Research Challenges in SoSE - sosengineering.orgsosengineering.org/2014/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/... · Maier, M. W., 1996. Architecting principles for system-of-systems. Boston,

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Research Challenges in SoSE

Professor Michael Henshaw

Loughborough University, UK

© Loughborough University, 2014

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Professor Michael Henshaw

Head of Systems Division,

Loughborough University

Group Leader: ESoS

Engineering Systems of

Systems

BSc. (Hons), PhD – Applied

Physics, U. of Hull, MBA –

U. Lincoln & Humberside

British Aerospace (later

BAE Systems): 1989-2006

Professor of Systems

Engineering,

Loughborough University:

2006-


[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Content

SoSE is born? – or is now sufficiently important to

warrant attention

What are we talking about?

Other owners of SoS (besides ourselves)

European Research – agenda

European Research – activities

What about the people?

Who are the researchers of SoSE?

The challenges – what to do next


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Acknowledgements


Vishal Barot, Huseyin Dogan, Sharon Henson, Carys Siemieniuch,

Murray Sinclair, Andrew Kinder, Cornelius Ncube, Soo Ling Lin, Mo

Jamshidi, Dan DeLaurentis, the ROAD2SOS team, the DANSE team, the

COMPASS team, Judith Dahmann, Neil Lindsay,

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SOSE IS BORN? – OR IS NOW SUFFICIENTLY

IMPORTANT TO WARRANT ATTENTION


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A Case for an International Consortium on Systems-of-Systems Engineering

A misleading perception in the early days of SoS

was that the application domain is exclusively

information technology (IT) and, in particular, the

“Internet.” This perception is of course far from the

truth and one should simply look at the defense and

aeronautics community in the U.S. to note the

many defense and security scenarios that fall

naturally into SoS frameworks

Areas of Application

Defence

Civil transportation

Critical infrastructure

Healthcare

Global earth observation

Etc.

Dan De Laurentis, Charles Dickerson, Michael DiMario, Paul Gartz, Mo M. Jamshidi,, Saeid Nahavandi, Andrew P. Sage, Elliot B. Sloane,and

Donald R. Walker (2007), A Case for an International Consortium on System-of-Systems Engineering, IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 1,

NO. 1

Dan De Laurentis

Research and development issues such as

Standards, Network centricity, Simulation,

Modelling, System engineering tools for SoS,

management of SoS, Emergence, Evolution,

etc.,

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Now, there is a community and there is research


INCOSE

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Context: Evolution of SoS Engineering

Sousa-Poza, A., Kovacic, S., Keating, C. (2008) ‘Systems of systems engineering:

an emerging multidiscipline’, Int. J. Systems of Systems Engineering, 1(1/2)

Socio - Technical

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WHAT WE ARE TALKING ABOUT?


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Loads of Systems of Systems Definitions

Manthorpe (1996); military inspired

In relation to joint war fighting, systems of systems is concerned with interoperability

and synergism of command, control, computers, communications, and information (C4I)

and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) systems.

Lusasik (1998)

SoSE involves the integration of systems into systems of systems that ultimately

contribute to evolution of the social infrastructure.

Pei (2000); military inspired

Systems of systems integration is a method to pursue development, integration,

interoperability, optimization of systems to enhance performance in future battlefield

scenario

Carlock and Fenton (2001)

Systems of systems are large-scale concurrent and distributed systems that are

comprised of complex systems

Jamshidi (2005); based on Maier criteria

Systems of systems exist where there is a presence of a majority of the following five

characteristics: operational and managerial independence, geographic distribution,

emergent behaviour, and evolutionary development


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…and so they went on

DoD Defense Acquisition Guidebook (Defense Acquisition University 2004)

A system of systems is set or arrangement of systems that results when independent

and useful systems are integrated into a larger system that delivers unique capabilities.

INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook V.3 (INCOSE 2007)

System of systems applies to a system-of-interest whose system elements are

themselves systems; typically these entail large scale inter-disciplinary problems with

multiple, heterogeneous, distributed systems.

US DoD JCIDS Manual (Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 2007b)

A system of systems is a set or arrangement of interdependent systems that are related

or connected to provide a given capability. The loss of any part of the system will

significantly degrade the performance or capabilities of the whole.

SoSA CF WG1 (2010)

A System of Systems is a set or arrangement of systems that result when independent

and useful systems are combined into a larger system that delivers unique capabilities

D. Luzeaux (2013)

A system of systems is an assembly of systems which can potentially be acquired and/or

used independently, and whose global value chain the designer, buyer and/or user is

looking to maximise, at a given time and for a set of conceivable assemblies


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My definition!


https://www.south-tynedale-

railway.org.uk/kidzone/

Systems of

Systems

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=KpEaedh_fZyUCM&tbnid=Y9SsHdy97Mn-vM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2012/06/29/railway-landslides-in-the-uk-yesterday/&ei=RxOXU-P2EMftkgWe7IGABw&bvm=bv.68693194,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNF5K_DfINsBdpm3DhiJEcwykIgfqQ&ust=1402496087679026

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SoS(E)

A SoS is an integration of a finite number of constituent systems which are independent

and operatable, and which are networked together for a period of time to achieve a

certain higher goal. (Jamshidi, 2009)

• Operational independence of component

systems

• Managerial independence of component

systems

• Geographical distribution

• Emergent behaviour

• Evolutionary development processes

(Maier, 1996)

Directed Acknowledged Collaborative Virtual

Based on Dahmann & Baldwin, 2008

Dahmann, J. & Baldwin, K., 2008. Understanding the Current State of US Defense Systems of Systems and the Implications for Systems Engineering. Montreal, Canada, s.n.

Jamshidi, M., 2009. Ch. 1.. In: Systems of Systems Engineering - Principles and Applications. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, p. 1.

Maier, M. W., 1996. Architecting principles for system-of-systems. Boston, MA, USA, July, pp. 567-574.

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Focus of SoSE

α-level systems

β-level systems

γ-level system

Managerial

independence

Operational

independence

Emergence

Evolutionary

Geographic

Distribution

So

SE

S

E Single

systems

So

SE

Pro

ble

m

Sp

ac

e

After from: DeLaurentis, D., Crossley, W.A., Mane, M.,

"Taxonomy to Guide Systems-of-Systems Decision-Making in

Air Transportation Problems", AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 48,

No. 3, 2011, pp. 760-770

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OTHER OWNERS OF SOS (BESIDES

OURSELVES)


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SoSE Relationship to ULSS

Ultra-Large-Scale Systems (ULSS)

SoS of unprecedented size;

Concerned with software systems.

Size and disorganised complexity make traditional

centralised engineering approaches inadequate.

Some similarities, but SoS concerns ‘any’ type of

system.

Heterogeneity is a distinguishing feature

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SoS relationship to CPS (T-AREA-SoS view)

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)

concern increasing use of embedded

software

direct and real-time interface between the

virtual and physical worlds.

CPS is a special type of SoS

CPS interconnectivity restricted to cyberspace

SoS interconnectivity is ubiquitous (e.g. NCOIC Interoperability

Framework)

Similarities with SoSE, but different emphasis.

CPS is mainly concerned with control

SoSE concerned with configurations, authorities and

responsibilities, interoperability, and emergent behaviour

Image from http://cpslab.skku.edu/

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Complexity from the 1960s


From General Systems Theory, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, 1968,

George Braziller, Inc., pg. 20.

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EUROPEAN RESEARCH - AGENDA


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T-AREA-SoS: 12 Main themes

Characterisation and Description of SoS

Theoretical Foundations for SoS

Emergence

Multi-level Modelling of SoS

Measurement and Metrics for SoS

Evaluation of SoS

Definition & Evolution of SoS Architecture

Prototyping SoS

Trade-off in SoS

Security in SoS

Human Aspects of SoS

Energy Efficient SoS https://www.tareasos.eu/index.php

https://www.tareasos.eu/index.php

https://www.tareasos.eu/index.php

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ROAD2SOS – Priority Themes

Overview of technological Priority Themes identified in Road2SoS

Derived from combined

roadmap for

• Transport

• Energy

• Manufacturing

• Emergency response

Deliverable No. 5.1 & 5.2

Report on Commonalities in the Four

Domains and Recommendations for

Strategic Action, Dec. 2013

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ROAD2SOS – Implementation Barriers

Overview of potential implementation barriers identified in ROAD2SOS





http://www.road2sos-project.eu/cms/front_content.php

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ARTEMIS Research Directions for Cyber Physical Systems

Four themes published in 2014 ECSEL MASRIA

(Multi Annual Strategic Research and Innovation

Agenda for the ECSEL Joint Undertaking

Architectures Principles and models for Safe and

secure Cyber Physical Systems

System Design, modelling and virtual engineering

for Cyber Physical Systems

Autonomous adaptive and cooperative of Cyber

Physical Systems

Computing Platforms and Energy Management for

Cyber Physical Systems

ECSEL = Electronic Components and Systems for

European Leadership

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EUROPEAN RESEARCH - ACTIVITIES


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DANSE Methodology

DANSE Methodology V2 D_4.3, 2013

Solution Methods within the SoS lifecycle

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COMPASS

The model-‐based requirements engineering ontology extended for SoS

Guidelines for Systems of Systems Requirements

COMPASS White Paper WP01 June 2013

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AMADEOS

Architecture for Multi-criticality Agile Dependable

Evolutionary Open System-of-Systems

Objective 1: Introducing explicit, global,

synchronized time into SoS models & SoSE.

Objective 2: Capturing and formalizing SoS

evolvability and dynamicity.

Objective 3: Managing emerging properties in SoS.

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Key themes in EU projects

Model-based approaches to SoSE

Strong emphasis on architectures

On formalism (COMPASS)

Appreciation of dynamic nature of SoS

Mostly, technical approaches to SoS


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WHAT ABOUT THE PEOPLE?


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Capabilities and the value chain approach


Dominic Luzeaux (CSD&M, 2013) recommends focus on capabilities

SoS behaves like a value chain

α-level systems

β-level systems

γ-level system

from: DeLaurentis, D., Crossley, W.A., Mane, M., "Taxonomy to Guide Systems-of-Systems Decision-

Making in Air Transportation Problems", AIAA Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 48, No. 3, 2011, pp. 760-770

VALUE

Focus on capabilities

- Incentivise SoS

behaviours

- Understand values

Value chain is a set of interdependent

activities whose pursuit creates

identified, measurable value (after

Michael Porter)

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Measuring Capability

WillWayMeansCapability 32

Smith, 2003 (pg. 244)

Capability can only be assessed as a

relative quantity

If we desire to defeat the enemy, we must

proportion our efforts to his powers of

resistance. This is expressed by the product

of two factors which cannot be separated,

namely, the sum of available means and the

strength of the Will.

(Von Clausewitz, On war, bk 1, ch 1)

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Role of Systems Engineering in Capability

WillWayMeansCapability 32

Directly

influences this

May (ought to)

influence this

Has indirect

effect on this

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Bovine TB


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Socio-Technical Problems


No matter how good the technical solution,

sometimes you have to focus on the human

(socio) part as well

Training : Equipment : Personnel : Information : Doctrine : Organisation : Infrastructure : Logistics

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ROAD2SOS






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ROAD2SOS Implementation Barriers






From http://www.mcqthinking.com/banksy-

mobile-lovers-power-unsettle/

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WHO ARE THE RESEARCHERS IN SYSTEMS

OF SYSTEMS?


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Who are the researchers in Systems of Systems?

(c) toonpool.com

Technological, human, and

organisational matters are very

different from each other.

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Who are the SoSE researchers/developers? - term multiplicity


A ? is an integration of a

finite number of constituent

systems which are

independent and operatable,

and which are networked

together for a period of time

to achieve a certain higher

goal. (Jamshidi, 2009)

Whole

systems

Family of

systems

System of

systems

From: Barot, V., et. al.

(2014)

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Research Challenges I

Embrace the dynamic nature of SoS

What are the methods and tools for those

managing (coping with) SoS?

Don’t just focus on design, research the operation

of SoS

Research how to incentivise SoS behaviour

Consider the capability that the SoS enables

Value chain perspective

Values are … HUMAN attributes


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Research Challenges II

Techno-Socio or Socio-Techno?

Get the right disciplines involved

Every discipline that is relevant: hard and soft science

and engineering

Educate other researchers in SoS and get their

contribution

Amateur psychologists and sociologists are …

amateurs!


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Paraphrasing Gerard Hoffnung!

All my artistic friends think

I am a great musician,

and all my musical friends

think I am a great artist

Gerard Hoffnung in one of his shows!

The SoS Engineer!

All my sociological friends think I am a great

technologist, and all my technological

friends think I am a great sociologist

http://www.last.fm/mu

sic/Gerard+Hoffnung/

+images/25809639

43 SoSE 2014

Documents

Research Challenges in SoSE - sosengineering.orgsosengineering.org/2014/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/... · Maier, M. W., 1996. Architecting principles for system-of-systems. Boston,