope.defining its scope.

Identification of research Identification of research

problems:problems:�� The selection of a suitable topic for The selection of a suitable topic for

research is in many ways the most research is in many ways the most difficult task. There are many pitfalls difficult task. There are many pitfalls to be avoided and there are many to be avoided and there are many persons who have failed to complete persons who have failed to complete their research, not because they were their research, not because they were lazy or badly organized, but because lazy or badly organized, but because their topic was not suitable for their topic was not suitable for research. research.

Identification of research Identification of research

problems:problems:

�� Probably the most common Probably the most common

mistake is to choose a topic mistake is to choose a topic

that is too large at the level at that is too large at the level at

which the person is studying which the person is studying

working; in their enthusiasm.working; in their enthusiasm.

Identification of Identification of Identification of Identification of

research problems:research problems:research problems:research problems:

• In specific problem – solving

research , a research is concerned

with application of research

methods to find satisfactory solution

to a pressing problem. In a business

there are numerous problems which

need solutions. As the resources are

limited, it is indispensable to

identify only the important problems.

IDENIFICATION OF IDENIFICATION OF

RESEARCH PROBLEMRESEARCH PROBLEM

2 # Selection of a problem2 # Selection of a problem

A research problem rightly and rationally A research problem rightly and rationally

selected helps the researchers to complete selected helps the researchers to complete

the project within the prescribed time limit the project within the prescribed time limit

and the budgeted amount. In selecting a and the budgeted amount. In selecting a

problemproblem , researcher should take into , researcher should take into

consideration the following factors consideration the following factors ::

# Researcher’s interest# Researcher’s interest

# Topic of significance # Topic of significance

# Researcher’s resources # Researcher’s resources

# Novelty of the ideas# Novelty of the ideas

# Availability of data # Availability of data

# Benefits of the research # Benefits of the research

3 # FORMULATION OF 3 # FORMULATION OF

A PROBLEMA PROBLEM

Formulation of a research problem isFormulation of a research problem is

translating and transforming the selected translating and transforming the selected problem in to a scientific research question. problem in to a scientific research question.

Proper formulation of the problemProper formulation of the problem

i ) provides a sense of direction to the i ) provides a sense of direction to the

researchresearch

ii) Specifies the scope of the Researchii) Specifies the scope of the Research

iii) Indicates the limitation of the Researchiii) Indicates the limitation of the Research

iv) Clarifies the problemiv) Clarifies the problem

v) Establishes the major assumptions v) Establishes the major assumptions

vi) Provides Economy in Research vi) Provides Economy in Research

Steps in formulationSteps in formulation ::

•Developing a littleDeveloping a littleDeveloping a littleDeveloping a little

•Working of conceptual modelWorking of conceptual modelWorking of conceptual modelWorking of conceptual model

•Defining the objectives Defining the objectives Defining the objectives Defining the objectives

•Limiting the scopeLimiting the scopeLimiting the scopeLimiting the scope

•Formulation of hypothesis Formulation of hypothesis Formulation of hypothesis Formulation of hypothesis

•Operational definition of Operational definition of Operational definition of Operational definition of conceptsconceptsconceptsconcepts

Research design :Research design :

• A research design is a plan of

action. It is a plan for collecting

and analyzing , data in an

economic efficient and relevant

manner. It is blue print and its

best only tentative.


�� Miller has defined 1# Designed research as “ Miller has defined 1# Designed research as “ The planned sequence of the entire process The planned sequence of the entire process involved in conducting a research study ”. involved in conducting a research study ”.

�� According to According to SelltizSelltiz and others 2 # “ Research and others 2 # “ Research design is a catalogue of the various phases design is a catalogue of the various phases and facts relating to the formulation of a and facts relating to the formulation of a research effort. It is an arrangement of the research effort. It is an arrangement of the essential conditions for collection and essential conditions for collection and analysis of data in a form that aims to analysis of data in a form that aims to combine relevance to research purpose with combine relevance to research purpose with economy in the procedure”. economy in the procedure”.


�� 3 # A research design designates the 3 # A research design designates the

logical manner in which in individuals logical manner in which in individuals

or other units are compared and or other units are compared and

analysedanalysed , it is the basis of making , it is the basis of making

interpretations from the data. interpretations from the data.

�� 4 # Research design is the plan , 4 # Research design is the plan ,

structure and strategy of investigation structure and strategy of investigation

conceived so to obtain answers to conceived so to obtain answers to

research questions and control research questions and control

variable. variable.

Components of Research Components of Research

Design Design

�� Research design consists of the Research design consists of the following components :following components :

�� Title of the studyTitle of the study

�� Statement of the problemStatement of the problem

�� Review or Previous Studies Review or Previous Studies

�� Definition of Concept or Definition of Concept or Theoretical Principles involved if Theoretical Principles involved if anyany

�� Coverage and the scope of the studyCoverage and the scope of the study

�� Objective of the study Objective of the study

Components of Research Components of Research

Design Design

�� Formulation of hypothesis Formulation of hypothesis

�� Methods of investigationMethods of investigation

�� Sampling design Sampling design

�� Constructing of Schedule or Constructing of Schedule or QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

�� Data collectionData collection

�� Analysis of Data Analysis of Data

�� Interpretation of ResultsInterpretation of Results

�� Reporting the FindingsReporting the Findings

Distinction between Research Distinction between Research

Method and Methodology Method and Methodology ::�� Research MethodsResearch MethodsResearch MethodsResearch MethodsResearch MethodsResearch MethodsResearch MethodsResearch Methods

�� Methods are essentially the tools used to gather the Methods are essentially the tools used to gather the data for analysis. Often this is assumed to refer to data for analysis. Often this is assumed to refer to those techniques more associated with positivist those techniques more associated with positivist models such as experiment, surveys, questionnaires, models such as experiment, surveys, questionnaires, statistical analysis of existing data (unobtrusive statistical analysis of existing data (unobtrusive research). However, taking a qualitative approach, a research). However, taking a qualitative approach, a number of quite different research methods might be number of quite different research methods might be employed. These could include, participant employed. These could include, participant observation, action research, role play, focus groups, observation, action research, role play, focus groups, case studies, narrative approaches, interviews case studies, narrative approaches, interviews –– (on a (on a continuum of structured to unstructured) and so on. continuum of structured to unstructured) and so on.

Distinction between Research Distinction between Research

Method and Methodology Method and Methodology ::�� Research MethodologyResearch MethodologyResearch MethodologyResearch MethodologyResearch MethodologyResearch MethodologyResearch MethodologyResearch Methodology

�� The term methodology refers to the stance The term methodology refers to the stance taken at the outset of research, as distinct taken at the outset of research, as distinct from the methods from the methods –– tools, used to gather the tools, used to gather the data that is to be data that is to be scrutinisedscrutinised for the purposes for the purposes of the enquiry. There are essentially two of the enquiry. There are essentially two broad approaches to methodology, broad approaches to methodology, quantitative and qualitative. quantitative and qualitative. LayderLayder (1993:3) (1993:3) succinctly describes the former as based on succinctly describes the former as based on 'theory testing' and the latter as 'theory 'theory testing' and the latter as 'theory building', helpfully highlighting the distinctive building', helpfully highlighting the distinctive nature of the two stances. nature of the two stances.

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Research Designing