Research Article Ethnopharmacological Assessment of ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/616858.pdf · Research Article Ethnopharmacological Assessment of Medicinal Plants

Research ArticleEthnopharmacological Assessment ofMedicinal Plants Used against Livestock Infections bythe People Living around Indus River

Sakina Mussarat1 Rahila Amber2 Akash Tariq1 Muhammad Adnan1

Naser M AbdElsalam3 Riaz Ullah4 and Roqaia Bibi1

1 Department of Botany Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat 26000 Pakistan2Department of Zoology Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat 26000 Pakistan3 Riyadh Community College King Saud University Riyadh 11437 Saudi Arabia4Department of Chemistry Government College Ara Khel Frontier Region Kohat 26000 Pakistan

Correspondence should be addressed to Akash Tariq akashmalik786yahoocom

Received 15 September 2014 Revised 7 November 2014 Accepted 7 November 2014 Published 3 December 2014

Academic Editor Gail B Mahady

Copyright copy 2014 Sakina Mussarat et alThis is an open access article distributed under theCreativeCommonsAttribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The present study was aimed to document detailed ethnopharmacological knowledge of medicinal plants against livestockinfections of an unexplored remote region of Pakistan Semistructured questionnaires were used for data collection Total 43 plantsbelonging to 26 families were found to be used in ethnoveterinary practices Seeds (29) were found to be the most frequentplant part used followed by leaves (22) Ethnoveterinary recipes were mostly prepared in the form of decoction and powderingInformant consensus factor (Fic) results revealed high consensus for gastrointestinal (081) mastitis (082) and dermatologicalinfections (080) Curcuma longa ranked first with highest fidelity level (FL) value (66) followed by Trachyspermum ammithat ranked second (58) Preference ranking (PR) results showed that Zingiber officinale Punica granatum Triticum aestivumGossypium hirsutum andWithania coagulans were the most preferred species for the treatment of diarrhea Direct matrix ranking(DMR) results showed that Morus alba Melia azedarach Withania coagulans Cassia fistula Azadirachta indica and Tamarixaphyllawere themultipurpose species of the regionWe invite the attention of pharmacologists and chemists for further explorationof plants having high Fic FL and PR values in the present study Conservation strategies should be adopted for the protection ofmultipurpose plant species

1 Introduction

Medicinal plants are being used for the treatment of variouslivestock ailments by the local peoples since earliest timesIt is a recognized fact that plants are an important sourceof ethnoveterinary medicines [1] From the last decadeethnoveterinary practices have gained tremendous impor-tance due to the discovery of some effective ethnoveterinaryproducts Ethnoveterinary practices are more common indeveloping countries including Pakistan due to differentsocioeconomic factors [2]

Agriculture is Pakistanrsquos largest and important sector ofthe economy which contributes to 233 percent of the totalgross domestic product (GDP) [3] In agriculture sector

livestock is very important and its population in Pakistan hasincreased up to 1675 million heads which is contributing511 in an agriculture economy [4] Due to high dependencyon agriculture and livestock Pakistan is theworldrsquos 5th largestmilk producing country [5] Approximately 53million peopleof Pakistan reside in rural areas and mostly derive theirincome from livestock through different methods [6] Theyhave limited resources available for feeding to their livestockand use whatever is available which ultimately leads to poorhealth livestock production resulting in economic losses Atpresent annual growth rate of meat and milk production inPakistan is very slow due to poor forage quality high inci-dence of diseases poor prophylaxis and high cost of modernveterinary drugs [7] Majority of the Pakistani farmers own

Hindawi Publishing CorporationBioMed Research InternationalVolume 2014 Article ID 616858 14 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014616858

2 BioMed Research International

4-5 numbers of livestock and it is very difficult for them totreat their animalswithmodern drugs due to high costMore-over issues like development of drugs resistivity in livestockand consumers unfriendly effects like high antibiotic residuesin milk and other animal by-products increase the import-ance of ethnoveterinarymedicines in addition to their signifi-cance in animal health care system [8]Under such conditionstraditional veterinary medicines provide a cheap therapy andeasy accessibility as compared to modern veterinary drugs Itwill also help in poverty alleviation by empowering peoplesto use their own resources for treating livestock ailments [5]That is why majority of the rural population in Pakistan isdependent on medicinal plants for the treatment of theiranimals based on their traditional knowledgeDespite the factthat traditional knowledge is very much important for thelivestock health and productivity the documentation of thisknowledge is very much neglected in majority of the remoteareas of Pakistan [9]

Present study was designed with the aim to documentindigenous knowledge on ethnoveterinary practices of anunexplored remote region situated near Indus river of Pak-istan The area is surrounded by variety of remote regions ofPakistan such as Tank South and North Waziristan Bannuand Lakki Marwat Different ethnobotanical studies havebeen carried out in these adjacent areas even in the studiedarea due to higher dependency of tribal people on medicinalplants [10ndash15] Despite having strong agricultural backgroundof Pakistan very less attention has been given to these poten-tial areas from ethnoveterinary point of view The presentstudy is the first attempt to explore detailed ethnoveterinarypractices of this region of Pakistan where people have soundtraditional knowledge and are highly engaged in utilizingethnoveterinary practices for improving the health of theirlivestock and to compensate their income Main objectivesof the study are (i) to identify ethnoveterinary plants anddetailed indigenous knowledge on herbal preparations (ii) toidentify plants with high bioactivity against specific ailmentson the basis of informant consensus fidelity level and prefer-ence ranking (iii) to identify candidate medicinal plants forfurther phytochemical and pharmacological investigationand (iv) to identify multipurpose ethnoveterinary plantsand factors responsible for their extinction in future usingdirect matrix ranking The present study would be a greatcontribution in conserving valuable traditional knowledge onethnoveterinary practices and provide baseline informationfor future in vitro and in vivo studies that could lead towardidentification of novel active compounds and manufacturingveterinary drugs with low cost and fewer side effects

2 Material and Methods

21 Study Area The present study was carried out in theDera Ismail Khan often abbreviated as D I Khan a districtof Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province Pakistan (Figure 1) DI Khan covers an area of about 7326 km2 and is situatedbetween 70∘111015840 and 71∘201015840 E longitude and between 31∘151015840and 32∘321015840 N latitude [16] D I Khan has mostly flatdry plains commonly called Daman about 80 percent ofthe total area [11] Aquatic and xerophytic vegetations are

commonly grown in the study area [17] Acacia modestaCalotropis procera Acacia nilotica Eucalyptus camaldulensisandMorus alba are the dominant vegetation of the study areaThe maximum and minimum temperatures recorded duringsummer and winter are 27∘C to 42∘C and 20∘C to 40∘Crespectively [11] Mostly rainfall occurs in the late winter andearly spring while in monsoon in June and July Wheat ricesugar cane dates and variety ofmangoes are produced inD IKhanAmong these ldquoVillageDhakki daterdquo is themost famousproduct not only used in the country but also exported to theMiddle East Europe and United States The area is rural innature and inhabitants are very much dependent on livestockfor economic and food purposes Locals of the region usevariety of medicinal plants for the treatment of livestockailments due to expensive veterinary drugs

22 Data Collection Field work was carried out from Mayto August 2014 A total four field trips (each trip of 20 days)weremade in eachmonth (May June July andAugust) Priorto data collection local representatives of the regions werevisited and informed about the main theme of the study andto get their verbal consent for data collection and publicationThemethods for the collection of data and voucher specimensduring the field study followed that described by Martin [18]Total 115 informants were selected on the basis of their tra-ditional knowledge regarding livestock treatment in differentvillages of D I Khan Ethical consent was taken individuallyfrom all the respondents by ensuring them that their tradi-tional knowledge would be protectedThis was done in orderto acknowledge informantsrsquo cooperation in preserving thetraditional knowledge of the study area and builds their con-fidence for providing reliable information Out of 115 infor-mants 90 were males and 25 were females Age of the infor-mants were ranged between 30 and 70 years old Initiallya questionnaire was designed and pretested with ten infor-mants to identify the appropriateness for the data collectionand later on modified according to the informants responseThemodified questionnaire was then used to gather ethnove-terinary medicinal plants data of the study region from eachinformant individually Informantswere allowed to talk freelywithout any hesitation Our final purpose was to get thecomplete list of medicinal plants used andor known by eachinformant All interviews were carried out in local language(Saraiki) of the study area In addition informants weredivided into two groups and total three focus group discus-sionswere also designed to gain further information onmedi-cinal plants at the community level and to prove the reliabilityof data collected through semistructured interviews Ques-tionnaires designed to the respondents (traditional healers)about medicinal plants knowledge were mainly focused onlocal name ofmedicinal plant types of disease treated animaltreated remedy preparation plant part used use of single ormixture of plants for remedy preparation mode of admin-istration dose requirement recovery time and usable dura-tion regarding each medicine The questionnaire also con-tained questions regarding general information of respond-ents such as name of the respondent gender age educationand occupation

BioMed Research International 3

Tajikistan

MtTirichmir

Chitral Mastuj

Chitral

Mor Khun

Northern Areas

Gilgit

Dir

Dir

Kalam Dasu

KohistanSwat

ShanglaSaidu

SharifBuner

Naran

Battagram

Mansehra

Mansehra

Abbottabad

Murree

HaripurSwabi India

Islamabad

Punjab

Pakistan

BajaurAgency

MalakandAgencyMardan

Nowshera

MohmandAgency

CharsaddaPeshawarLandi

Kotal

Afghanistan

Charikar

Kabul Jalalabad

Gardeyz

Kohat

KohatKarak

Bannu

Hangu

Parachinar

KurramAgencyKhost

Khyber Agency

Orakzai Agency

Kalabagh

LakkiMarwat

Tank

NorthWaziristan

Razmak

ZarghunShar

SouthWaziristan

Wana

Jandola

DeraIsmailKhan

Dera IsmailKhan

ZhobBalochistan

Miranshah

Mianwali

Figure 1 Map of the study area

23 Data Quality Assurance During data collection eachrespondent was visited or contacted at least three times forthe validity of information provided by them In case of anydeviation of respondent idea from the original informationprovided it was rejected and considered irrelevant informa-tionOnly relevant informationwas subjected to further anal-ysis process Further data quality was ensured through propertraining of data collectors pointing out missing informa-tion duplication of material and careful analysis

24 Data Organization and Analysis Data collected frominformants was organized using Microsoft Excel 2007 andMicrosoft Word 2007 Informants were categorized into fourage groups (30ndash40 41ndash50 51ndash60 and 61ndash70) Educationalstatus of the informants was divided into five major classes

(illiterate primarymiddle secondary and university) Occu-pation of both genders was categorized into five major fieldsthat is housewives shopkeepers farmers labor and primaryteachers Plant habit was categorized into three classes that isherb shrub and tree Plant parts were classified into leavesstem root whole plant seeds buds bulb and fruitMedicinalplants uses were categorized into 7 major categories thatis gastrointestinal dermatological eye diseases respiratoryreproductive mastitis and muscular Recipes were classifiedinto different groups that is decoction powder crushedjuice paste poultice and infusion Route of administrationwas divided into 3 categories that is oral dermal andnasal

Informant consensus and fidelity level were used to verifythe importance of medicinal plants


25 Informant Consensus (Fic) Informant consensus factor(Fic) was calculated on the reported cures of certain group ofailments Within a community Fic designates the extensivelyused plants and helps in the selection of important medicinalplants for further pharmacological and phytochemical stud-ies [19] Reported veterinary problems were grouped into 7major ailments Fic values are high when a large number ofrespondents use one or few plants to treat a specific ailmentwhile Fic values are low when there is contradiction betweeninformants regarding uses of plants [20 21]

The Fic can be calculated by using the formula as follows

Fic = nur minus ntnurminus 1 (1)

where Fic is the informants consensus factor nur is thenumber of use citation in each category and nt is the numberof species used

26 Fidelity Level (FL) Fidelity level (FL) is useful forrecognizing the most favored plants used for curing distinctlivestock ailments by the respondents FL values of highlypreferred plants are greater than values of less preferredplants FL values are always calculated in terms of informantrsquospercentage claiming the use of a definite plant species for thesame ailment The FL values indicate the importance of cer-tain plant species for particular purpose All of the reportedailments grouped into major classes for the calculation of FLvalues [19] FL value was estimated by using the formula FL= IpIu times 100 where Ip represents the number of respondentswho reported the medicinal plants utilization for a particularailment and Iu is the total number of respondents whomentioned the same plant for any ailment [22] It is assumedthat thosemedicinal plants which are used frequently bymostrespondents for the same disease category are more likely tobe biologically active plants [23]

27 Preference Ranking (PR) Preference ranking techniquewas carried out selecting fifteen key respondents followingstandard method [24] to identify the most preferred speciesused for treating the most commonly reported gastrointesti-nal disease in the area

28 Direct Matrix Ranking (DMR) Data on use diversityof multipurpose medicinal plants was gathered using DMRpractice [24] Total 15 key informants were selected onthe basis of their strong traditional knowledge regardingmedicinal plants Informants selected for DMRwere asked togive use values (5 = best 4 = very good 3 = good 2 = less used1 = least used and 0 = not used) to each species The values(average scores) given to each medicinal plant were summedup and ranked

29 Collection and Preservation of Reported Medicinal PlantsFor the collection of reported medicinal plants of the studyarea field trips were made with local informants For furtherprocessing these collected medicinals were brought to thelaboratory of Kohat University of Science and Technol-ogy (KUST) Kohat Pakistan and processed using normal

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Cows Buffaloes Goat Sheep Camels Donkey

Num

ber o

f pla

nts u

sed

Animals treated

Figure 2 Number of plants used to treat different domestic animals

method [25] The scientific names family names and namesof publication authors were corrected according to the floraof Pakistan and software index kewensis [26 27] Plants weredried and pressed on herbarium sheets and deposited at theHerbarium of Department of Botany KUST Kohat Pakistan

3 Results

The present study revealed ethnoveterinary medicine of 43plants that belong to 26 families for the treatment of differenttypes of livestock ailments (Table 1) Traditional healersmostly used herbs (56) for herbal preparation followed bytrees (30) and shrubs (19) (Table 2) Almost all plant partswere being used for medicinal purposes but seeds (29) andleaves (22) were found to be the most frequently used plantpart followed by whole plant (12) fruits (10) and stem(8) (Table 2) Inhabitants of the region used these plantsfor the treatment of different types of domestic animals likebuffaloes cows goat sheep camels and donkey A total of 41plants were found to be used against treatment of cows ail-ments followed by 40 plants against buffalorsquos ailments 12 forgoats 9 for sheep 7 for camels and 2 for donkeys (Figure 2)

Gastrointestinal infections were found to be the mostcommon infections in domestic animals and a total of 23plants were used against them followed by 20 plants thatare used against mastitis (Table 3) Herbal preparations weremostly formulated in the form of decoction powder andcrushing Different types of vehicles were found to be usedfor preparation and administration of plant recipes like sugarflour water and milk (Table 1) The most common route ofadministration was oral (87) followed by dermal (11) andonly single species is administered through nasal pathway(Table 2) Recovery time of majority of the recipes was threeto seven days

Informant consensus results have shown a high degreeof consensus for gastrointestinal (081) mastitis (082) anddermatological infections (080) (Table 3) Eye diseases andreproductive problems scored Fic score (100) because onlyone plant is used against themThe highest plant use citationwas for gastrointestinal (122) followed by mastitis (108) Thepresent study revealed 5 medicinal plants having high FL


Table1Ethn

oveterinaryuses

ofmedicinalplantsof

DeraIsm

ailK

han

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Albizialeb

beck

L

Mim

osaceaeKU

H-721

Sirin

TP

LEy

edise

ases

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatdon

keycamels

Leaves

areb

oiledin

water

andused

fore

yediseases

inanim

als

3-4drop

sDermal

3-4

Alliu

mcepa

L

LiliaceaeK

UH-722

Piaz

HA

BuMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

1000

gof

onionalon

eorc

ombinatio

nof

onion

andajwainisused

150

Oral

5

Alliu

msativ

umL

LiliaceaeK

UH-723

Lehsanth

oom

HA

StBloo

dydiarrhea

Sheepgoat

Decoctio

n1-2

glass

Oral

10Bu

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Plantp

artg

rindedandmixed

with

butte

r150

Oral

7Aloe

barbadensis

Mill

Liliaceae

KUH-724

Kuwar

gand

alH

PL

Scabies

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatdon

keycamels

Pieces

ofspinelessleavesa

remixed

with

common

salt

2leaves

Oral

10

Amom

umsubu

latum

Roxb

Zing

iberaceae

KUH-725

BareeIlaichee

TP

FMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Grin

dedandmixed

with

ajwain

sarsoo

noil

andsalt

25Oral

3

Azadira

chta

indica

L

Meliaceae

KUH-726

Neem

TP

LScabiesskin

abscesses

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoats

Freshleaves

arec

rushed

andmixed

with

waterTh

ewater

isstr

ainedandthen

givento

anim

als

Dailyon

eglass

Oral

7

Brassicacampestr

isL

Brassic

aceaeKU

H-727

Sarsoo

nH

A

SoMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

500m

Lof

seedso

ilisgivendaily

500m

LOral

10

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Decoctio

nismadeb

ymixinglassicrushed

seedsandsomea

mou

ntof

soap

Asn

eeded

Oral

1

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofsugarcrushedseedsandmilk

isgiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

1

SMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Seed

oil

150

Oral

4-5

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Seedsa

recrushedandgivenin

powderform

150

Oral

3

Capsicu

mannu

umL

Solanaceae

KUH-728

Lalm

irch

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Plantisc

rushed

andmixed

with

wheat

Asn

eeded

Oral

8

CassiafistulaMill

CaesalpinaceaeK

UH-729

Amaltas

TP

FMucaldiarrhea

muscle

sand

jointspain

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Fruitisb

rokenandbo

iledin

waterTh

ewater

isstr

ainedandthen

used

Asn

eeded

Oral

3ndash5

Centratherum

anthelm

isticu

mL

Aste

raceaeK

UH-730

KalaZe

era

HA

SMastitis

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

50gof

seedsism

ixed

inwheatflo

urand

common

salt

50Oral

5

Citru

lluscolocynthisL

Cucurbita

ceaeK

UH-731

Karthu

ma

HA

RSkin

diseases

Buffa

locow

sgoat

Poultic

eAsn

eeded

Dermal

3F

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Grin

dfruitand

mixed

with

khalor

flour

100

Oral

3

Citru

slim

onLOsbeck

RutaceaeK

UH-732

Nim

buL

emon

Lem

oS

PF

Mastitis

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Fruitjuice

ismixed

with

sugartomakep

aste

Oralderm

al15

Citru

sreticu

lata

Blanco

RutaceaeK

UH-733

Maltasangtara

TP

LDiarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatcam

elsDry

leaves

areb

oiledin

water

tomakejuice

Asn

eeded

Oral

2

LMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

Poultic

eAsn

eeded

Dermal

5Cleomeb

rachycarpa

Vahl

Capp

araceaeKU

H-734

Gandi

booti

HAP

Wh

Malash

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoats

Crushedandmixed

with

wheatflo

urAsn

eeded

Oral

4

Cuminum

cyminum

L

Aste

raceae

KUH-735

Sufaid

zeera

HA

SMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

1kgof

seedsisc

rushed

1000

Oral

6

Curcum

alongaL

Zing

iberaceae

KUH-736

Haldi

HP

RMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Rootsa

ndsugara

regrindedto

makep

owder

30Oral

7


Table1Con

tinued

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Echinops

echinatusR

oxb

Aste

raceaeK

UH-737

Mastara

SA

StGarmim

alash

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Crushedandmixed

with

flour

andmadeinto

balls

50Oral

10

ErucasativaMill

Brassic

aceaeKU

H-738

Ussoo

nH

AS

Malash

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsc

rushed

andmadeintosm

allballsand

mixed

with

oil

70Oral

3

Fagoniacretica

L

Zygoph

yllaceaeK

UH-739

Dhamaan

SB

Wh

Liverton

icCow

sbu

ffaloes

Decoctio

n2-3glass

Oral

4-5

Foenicu

lum

vulga

reMill

Apiaceae

KUH-740

Saun

f

HP

SIndigestion

Cow

sbu

ffaloescam

els

Powderism

adea

ndcalledPh

akibymixing

thep

lant

partwith

meethas

odamalathiand

ajwain

100

Oral

Afte

rone

daytill10

days

Saun

fS

Stom

ach

troub

les

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Crushedseedsa

remixed

with

wheatflo

ur

blacksalt

sodium

bicarbon

ateandcommon

salt

Asn

eeded

Oral

2

Saun

fS

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

50gof

seedsisroaste

dandmixed

in125m

Lof

vegetableo

ilAsn

eeded

Oral

4

Glycyrrhizagla

braL

FabaceaeK

UH-741

Malathi

SP

StCou

ghCow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

sheep

Crushedste

mismixed

with

oilwheatflo

ur

andgurror

sugartomakeh

alwa

250

Oral

3

Gossypium

hirsutum

L

MalvaceaeK

UH-742

Cottonbu

dsS

AB

Bloo

dydiarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Buds

arec

rushed

andmixed

with

sarson

oil

andmadeintosm

allballsof

100g

100

Oral

4-5

Hordeum

vulga

re

PoaceaeKU

H-743

Barle

yJow

HA

SCou

ghCow

sbu

ffaloes

Seedsa

reroastedandgrindedto

make

powderPo

wderism

ixed

with

water

andgiven

toanim

als

One

bucket

Oral

7

Ipom

oeacarnea

Jacq

Con

volvulaceaeKU

H-744

Wirn

raS

PL

Malashfever

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatcam

elsDrie

dleaves

arec

rushed

andmadeintosafoof

Oral

4-5

Mangifer

aindica

L

Anacardiaceae

KUH-745

MangoA

ambAam

TP

SMucaldiarrhea

muscle

spain

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Crushedseedsa

regiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

1-2

Meliaazadira

chta

L

Meliaceae

KUH-746

Dhrek

TP

LStom

ach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

with

sugartomakep

owder

25Oral

5

Morus

alba

LM

oraceae

KUH-747

Toot

TP

LCon

stipatio

nCow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

tomakep

owdera

ndmixed

inmilk

toform

suspensio

nAsn

eeded

Oral

3-4

Nigella

sativaL

Ranu

nculaceae

KUH-748

Kaoo

lnji

HA

SMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

rebo

iledin

water

tomakes

uspension

Asn

eeded

Oral

4

Oryza

sativaLPoaceae

KUH-749

Chaw

alH

AS

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

rebo

iledin

milk

tomakes

uspension

Oral

2

Peganu

mharm

alaL

Zygoph

yllaceaeK

UH-750

Harmal

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Fumigationof

harm

alseedsu

nder

thea

ffected

uddera

tevening

timefre

shleaves

arem

ixed

with

charaa

ndgiven

Asn

eeded

Nasaloral

5

Pipern

igrum

L

PiperaceaeK

UH-751

Kalimirc

hT

PS

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofkalimirc

handwheatflo

urisgiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Portulacaoleracea

LPortulacaceaeK

UH-752

Loon

rak

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

ssheep

Fullplantisg

iven

Asn

eeded

Oral

Punica

gran

atum

LLythraceaeKU

H-753

Anar

TP

FBloo

dydiarrhea

Buffa

loescow

sgoat

Fruitcover

iscutintothin

pieces

andmixed

with

wheatflo

ur250

Oral

2


Table1Con

tinued

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Rosa

indica

LR

osaceae

KUH-754

Saun

fgulabpo

dinaajwain

HP

ECon

stipatio

nabdo

minal

swellin

g

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

sheep

Extracto

fsaunfgulabpod

inaandajwainis

mixed

andgivenaft

erhalfan

hour

Equal

amou

ntof

allthese

extracts

Oral

2

RoseG

ulab

PMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Petalsareb

oiledin

milk

Asn

eeded

Oral

7Saccharum

officin

arum

L

Poaceae

KUH-755

KamadG

anna

SA

StMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Stem

iscrushedto

obtain

juicee

xtract

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Sesamum

indicum

L

Pedaliaceae

KUH-756

Til

HA

SoMastitis

Malash

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofoiland

milk

orlassi

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Tamarixaphylla

L

TamaricaceaeKU

H-757

Khagal

TP

LKilling

ofwormsinskin

wou

nds

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

tomakep

oultice

Asn

eeded

Dermal

5

Thym

usserpyllum

L

Lamiaceae

KUH-758

Jang

liPo

dina

HB

LMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Poultic

eDermal

7

Trachyspermum

ammiL

Ap

iaceaeK

UH-759

Ajwain

HA

S

Stom

ach

troub

les

mastitis

abdo

minal

swellin

gallergy

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

camels

Crushedseedsa

remixed

with

wheatflo

urand

common

salt

80ndash100

Oral

4

Triticum

aestivum

L

Poaceae

KUH-760

Gandamkanak

HA

SDiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

recrushedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndmakes

mallballsshape

100

Oral

3

With

aniacoagulan

sL

SolanaceaeK

UH-761

Akrip

aneer

SP

LF

Diarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Fruitisc

rushed

andmixed

with

oiland

salt

Asn

eeded

Oral

3-4

Xanthium

strum

arium

Linn

SolanaceaeK

UH-762

Kand

ari

HA

Wh

Malash

Camels

Powder

Asn

eeded

Oral

10

Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

oscoe

Zing

iberaceaeKU

H-763

Sund

Adrak

HP

RhMastitis

bloo

dydiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Rhizom

eand

sugara

regrindedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndgive

with

sugar

130

Oral

5

Habit

HherbT

treeSshrubLifespanA

ann

ualB

biennialP

perennialP

lant

partLleafRh

rhizomeWhwho

leplantFfruitSste

mSoseed

oilE

extractBu

bulbFlflow

er


Table 2 Habit life-span and parts used of ethnoveterinary plants

General attributes Total plants ageHabit

Herb 24 56Tree 11 30Shrub 8 19

Life-spanAnnual 21 49Perennial 20 47Biennial 2 4

Part usedSeed 15 29Leaves 11 22Whole plant 6 12Fruit 5 10Stem 4 8Bulb rhizome root seed oil 2 4Buds extract 1 2

Route of administrationOral 48 87Dermal 6 11Nasal 1 2

Table 3 Informant consensus factor

Disease categories Number of taxa(Nt)

Number of usedreports (Nur) 119865IC

Eye disease 1 3 1Reproductive 1 10 1Respiratory 2 4 066Dermatological 4 16 080Mastitis 20 108 082Gastrointestinal 23 122 081Muscular 2 6 08

Table 4 Fidelity level (FL)

Number Plant species Disease category Ip Iu FL1 Curcuma longa Mastitis 10 15 6662 Trachyspermum ammi Gastrointestinal 17 29 5863 Foeniculum vulgare Gastrointestinal 11 19 5784 Azadirachta indica Dermatological 6 11 5455 Brassica campestris Reproductive 10 20 50

value (Table 4) Curcuma longa ranked first score highest FLvalue (66) followed by Trachyspermum ammi that rankedsecond (58) Foeniculum vulgare that ranked third (57)and Azadirachta indica that ranked fourth (54)

Preference ranking (PR) exercise with selected 15 keyrespondents (randomly selected) for those medicinal plantsthat were reported to be used to treat diarrhea the mostcommonly reported gastrointestinal disorder showed thatZingiber officinale Punica granatum Triticum aestivum

Gossypium hirsutum and Withania coagulans were mostpreferred species for the treatment of diarrhea (Table 5)

DMR implemented on six medicinal plants revealedwhich medicinal plants are more under pressure in the inves-tigated region According to the results Morus alba rankedfirst Melia azedarach ranked second and Tamarix aphyllaranked third (Table 6) The present results also showed thatthese medicinal plants were more exploited for medicinalfodder fuelwood and agricultural purposes (Table 6)

Informants ethnographic data revealed that majority ofthe informants were male (78) followed by female (22)Among 115 informants majority of the informants (365)were aged between 51 and 60 years A large proportionof respondents (652) were illiterate followed by 13 thatwere having only secondary education Females of the regioninterviewed were housewives while majority of the male(437) were farmers followed by labor (139) (Table 7)

4 Discussion

41 TraditionalUse andMedicinal PlantsDiversity Thenativepeople of D I Khan region rely on livestock as a majorsupport to their livelihoods employment crop productionand transport and for generating revenue to sustain lifeDocumentation of indigenous knowledge on occurrenceprevention and control of different livestock diseases andmedicinal plants used for their treatment is very importantfor designing and implementing health improvement strate-gies The major factor behind using medicinal plants againstlivestock infections might be related to the availability of fewveterinary clinics and veterinarians mostly in the city area ofthe region that is insufficient for the treatment of such a highabundance of livestock populationMajority of the people areliving in villages which are not easily accessible to the raremodern veterinary services which are also known for theirhigh prices absolutely unaffordable to the people living theredue to their poor economic statusThe present study revealedthat the region consists of 43medicinal plants belonging to 26families being traditionally used for the treatment of differentlivestock ailments These results provide an indication thatstudy area has rich diversity of ethnoveterinary medicinalplants and indigenous knowledge associated with conven-tionally used species Similar results have also been found inother areas of Pakistan and other countries [2 5 28ndash30]Thiscomparison confirms the richness of the area in diversity ofethnoveterinary plants

42 Preferred Ethnoveterinary Plant Families in the RegionLocal people of the region use a total of 26 plant fami-lies traditionally against livestock infections Families withthe highest number of ethnoveterinary plants are PoaceaeSolanaceae and Liliaceae Family Poaceae does not usuallyposition highly in terms of species richness in ethnoveteri-nary studies [5 31 32] In spite of this reality the familyis the most diversified family of the region and the fourthuniversal diversified family [33] The present study is in linewith the finding presented by Benıtez et al [34] in SpainSolanaceae and Liliaceae families are the most importantfamilies in ethnoveterinary studies [1 35] so their high


Table 5 Preference ranking of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used against treatment of diarrhea

Antidiarrheal medicinal plants Informants labeled A to O Total score RankA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

Allium sativum 4 6 4 5 4 3 6 5 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 65 6Cassia fistula 3 2 1 3 4 3 5 2 2 5 5 3 2 3 2 45 8Citrus reticulate 4 5 3 5 6 2 4 2 5 3 5 3 2 4 3 56 7Gossypium hirsutum 5 4 4 6 4 4 5 6 5 6 5 6 4 3 5 72 4Mangifera indica 3 5 4 7 5 2 4 3 4 6 4 6 4 5 3 65 6Punica granatum 6 7 5 6 7 4 4 5 5 4 6 7 4 7 4 81 2Triticum aestivum 4 4 4 4 3 5 6 4 6 7 6 6 7 5 4 75 3Withania coagulans 2 3 2 6 6 6 6 4 5 4 5 5 6 5 5 70 5Zingiber officinale 7 7 7 7 6 7 4 7 7 5 7 7 6 5 7 96 1Table scores indicate ranks given to medicinal plants based on their efficacy Highest number (7) for the medicinal plant which informants thought was mosteffective in treating diarrhea and the lowest number (1) for the least-effective plant

Table 6 Direct matrix ranking

Use diversity C fistula M azedarach T aphylla W coagulans M alba A indica Total RankFodder 4 4 4 4 4 4 24 3Fuel 5 5 5 3 5 4 27 2Construction 2 3 3 1 4 3 16 4Agriculture 3 3 2 1 4 3 16 4Medicinal 4 5 5 5 5 5 29 1Total 18 20 19 14 22 19Rank 4 2 3 5 1 3Based on used criteria (5 = best 4 = very good 3 = good 2 = less used 1 = least used 0 = no value)

ranking in the present study is not surprising Moreover thewide utilization of species from these families might relateto strong traditional beliefs and the presence of effectivebioactive ingredients against livestock ailments [36]

43 Life Form of Plants Inhabitants of the regionmostly pre-fer herbs and trees in herbal preparations for the treatmentof their animals Majority of the investigators have alsofound herbaceous plants dominancy for ethnoveterinary andethnomedicinal purposes in Pakistan and elsewhere [37ndash39]The recurrent use of tree species in the region might beendorsed to their easy availability in the immediate envi-ronment with great abundance The high abundance of treespecies in the region also indicates the fact that there mightbe tree-rich forests areas in the past This fact might be thefactor responsible for the indigenous knowledge of the peopleand invented as a result of recurrent trial and errors Thehigher utilization of tree species for ethnoveterinary purposesis in line with the finding recorded in other studies [4041] The present findings are in contrast with other studiesconducted elsewhere in which use of high number of shrubsis recorded [42 43] However the discrepancy in dominationof growth forms of medicinal plants used among varietyof groups in the country could be associated with differentgeography and ecological diversity and unique indigenousknowledge of different communities It was also found thatmajority of the medicinal plant harvesting is undertakenfrom noncultivated sources while some of the medicinalplants for example Allium sativum and Allium cepa are

being domestically cultivated in the region Cultivation ofthese species is not for the purpose of medicinal use butprimarily for food and spice Native healers lack interest todomesticate wild medicinal plants used to treat specific ill-ness in the region Overexploitation and reliance on wildresources and dwindling of wild habitats due to increasinghuman population is a serious risk to the medicinal plantresources in the area Similar tendency of medicinal plantsoverexploitation from the wild was also reported [44 45]

44 Plant Parts Used to Treat Livestock Ailments The presentresults revealed that seeds and leaves are the most frequentlyharvested plant part for the preparation of differentmedicinalrecipes of livestock Although the highest use of leaves isreported from numerous ethnoveterinary studies [39 46]the highest utilization of seeds is rare A good reason forusing leaves and seeds for the treatment of livestock ailmentsmight be associated with their highest bioactivity due tothe presence of different secondary metabolites in leavesand ripened seeds Major difference between human andveterinary medicines is the lack of care during plant partharvesting For human treatment traditional healers selectand collect plant part very vigilantly while for ethnoveteri-nary uses people collect the whole shoot or stem rather thanjust collecting only leaves From an ecological point of viewherbal formulation that involves stem whole plant bulbroots and so forth has effect on plant life or survival of themother plant [38] Leaves and seeds are the renewable partsof plant and their collection does not result in the fatality


Table 7 General information about respondent interviewed

Total PercentageGender

Male 90 78Female 25 22

Age groups30ndash40 18 15641ndash50 30 2651ndash60 42 36561ndash70 25 182

Educational attainmentIlliterate 75 652Primary 7 6Middle 10 86Secondary 15 13University 8 69

OccupationFemalesHousewives 25 121

MaleShopkeepers 14 121Farmers 50 437Labors 16 139Primary teachers 10 86

of the mother plants During leaves harvesting some of theleaves remain on the parent plant that carries on essentialphysiological processes of plant Protection from harms dueto ethnoveterinary collectionmay be less important when thecollected plant parts are renewable

45 Ethnoveterinary Medicines Preparation Main form ofremedy preparation in the study area is decoction It hasalready been identified that decoction process produces com-plete extraction of therapeutic compounds Similar findingsare also reported from other regions [5 34 47] In the studiedregion mostly the recipes are formulated using single plantspecies Polyherbal preparations are not much followed inthe region and that might be due to variation in indigenousknowledge of different communities Monotherapy prepara-tion involving single medicinal plant has also been reportedfrom the other regions of Pakistan [11 15 48] The mostcommon route of administration in the study area is oralfollowed by dermal The highest number of plants takenthrough oral route indicates the presence of large numberof internal livestock infection in comparison with externalYigezu et al [41] reported that oral and dermal routes areconsidered themost effectivemethods due to their immediatephysiological reaction with the pathogens and escalating thehealing capacity of themedicine Different vehicles like sugarmilk water flour common salt and so forth are being usedin the study region in formulation of ethnoveterinary recipesThese vehicles help in reducing the bitter taste of the herbalremedy and ensure intake of complete dosage of medicationDose of the ethnoveterinary recipes was documented for

some of the plants while for majority of the plants therewas no standardized dose and that might be due to the factthat the dose might be increased or decreased dependingupon the disease severity size and body condition of the ani-mal Lack of standard dose of ethnoveterinary preparationis one of the major shortcomings of traditional health caresystem in Pakistan Recovery time for most of the ailmentswas reported in range of 3ndash7 days but according to tradi-tional healer statements recovery of the animals is usuallyjudged when animals restart their proper feeding and dailyactivities normally Similar findings are also reported by otherethnoveterinary studies conducted elsewhere [5 49]

46 Animals Treated in the Region Local people of the regionare greatly dependent on livestock for variety of purposessuch as food income transport and crop production In thestudy area people rear different types of animals includingcows buffaloes goats sheep donkeys and camels Majorityof the animals are involved in milk meat and crop produc-tion while an animal like donkey is mostly used for transportpurposes The domestication of variety of animals in theinvestigation might be associated with their socioeconomicstatus Domestication of these animals is very crucial for theinhabitants of the region as it is associated with their monthlyincome Similar results have also been conducted by van derMerwe et al [50] and Benıtez et al [34]

47 Livestock Ailments Treated in the Region Traditionalhealers of the region have sound knowledge to maintain theirlivestock health by using different ethnoveterinarymedicinesGastrointestinal and mastitis are the most common animaldiseases reported in the area It has already been identifiedthat gastrointestinal infections andmastitis are very commonin lactating animals due to the consumption of poor qualityof fodder couple with different environmental factors [51]Informant consensus results also revealed highest citationreport for gastrointestinal and mastitis These results give anindication about the bioactivity of medicinal plants used totreat these ailments According to Heinrich et al [20] highFic values are very useful in the selection of specific plantsfor further search of bioactive compounds Eye infectionsand reproductive disorders scored highest Fic value (100each) because the number of taxa (Nt) used to treat theseinfection is only one This indicates that species should besubjected to further in vitro screening that could lead towardthe extraction of some novel compounds against these prob-lems Extensively used medicinal plants for specific ailmentsalways score highest fidelity level Present study determineddifferent plants like Curcuma longa Trachyspermum ammiFoeniculum vulgare Brassica campestris and Azadirachtaindica scored high FL value and could be further searched fortheir in vitro investigation and efficacy

48 Gastrointestinal Ailments Majority of the plants in theregion are used to treat different types of gastrointestinalproblems of the livestock like diarrhea expulsion of wormsconstipation abdominal pain and so forth Stomach diseasesare common and may be due to independent foddering ofanimals in meadows where they eat different types of herbs


sometimes poisonousweeds as wellMostly symptoms of gas-trointestinal ailments are related to those of humans Mostlyherbs are used in treatments and given orally to cattle forexample crushed stem of Allium sativum boiled in water andmade decoction to treat gastrointestinal problems of goatsand sheep Phytochemical screening of Allium sativum con-firmed the presence of Allicin that is responsible for its actionagainst gastrointestinal pathogens [52] Saravanan et al [53]also reported in vitro validation of different extracts ofAlliumsativum against common gastrointestinal bacteriaEscherichiacoli and Salmonella typhi Strained water ofCassia fistula fruitis used in stomach problems of cows and buffaloes Bhalodiaet al [54] reported that hydroethanol and chloroform extractofCassia fistula fruit exhibit strong anti-Escherichia coli activ-ity that might be due to the presence of different classes ofcompounds that is terpenoids saponins steroids phenoliccompounds anthraquinone and glycosides identified in thetested extracts Some plants are used in mixture with otherplants or additives for herbal formulations for example seedsof Foeniculum vulgare are mixed with different additivesand root of Glycyrrhiza glabra is mixed with flour andused for stomach problems of cows buffaloes and camelsManonmani et al [55] studied Foeniculum vulgare seeds invitro and found that aqueous extract of seeds exhibits stronginhibitory activity against gastrointestinal pathogens such asEscherichia coli Salmonella typhi and Bacillus cereus Etheracetone and chloroform extract ofGlycyrrhiza glabra showedsignificant antibacterial activity that might be due to thepresence of biological active compound glycyrrhizin [56]Leaves ofMorus alba are crushed to make powder andmixedin milk to form suspension given orally for 4 days in case ofconstipation of cows and buffaloes Devi et al [57] confirmedthe antibacterial activity of leaves ofMorus alba that might bedue the presence of different phytocompounds isolated fromthe leaves such as rutin quercetin and apigenin [58] Fruitcover of Punica granatum is cut into thin pieces and mixedwith wheat flour given orally to treat diarrhea Differentclasses of phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds andflavonoids have been identified from the peel of Punicagranatum that might be responsible for its activity againstgastrointestinal pathogens [59] The pharmacological justifi-cation of these plants ensures strong validity and reliability oftraditional knowledge of the respondents

49 Mastitis In the study area mastitis is the second majordisease of domestic animals Mastitis is common in otherareas of Pakistan as well as throughout the world [6] Mastitisis an infectious disease of udder which is mostly causedby Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae dueto which milk production rate is decreased Other bacteriaencountered include Corynebacterium pyogenes Klebsiellaspp Mycobacterium spp and Brucella spp Many in vitroactivities by different plants have been proved for mastitisand give pharmacological proof of traditional validity ofplants for example increasing concentration of Zingiberofficinale inhibits the growth of S aureus and Streptococcusagalactiae [60] In the study area Zingiber officinale is alsoused to treat mastitis and is very effective therapy for cowsand buffaloes Traditionally 150 g of Allium cepa alone or

combined with Trachyspermum ammi is given orally for fivedays to treat mastitis Allium sativum is also a preferred plantin other regions of Pakistan against mastitis [61] In vitro itis proved that Allium vegetables have broad antibiotic spec-trum against both gram positive and gram negative bacteriaAllium sativum is effective to those strains also which showresistance to antibiotics [62]

410 Dermatological Problems Scabies and allergy are com-monly reported in the area and 4 plants are used in treatmentof dermatological ailments Pieces of Aloe barbadensis leavesare mixed with common salt and given orally to all cattleAqueous extract of leaves of Aloe barbadensis has alreadybeen proved in vivo for their significant activity against skininflammation in albino Wistar rats [63] Leaves of Tamarixaphylla are crushed andmade into poultice and are applied onskin woundsThis plant is also being used for dermatologicalinfection in India to cure buffaloes [64] Citrullus colocynthisismost effective in all kinds of dermatological problems and isgiven orally as well and is made into poultices Seed and fruitextracts of Citrullus colocynthis showed strong anti-inflam-matory activity in rats without any side effects [65] Leaves ofAzadirachta indica have also application in skin abscesses

411 Respiratory Infections Mostly respiratory disease symp-toms are similar to those of humans and are so easily diag-nosed Cough is common in cattle in the study area andtwo plants are used for cough Crushed stem of Glycyrrhizaglabra is mixed with oil wheat flour and gurr or sugar tomake halwa and 250 g is given orally for 3 days Kushwah etal [66] studied the ethanolic extract of stem of Glycyrrhizaglabra and confirmed its antimicrobial activity The phyto-chemical screening of ethanolic extract revealed the presenceof alkaloids saponins carbohydrates tannins and steroidsSeeds of Hordeum vulgare are roasted and grinded to makepowder Powder is mixed with water and given to animalsfor 7 days This plant has already been identified as potentialantimicrobial agent due to the presence of alkaloids sapo-nins volatile oil saponins and terpenes [67]

412 Reproductive and Eye Diseases Conjunctivitis is simplyan inflammation of the soft tissues surrounding the eyeand eyelids It is common in study area in the months ofApril-May Ruminants such as cattle and goats affected withconjunctivitis will have reddening of the eyeball and swellingof the inner lining of the eyelid These animals will have anincreased sensitivity to sunlight which is demonstrated byldquosquintingrdquo or closing their eyes in bright sunlight Therewill usually be a discharge from the eye as well In the areaonly one plant Albizia lebbeck is reported for eye diseaseand is very effective Only one plant Brassica campestris isused for placenta retention during delivery It is observed thatthere is lack of traditional uses of plants in case of repro-ductive disorders because mostly death of cows and buffaloeshappened during delivery in the study area but at this stagerespondents mostly prefer veterinary technicians

413 Multipurpose Ethnoveterinary Plants DMR resultsshowed that six species out of 43 have variety of other


nonmedicinal uses The present results showed that Morusalba Tamarix aphylla Melia azedarach Cassia fistula With-ania coagulans and Azadirachta indica are the multipurposespecies of the region These species are mostly overharvestedfor medicinal fodder fuel agriculture and constructionpurposes The high utilization of these species for fodderand fuel purposes might relate with the high dependencyof the people on livestock and unavailability of modern fuelresources in the region respectively Our findings are alsoin line with the study by Barkatullah et al [68] carried outin Malakand district They found that in the absence of gassupply and other fuel types in the area the local peopleextensively use tree species as fuelwood Income status ofthe locals is low due to the fact that low literacy ratio in thestudy area might be another reason of their higher depen-dency on medicinal plants for different income generatingor compensating purposes Therefore it is necessary to takeserious concern regarding the conservation of such valuableethnoveterinary medicinal plants of the region

5 Conclusions

The present study concluded that study region has a greatreservoir of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants and localsof the region have tremendous traditional knowledge toutilize these plants for the treatment of their livestock Plantsscoring high Fic and FL value should be further tested fortheir phytochemical and pharmacological investigation Pro-tection measures should be adopted for the conservation ofmultipurpose and other medicinal plant species Young gen-eration should bemobilized toward learning ethnoveterinarypractices before its extinction

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Authorsrsquo Contributions

Akash Tariq and Muhammad Adnan designed the researchstudy Sakina Mussarat and Rahila Amber carried out com-plete field work Sakina Mussarat Rahila Amber RoqaiaBibi and Akash Tariq organized and analyzed the data andwrote thewhole paperAkashTariqMuhammadAdnan RiazUllah andNaserMAbdElsalam supervised all the stages andprovided comments on the draft All authors have read andapproved the final paper

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Deanship of ScientificResearch King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia forfunding the work through the Research Group Project noRGP-210 Authors pay special thanks to all the informantsfor participating in the research and sharing their valuabletraditional knowledge

References

[1] M Harun-or-Rashid R Tanzin K C Ghosh R Jahan MA Khatun and M Rahmatullah ldquoAn ethnoveterinary surveyof medicinal plants used to treat cattle diseases in Birishiriarea Netrakona district Bangladeshrdquo Advances in Natural andApplied Sciences vol 4 no 1 pp 10ndash13 2010

[2] M A Khan M A Khan and M Hussain ldquoEthno veterinarymedicinal uses of plants of Poonch Valley Azad KashmirrdquoPakistan Journal of Weed Sciences Research vol 18 pp 495ndash5072012

[3] Z Iqbal A Jabbar M S Akhtar GMuhammad andM LateefldquoPossible role of ethnoveterinarymedicine in poverty reductionin Pakistan use of botanical anthelmintics as an examplerdquoJournal of Agriculture and Social Sciences vol 1 no 2 pp 187ndash195 2005

[4] W Nouman S M A Basra M T Siddiqui A Yasmeen TGull and M A C Alcayde ldquoPotential ofMoringa oleifera L aslivestock fodder crop a reviewrdquo Turkish Journal of Agricultureand Forestry vol 38 no 1 pp 1ndash14 2014

[5] H Ul Hassan W Murad A Tariq and A Ahmad ldquoEthnovet-erinary study of medicinal plants in Malakand Valley DistrictDir (Lower) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistanrdquo Irish VeterinaryJournal vol 67 no 1 article no 6 2014

[6] A Akhtar Habibullah M Ameer Hidayatullah and MAeshad ldquoPrevalence of sub clinical mastitis in buffaloes in dis-trict DI Khanrdquo Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences vol 64 no2 2012

[7] Z D Sindhu S Ullah R Z Abbas Z Iqbal and M HameedldquoInventory of ethno-veterinary practices used for the controlof parasitic infections in District Jhang Pakistanrdquo InternationalJournal of Agriculture and Biology vol 14 no 6 pp 922ndash9282012

[8] M Evelyn ldquoEthnoveterinary medicine harnessing its poten-tialrdquo Veterinary Bulletin vol 74 no 8 pp 27ndash37 2004

[9] Z Farooq Z Iqbal S Mushtaq G Muhammad M Z Iqbaland M Arshad ldquoEthnoveterinary practices for the treatmentof parasitic diseases in livestock in Cholistan desert (Pakistan)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 118 no 2 pp 213ndash219 2008

[10] M Qaisar S Farooq S N Gilani et al ldquoEthnobotanical surveyof medicinal plants used in Wazir and Daur tribes of NorthWaziristan Pakistanrdquo Global Veterinaria vol 11 no 3 pp 285ndash292 2013

[11] S Mussarat NM Abdel-Salam A Tariq S MWazir R Ullahand M Adnan ldquoUse of ethnomedicinal plants by the peopleliving around indus riverrdquo Evidence-based Complementary andAlternativeMedicine vol 2014Article ID 212634 14 pages 2014

[12] L Badshah F Hussain Z Sher and T Burni ldquoHarvesting andconsumption of fuel and timber wood in rural area of districtTank Pakistanrdquo Pakistan Journal of Botany vol 46 no 5 pp1719ndash1724 2014

[13] L Badshah and F Hussain ldquoPeople preferences and use of localmedicinal flora in district Tank Pakistanrdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Research vol 5 no 1 pp 22ndash29 2011

[14] S Farooq A Barki M Y Khan and H Fazal ldquoEthnobotanicalstudies of the flora of Tehsil Birmal in SouthWaziristan AgencyPakistanrdquoPakistan Journal ofWeed Sciences Research vol 18 no3 pp 277ndash291 2012

[15] M Adnan I Ullah A Tariq et al ldquoEthnomedicine use in thewar affected region of northwest Pakistanrdquo Journal of Ethno-biology and Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1 article 16 2014


[16] R U Khan Facts about AZRI Pakistan Agricultural ResearchCouncil Arid Zone Research Institute Dera Ismail KhanPakistan 2003

[17] S A Shah ldquoConservation of endangered species in KhyberPaktun Khwanrdquo Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences vol 21no 2 pp 400ndash404 2011

[18] G JMartinEthnobotany AMethodsManual ChapmanampHallLondon UK 1995

[19] M Giday Z Asfaw Z Woldu and T Teklehaymanot ldquoMedic-inal plant knowledge of the Bench ethnic group of Ethiopiaan ethnobotanical investigationrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 5 article 34 2009

[20] M Heinrich A Ankli B Frei C Weimann and O SticherldquoMedicinal plants in Mexico healersrsquo consensus and culturalimportancerdquo Social Science and Medicine vol 47 no 11 pp1859ndash1871 1998

[21] M Canales T Hernandez J Caballero et al ldquoInformant con-sensus factor and antibacterial activity of the medicinal plantsused by the people of San Rafael Coxcatlan Puebla MexicordquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 97 no 3 pp 429ndash439 2005

[22] J Friedman Z YanivADafni andD Palewitch ldquoApreliminaryclassification of the healing potential of medicinal plantsbased on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological fieldsurvey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert Israelrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 16 no 2-3 pp 275ndash287 1986

[23] R T Trotter and M H Logan ldquoInformants consensus a newapproach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plantsrdquoin Plants in Indigenous Medicine and Diet N L Etkin Ed pp91ndash112 Redgrave Bedford Hill NY USA 1986

[24] C M Cotton Ethnobotany Principles and applications Chich-ester John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1996

[25] H Kim and M J Song Ethnobotany Seoul World ScienceSeoul Korea 2008

[26] Index Kewensis 20 On Compact Disc Version 20 for the IBMPC Oxford University Press 1997

[27] S I Ali and M Qaiser ldquoFlora of Pakistanrdquo 2010 No 1-215(1972-2010) Pakistan httpwwweflorasorgflora pageaspxflora id=5

[28] A Selvaraju M Ayyanar S S Rathinakumar and T SekarldquoPlants used in ethno-veterinary medicine by malayali tribalsin Salem district of Tamil Nadu IndiardquoMedicinal Plants vol 3no 3 pp 209ndash215 2011

[29] D Devendrakumar and M Anbazhagan ldquoEthnoveterinarymedicinal plants used in Perambalur District Tamil NadurdquoResearch in Plant Biology vol 2 no 3 pp 24ndash30 2012

[30] J R S Tabuti K A Lye and S S Dhillion ldquoTraditional herbaldrugs of Bulamogi Uganda plants use and administrationrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 88 no 1 pp 19ndash44 2003

[31] A Pieroni M E Giusti C de Pasquale et al ldquoCircum-Medi-terranean cultural heritage and medicinal plant uses in tradi-tional animal healthcare a field survey in eight selected areaswithin the RUBIA projectrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethno-medicine vol 2 article 16 2006

[32] S Akerreta M I Calvo and R Y Cavero ldquoEthnoveteri-nary knowledge in Navarra (Iberian Peninsula)rdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 130 no 2 pp 369ndash378 2010

[33] P F Stevens ldquoAngiosperm PhylogenyWebsiterdquo Version 9 2008httpwwwmobotorgMOBOTresearchAPweb

[34] G BenıtezM R Gonzalez-Tejero and JMolero-Mesa ldquoKnow-ledge of ethnoveterinary medicine in the Province of GranadaAndalusia Spainrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no 2pp 429ndash439 2012

[35] A Maroyi ldquoUse of traditional veterinary medicine in Nhemacommunal area of the Midlands province Zimbabwerdquo Afri-can Journal of Traditional Complementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 9 no 3 pp 315ndash322 2012

[36] L R S Gazzaneo R F Paiva de Lucena and U P de Albu-querque ldquoKnowledge and use of medicinal plants by localspecialists in a region of Atlantic Forest in the state of Pernam-buco (Northeastern Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Eth-nomedicine vol 1 article 9 2005

[37] A Tariq S Mussarat M Adnan N M AbdElsalam R Ullahand A L Khan ldquoEthnoveterinary study of medicinal plants ina tribal society of Sulaiman rangerdquoThe Scientific World Journalvol 2014 Article ID 127526 10 pages 2014

[38] H Yineger E Kelbessa T Bekele and E Lulekal ldquoEthnovet-erinary medicinal plants at Bale Mountains National ParkEthiopiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 112 no 1 pp 55ndash70 2007

[39] M Giday and G Ameni ldquoAn ethnobotanical survey on plantsof veterinary importance in two districts of Southern TigrayNorthern Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Journal of Science vol 26 no 3pp 123ndash136 2003

[40] E Amenu Use and management of medicinal plants by indige-nous people of Ejaji Area (ChelyaWereda)West Shewa Ethiopiaan ethnobotanical approach [MS thesis] Addis Ababa Univer-sity Addis Ababa Ethiopia 2007

[41] Y Yigezu D B Haile and W Y Ayen ldquoEthnoveterinary medi-cines in four districts of jimma zone Ethiopia cross sectionalsurvey for plant species and mode of userdquo BMC VeterinaryResearch vol 10 article 76 2014

[42] B Kebu K Ensermu and A Zemede ldquoIndigenous medicinalutilization management and threats in Fentale area EasternShewa Ethiopiardquo Ethiopian Journal of Biological Science vol 3no 1 pp 37ndash58 2004

[43] F Mesfin S Demissew and T Teklehaymanot ldquoAn ethnob-otanical study of medicinal plants inWonagoWoreda SNNPREthiopiardquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 5 no28 2009

[44] S Shen J Qian and J Ren ldquoEthnoveterinary plant remediesused by Nu people in NW Yunnan of Chinardquo Journal of Ethno-biology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 24 2010

[45] G Yirga M Teferi G Gidey and S Zerabruk ldquoAn ethnoveteri-nary survey of medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseasesin Seharti-Samre district Northern EthiopiardquoAfrican Journal ofPlant Sciences vol 6 no 3 pp 113ndash119 2012

[46] F Deeba G Muhammad Z Iqbal and I Hussain ldquoAppraisal ofethno-veterinary practices used for different ailments in dairyanimals in peri-urban areas of Faisalabad (Pakistan)rdquo Interna-tional Journal of Agriculture and Biology vol 11 no 5 pp 535ndash541 2009

[47] F Tamiru W Terfa E Kebede D Dabessa R K Roy and MSorsa ldquoEthnoknowledge of plants used in veterinary practicesin Dabo Hana District West Ethiopiardquo Journal of Medicinalplants Research vol 7 no 40 pp 2960ndash2971 2013

[48] I Khan N M AbdElsalam H Fouad A Tariq R Ullah andM Adnan ldquoApplication of ethnobotanical indices on the useof traditional medicines against common diseasesrdquo Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2014Article ID 635371 21 pages 2014

[49] N V Offiah S Makama I L Elisha et al ldquoEthnobotanical sur-vey of medicinal plants used in the treatment of animal diar-rhoea in Plateau State Nigeriardquo BMC Veterinary Research vol7 article 36 2011


[50] D van derMerwe G E Swan and C J Botha ldquoUse of ethnove-terinarymedicinal plants in cattle by Setswana-speaking peoplein the Madikwe area of the North West Province of SouthAfricardquo Journal of the South African Veterinary Association vol72 no 4 pp 189ndash196 2001

[51] D Luseba and D van der Merwe ldquoEthnoveterinary medicinepractices among Tsonga speaking people of South AfricardquoOnderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research vol 73 no 2 pp115ndash122 2006

[52] C J Cavallito and J H Bailey ldquoAllicin the antibacterial prin-ciple of Allium sativum I Isolation physical properties andantibacterial actionrdquo Journal of the American Chemical Societyvol 66 no 11 pp 1950ndash1951 1944

[53] P Saravanan V Ramya H Sridhar V Balamurugan and SUmamaheshwari ldquoAntibacterial activity ofAllium sativum L onpathogenic bacterial strainsrdquoGlobal Veterinaria vol 4 no 5 pp519ndash522 2010

[54] N R Bhalodia P B Nariya R N Acharya and V J ShuklaldquoIn vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of Cassia fistulaLinn fruit pulp extractsrdquo Ayu vol 33 no 1 pp 123ndash129 2012

[55] R Manonmani V Mohideen and A Khadir ldquoAntibacterialscreening of Foeniculum vulgare Millrdquo International Journal ofPharma and Bio Sciences vol 2 no 4 pp 390ndash394 2011

[56] M M Nitalikar K C Munde B V Dhore and S N ShikalgarldquoStudies of antibacterial activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra rootextractrdquo International Journal of PharmTech Research vol 2 no1 pp 899ndash901 2010

[57] B Devi N Sharma D Kumar and K Jeet ldquoMorus albaLinn a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences vol 5 no 2 pp 14ndash182013

[58] K Doi T Kojima M Makino Y Kimura and Y FujimotoldquoStudies on the constituents of the leaves of Morus alba LrdquoChemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin vol 49 no 2 pp 151ndash1532001

[59] N S Al-Zoreky ldquoAntimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punicagranatum L) fruit peelsrdquo International Journal of Food Microbi-ology vol 134 no 3 pp 244ndash248 2009

[60] M Poeloengan ldquoThe effect of red ginger (Zingiber officinaleRoscoe) extract on the growth of mastitis causing bacterial iso-latesrdquo African Journal of Microbiology Research vol 5 no 4 pp382ndash389 2011

[61] S M R Dilshad N U Rehman N Ahmad and A IqballdquoDocumentation of ethnoveterinary practices for mastitis indairy animals in Pakistanrdquo Pakistan Veterinary Journal vol 30no 3 pp 167ndash171 2010

[62] H Fujisawa K Watanabe K Suma et al ldquoAntibacterial poten-tial of garlic-derived allicin and its cancellation by sulfhydrylcompoundsrdquo Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry vol73 no 9 pp 1948ndash1955 2009

[63] A Devraj and T Karpagam ldquoEvaluation of anti-inflammatoryactivity and analgesic effect of Aloe vera leaf extract in ratsrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 2 no 3 pp103ndash110 2011

[64] S S Yadav R K Bhukal M S Bhandoria S A Ganie S KGulia and T B S Raghav ldquoEthnoveterinary Medicinal plantsof Tosham block of district Bhiwani (Haryana) Indiardquo Journalof Applied Pharmaceutical Science vol 4 no 6 pp 40ndash48 2014

[65] B Marzouk Z Marzouk N Fenina A Bouraoui and MAouni ldquoAnti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of TunisianCitrullus colocynthis Schrad immature fruit and seed organic

extractsrdquo European Review for Medical and PharmacologicalSciences vol 15 no 6 pp 665ndash672 2011

[66] P Kushwah D K Vir N Kayande and R Patidar ldquoPhyto-chemical screening and Evaluation of antimicrobial activity ofGlycyrrhiza glabra LinnrdquoPharmaTutor vol 2 no 5 pp 144ndash1472014

[67] A M Jebor A Al-Saadi R H Behjet M Al-Terehi H KZaidan and A K Mohammed ldquoCharacterization and antimi-crobial activity of barley grain (Hordeumvulgare) extractrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 2 no 8 pp 41ndash48 2013

[68] V Barkatullah M Ibrar and F Hussain ldquoEthnobotanical stud-ies of plants of Charkotli Hills Batkhela District MalakandPakistanrdquo Frontiers of Biology in China vol 4 no 4 pp 539ndash548 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

ToxicologyJournal of


StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Drug DeliveryJournal of



Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Tropical MedicineJournal of


Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


AddictionJournal of



BioMed Research International

Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Autoimmune Diseases


Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of


Pharmaceutics


MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of


4-5 numbers of livestock and it is very difficult for them totreat their animalswithmodern drugs due to high costMore-over issues like development of drugs resistivity in livestockand consumers unfriendly effects like high antibiotic residuesin milk and other animal by-products increase the import-ance of ethnoveterinarymedicines in addition to their signifi-cance in animal health care system [8]Under such conditionstraditional veterinary medicines provide a cheap therapy andeasy accessibility as compared to modern veterinary drugs Itwill also help in poverty alleviation by empowering peoplesto use their own resources for treating livestock ailments [5]That is why majority of the rural population in Pakistan isdependent on medicinal plants for the treatment of theiranimals based on their traditional knowledgeDespite the factthat traditional knowledge is very much important for thelivestock health and productivity the documentation of thisknowledge is very much neglected in majority of the remoteareas of Pakistan [9]

Present study was designed with the aim to documentindigenous knowledge on ethnoveterinary practices of anunexplored remote region situated near Indus river of Pak-istan The area is surrounded by variety of remote regions ofPakistan such as Tank South and North Waziristan Bannuand Lakki Marwat Different ethnobotanical studies havebeen carried out in these adjacent areas even in the studiedarea due to higher dependency of tribal people on medicinalplants [10ndash15] Despite having strong agricultural backgroundof Pakistan very less attention has been given to these poten-tial areas from ethnoveterinary point of view The presentstudy is the first attempt to explore detailed ethnoveterinarypractices of this region of Pakistan where people have soundtraditional knowledge and are highly engaged in utilizingethnoveterinary practices for improving the health of theirlivestock and to compensate their income Main objectivesof the study are (i) to identify ethnoveterinary plants anddetailed indigenous knowledge on herbal preparations (ii) toidentify plants with high bioactivity against specific ailmentson the basis of informant consensus fidelity level and prefer-ence ranking (iii) to identify candidate medicinal plants forfurther phytochemical and pharmacological investigationand (iv) to identify multipurpose ethnoveterinary plantsand factors responsible for their extinction in future usingdirect matrix ranking The present study would be a greatcontribution in conserving valuable traditional knowledge onethnoveterinary practices and provide baseline informationfor future in vitro and in vivo studies that could lead towardidentification of novel active compounds and manufacturingveterinary drugs with low cost and fewer side effects

2 Material and Methods

21 Study Area The present study was carried out in theDera Ismail Khan often abbreviated as D I Khan a districtof Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province Pakistan (Figure 1) DI Khan covers an area of about 7326 km2 and is situatedbetween 70∘111015840 and 71∘201015840 E longitude and between 31∘151015840and 32∘321015840 N latitude [16] D I Khan has mostly flatdry plains commonly called Daman about 80 percent ofthe total area [11] Aquatic and xerophytic vegetations are

commonly grown in the study area [17] Acacia modestaCalotropis procera Acacia nilotica Eucalyptus camaldulensisandMorus alba are the dominant vegetation of the study areaThe maximum and minimum temperatures recorded duringsummer and winter are 27∘C to 42∘C and 20∘C to 40∘Crespectively [11] Mostly rainfall occurs in the late winter andearly spring while in monsoon in June and July Wheat ricesugar cane dates and variety ofmangoes are produced inD IKhanAmong these ldquoVillageDhakki daterdquo is themost famousproduct not only used in the country but also exported to theMiddle East Europe and United States The area is rural innature and inhabitants are very much dependent on livestockfor economic and food purposes Locals of the region usevariety of medicinal plants for the treatment of livestockailments due to expensive veterinary drugs

22 Data Collection Field work was carried out from Mayto August 2014 A total four field trips (each trip of 20 days)weremade in eachmonth (May June July andAugust) Priorto data collection local representatives of the regions werevisited and informed about the main theme of the study andto get their verbal consent for data collection and publicationThemethods for the collection of data and voucher specimensduring the field study followed that described by Martin [18]Total 115 informants were selected on the basis of their tra-ditional knowledge regarding livestock treatment in differentvillages of D I Khan Ethical consent was taken individuallyfrom all the respondents by ensuring them that their tradi-tional knowledge would be protectedThis was done in orderto acknowledge informantsrsquo cooperation in preserving thetraditional knowledge of the study area and builds their con-fidence for providing reliable information Out of 115 infor-mants 90 were males and 25 were females Age of the infor-mants were ranged between 30 and 70 years old Initiallya questionnaire was designed and pretested with ten infor-mants to identify the appropriateness for the data collectionand later on modified according to the informants responseThemodified questionnaire was then used to gather ethnove-terinary medicinal plants data of the study region from eachinformant individually Informantswere allowed to talk freelywithout any hesitation Our final purpose was to get thecomplete list of medicinal plants used andor known by eachinformant All interviews were carried out in local language(Saraiki) of the study area In addition informants weredivided into two groups and total three focus group discus-sionswere also designed to gain further information onmedi-cinal plants at the community level and to prove the reliabilityof data collected through semistructured interviews Ques-tionnaires designed to the respondents (traditional healers)about medicinal plants knowledge were mainly focused onlocal name ofmedicinal plant types of disease treated animaltreated remedy preparation plant part used use of single ormixture of plants for remedy preparation mode of admin-istration dose requirement recovery time and usable dura-tion regarding each medicine The questionnaire also con-tained questions regarding general information of respond-ents such as name of the respondent gender age educationand occupation


Tajikistan

MtTirichmir

Chitral Mastuj

Chitral

Mor Khun

Northern Areas

Gilgit

Dir

Dir

Kalam Dasu

KohistanSwat

ShanglaSaidu

SharifBuner

Naran

Battagram

Mansehra

Mansehra

Abbottabad

Murree

HaripurSwabi India

Islamabad

Punjab

Pakistan

BajaurAgency


Nowshera

MohmandAgency


Kotal

Afghanistan

Charikar

Kabul Jalalabad

Gardeyz

Kohat

KohatKarak

Bannu

Hangu

Parachinar

KurramAgencyKhost

Khyber Agency

Orakzai Agency

Kalabagh

LakkiMarwat

Tank

NorthWaziristan

Razmak

ZarghunShar

SouthWaziristan

Wana

Jandola

DeraIsmailKhan

Dera IsmailKhan

ZhobBalochistan

Miranshah

Mianwali















45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0


Num

ber o

f pla

nts u

sed

Animals treated



3 Results





Table1Ethn

oveterinaryuses

ofmedicinalplantsof

DeraIsm

ailK

han

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Albizialeb

beck

L

Mim

osaceaeKU

H-721

Sirin

TP

LEy

edise

ases

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatdon

keycamels

Leaves

areb

oiledin

water

andused

fore

yediseases

inanim

als

3-4drop

sDermal

3-4

Alliu

mcepa

L

LiliaceaeK

UH-722

Piaz

HA

BuMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

1000

gof

onionalon

eorc

ombinatio

nof

onion

andajwainisused

150

Oral

5

Alliu

msativ

umL

LiliaceaeK

UH-723

Lehsanth

oom

HA

StBloo

dydiarrhea

Sheepgoat

Decoctio

n1-2

glass

Oral

10Bu

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Plantp

artg

rindedandmixed

with

butte

r150

Oral

7Aloe

barbadensis

Mill

Liliaceae

KUH-724

Kuwar

gand

alH

PL

Scabies

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatdon

keycamels

Pieces

ofspinelessleavesa

remixed

with

common

salt

2leaves

Oral

10

Amom

umsubu

latum

Roxb

Zing

iberaceae

KUH-725

BareeIlaichee

TP

FMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Grin

dedandmixed

with

ajwain

sarsoo

noil

andsalt

25Oral

3

Azadira

chta

indica

L

Meliaceae

KUH-726

Neem

TP

LScabiesskin

abscesses

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoats

Freshleaves

arec

rushed

andmixed

with

waterTh

ewater

isstr

ainedandthen

givento

anim

als

Dailyon

eglass

Oral

7

Brassicacampestr

isL

Brassic

aceaeKU

H-727

Sarsoo

nH

A

SoMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

500m

Lof

seedso

ilisgivendaily

500m

LOral

10

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Decoctio

nismadeb

ymixinglassicrushed

seedsandsomea

mou

ntof

soap

Asn

eeded

Oral

1

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture


isgiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

1

SMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Seed

oil

150

Oral

4-5

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Seedsa

recrushedandgivenin

powderform

150

Oral

3

Capsicu

mannu

umL

Solanaceae

KUH-728

Lalm

irch

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Plantisc

rushed

andmixed

with

wheat

Asn

eeded

Oral

8

CassiafistulaMill

CaesalpinaceaeK

UH-729

Amaltas

TP

FMucaldiarrhea

muscle

sand

jointspain

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Fruitisb

rokenandbo

iledin

waterTh

ewater

isstr

ainedandthen

used

Asn

eeded

Oral

3ndash5

Centratherum

anthelm

isticu

mL

Aste

raceaeK

UH-730

KalaZe

era

HA

SMastitis

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

50gof

seedsism

ixed

inwheatflo

urand

common

salt

50Oral

5

Citru

lluscolocynthisL

Cucurbita

ceaeK

UH-731

Karthu

ma

HA

RSkin

diseases

Buffa

locow

sgoat

Poultic

eAsn

eeded

Dermal

3F

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Grin

dfruitand

mixed

with

khalor

flour

100

Oral

3

Citru

slim

onLOsbeck

RutaceaeK

UH-732

Nim

buL

emon

Lem

oS

PF

Mastitis

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Fruitjuice

ismixed

with

sugartomakep

aste

Oralderm

al15

Citru

sreticu

lata

Blanco

RutaceaeK

UH-733

Maltasangtara

TP

LDiarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatcam

elsDry

leaves

areb

oiledin

water

tomakejuice

Asn

eeded

Oral

2

LMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

Poultic

eAsn

eeded

Dermal

5Cleomeb

rachycarpa

Vahl

Capp

araceaeKU

H-734

Gandi

booti

HAP

Wh

Malash

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoats

Crushedandmixed

with

wheatflo

urAsn

eeded

Oral

4

Cuminum

cyminum

L

Aste

raceae

KUH-735

Sufaid

zeera

HA

SMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

1kgof

seedsisc

rushed

1000

Oral

6

Curcum

alongaL

Zing

iberaceae

KUH-736

Haldi

HP

RMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Rootsa

ndsugara

regrindedto

makep

owder

30Oral

7


Table1Con

tinued

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Echinops

echinatusR

oxb

Aste

raceaeK

UH-737

Mastara

SA

StGarmim

alash

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Crushedandmixed

with

flour

andmadeinto

balls

50Oral

10

ErucasativaMill

Brassic

aceaeKU

H-738

Ussoo

nH

AS

Malash

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsc

rushed

andmadeintosm

allballsand

mixed

with

oil

70Oral

3

Fagoniacretica

L

Zygoph

yllaceaeK

UH-739

Dhamaan

SB

Wh

Liverton

icCow

sbu

ffaloes

Decoctio

n2-3glass

Oral

4-5

Foenicu

lum

vulga

reMill

Apiaceae

KUH-740

Saun

f

HP

SIndigestion

Cow

sbu

ffaloescam

els

Powderism

adea

ndcalledPh

akibymixing

thep

lant

partwith

meethas

odamalathiand

ajwain

100

Oral

Afte

rone

daytill10

days

Saun

fS

Stom

ach

troub

les

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Crushedseedsa

remixed

with

wheatflo

ur

blacksalt

sodium

bicarbon

ateandcommon

salt

Asn

eeded

Oral

2

Saun

fS

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

50gof

seedsisroaste

dandmixed

in125m

Lof

vegetableo

ilAsn

eeded

Oral

4

Glycyrrhizagla

braL

FabaceaeK

UH-741

Malathi

SP

StCou

ghCow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

sheep

Crushedste

mismixed

with

oilwheatflo

ur

andgurror

sugartomakeh

alwa

250

Oral

3

Gossypium

hirsutum

L

MalvaceaeK

UH-742

Cottonbu

dsS

AB

Bloo

dydiarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Buds

arec

rushed

andmixed

with

sarson

oil

andmadeintosm

allballsof

100g

100

Oral

4-5

Hordeum

vulga

re

PoaceaeKU

H-743

Barle

yJow

HA

SCou

ghCow

sbu

ffaloes

Seedsa


make

powderPo

wderism

ixed

with

water

andgiven

toanim

als

One

bucket

Oral

7

Ipom

oeacarnea

Jacq

Con

volvulaceaeKU

H-744

Wirn

raS

PL

Malashfever

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatcam

elsDrie

dleaves

arec

rushed

andmadeintosafoof

Oral

4-5

Mangifer

aindica

L

Anacardiaceae

KUH-745

MangoA

ambAam

TP

SMucaldiarrhea

muscle

spain

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Crushedseedsa

regiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

1-2

Meliaazadira

chta

L

Meliaceae

KUH-746

Dhrek

TP

LStom

ach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

with

sugartomakep

owder

25Oral

5

Morus

alba

LM

oraceae

KUH-747

Toot

TP

LCon

stipatio

nCow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

tomakep

owdera

ndmixed

inmilk

toform

suspensio

nAsn

eeded

Oral

3-4

Nigella

sativaL

Ranu

nculaceae

KUH-748

Kaoo

lnji

HA

SMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

rebo

iledin

water

tomakes

uspension

Asn

eeded

Oral

4

Oryza

sativaLPoaceae

KUH-749

Chaw

alH

AS

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

rebo

iledin

milk

tomakes

uspension

Oral

2

Peganu

mharm

alaL

Zygoph

yllaceaeK

UH-750

Harmal

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Fumigationof

harm

alseedsu

nder

thea

ffected

uddera

tevening

timefre

shleaves

arem

ixed

with

charaa

ndgiven

Asn

eeded

Nasaloral

5

Pipern

igrum

L

PiperaceaeK

UH-751

Kalimirc

hT

PS

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofkalimirc

handwheatflo

urisgiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Portulacaoleracea

LPortulacaceaeK

UH-752

Loon

rak

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

ssheep

Fullplantisg

iven

Asn

eeded

Oral

Punica

gran

atum

LLythraceaeKU

H-753

Anar

TP

FBloo

dydiarrhea

Buffa

loescow

sgoat

Fruitcover

iscutintothin

pieces

andmixed

with

wheatflo

ur250

Oral

2


Table1Con

tinued

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Rosa

indica

LR

osaceae

KUH-754

Saun

fgulabpo

dinaajwain

HP

ECon

stipatio

nabdo

minal

swellin

g

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

sheep

Extracto

fsaunfgulabpod

inaandajwainis

mixed

andgivenaft

erhalfan

hour

Equal

amou

ntof

allthese

extracts

Oral

2

RoseG

ulab

PMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Petalsareb

oiledin

milk

Asn

eeded

Oral

7Saccharum

officin

arum

L

Poaceae

KUH-755

KamadG

anna

SA

StMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Stem

iscrushedto

obtain

juicee

xtract

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Sesamum

indicum

L

Pedaliaceae

KUH-756

Til

HA

SoMastitis

Malash

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofoiland

milk

orlassi

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Tamarixaphylla

L

TamaricaceaeKU

H-757

Khagal

TP

LKilling

ofwormsinskin

wou

nds

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

tomakep

oultice

Asn

eeded

Dermal

5

Thym

usserpyllum

L

Lamiaceae

KUH-758

Jang

liPo

dina

HB

LMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Poultic

eDermal

7

Trachyspermum

ammiL

Ap

iaceaeK

UH-759

Ajwain

HA

S

Stom

ach

troub

les

mastitis

abdo

minal

swellin

gallergy

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

camels

Crushedseedsa

remixed

with

wheatflo

urand

common

salt

80ndash100

Oral

4

Triticum

aestivum

L

Poaceae

KUH-760

Gandamkanak

HA

SDiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

recrushedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndmakes

mallballsshape

100

Oral

3

With

aniacoagulan

sL

SolanaceaeK

UH-761

Akrip

aneer

SP

LF

Diarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Fruitisc

rushed

andmixed

with

oiland

salt

Asn

eeded

Oral

3-4

Xanthium

strum

arium

Linn

SolanaceaeK

UH-762

Kand

ari

HA

Wh

Malash

Camels

Powder

Asn

eeded

Oral

10

Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

oscoe

Zing

iberaceaeKU

H-763

Sund

Adrak

HP

RhMastitis

bloo

dydiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Rhizom

eand

sugara

regrindedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndgive

with

sugar

130

Oral

5

Habit

HherbT

treeSshrubLifespanA

ann

ualB

biennialP

perennialP

lant

partLleafRh

rhizomeWhwho

leplantFfruitSste

mSoseed

oilE

extractBu

bulbFlflow

er



















4 Discussion





































5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References












































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


Tajikistan

MtTirichmir

Chitral Mastuj

Chitral

Mor Khun

Northern Areas

Gilgit

Dir

Dir

Kalam Dasu

KohistanSwat

ShanglaSaidu

SharifBuner

Naran

Battagram

Mansehra

Mansehra

Abbottabad

Murree

HaripurSwabi India

Islamabad

Punjab

Pakistan

BajaurAgency


Nowshera

MohmandAgency


Kotal

Afghanistan

Charikar

Kabul Jalalabad

Gardeyz

Kohat

KohatKarak

Bannu

Hangu

Parachinar

KurramAgencyKhost

Khyber Agency

Orakzai Agency

Kalabagh

LakkiMarwat

Tank

NorthWaziristan

Razmak

ZarghunShar

SouthWaziristan

Wana

Jandola

DeraIsmailKhan

Dera IsmailKhan

ZhobBalochistan

Miranshah

Mianwali















45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0


Num

ber o

f pla

nts u

sed

Animals treated



3 Results





Table1Ethn

oveterinaryuses

ofmedicinalplantsof

DeraIsm

ailK

han

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Albizialeb

beck

L

Mim

osaceaeKU

H-721

Sirin

TP

LEy

edise

ases

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatdon

keycamels

Leaves

areb

oiledin

water

andused

fore

yediseases

inanim

als

3-4drop

sDermal

3-4

Alliu

mcepa

L

LiliaceaeK

UH-722

Piaz

HA

BuMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

1000

gof

onionalon

eorc

ombinatio

nof

onion

andajwainisused

150

Oral

5

Alliu

msativ

umL

LiliaceaeK

UH-723

Lehsanth

oom

HA

StBloo

dydiarrhea

Sheepgoat

Decoctio

n1-2

glass

Oral

10Bu

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Plantp

artg

rindedandmixed

with

butte

r150

Oral

7Aloe

barbadensis

Mill

Liliaceae

KUH-724

Kuwar

gand

alH

PL

Scabies

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatdon

keycamels

Pieces

ofspinelessleavesa

remixed

with

common

salt

2leaves

Oral

10

Amom

umsubu

latum

Roxb

Zing

iberaceae

KUH-725

BareeIlaichee

TP

FMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Grin

dedandmixed

with

ajwain

sarsoo

noil

andsalt

25Oral

3

Azadira

chta

indica

L

Meliaceae

KUH-726

Neem

TP

LScabiesskin

abscesses

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoats

Freshleaves

arec

rushed

andmixed

with

waterTh

ewater

isstr

ainedandthen

givento

anim

als

Dailyon

eglass

Oral

7

Brassicacampestr

isL

Brassic

aceaeKU

H-727

Sarsoo

nH

A

SoMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

500m

Lof

seedso

ilisgivendaily

500m

LOral

10

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Decoctio

nismadeb

ymixinglassicrushed

seedsandsomea

mou

ntof

soap

Asn

eeded

Oral

1

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture


isgiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

1

SMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Seed

oil

150

Oral

4-5

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Seedsa

recrushedandgivenin

powderform

150

Oral

3

Capsicu

mannu

umL

Solanaceae

KUH-728

Lalm

irch

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Plantisc

rushed

andmixed

with

wheat

Asn

eeded

Oral

8

CassiafistulaMill

CaesalpinaceaeK

UH-729

Amaltas

TP

FMucaldiarrhea

muscle

sand

jointspain

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Fruitisb

rokenandbo

iledin

waterTh

ewater

isstr

ainedandthen

used

Asn

eeded

Oral

3ndash5

Centratherum

anthelm

isticu

mL

Aste

raceaeK

UH-730

KalaZe

era

HA

SMastitis

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

50gof

seedsism

ixed

inwheatflo

urand

common

salt

50Oral

5

Citru

lluscolocynthisL

Cucurbita

ceaeK

UH-731

Karthu

ma

HA

RSkin

diseases

Buffa

locow

sgoat

Poultic

eAsn

eeded

Dermal

3F

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Grin

dfruitand

mixed

with

khalor

flour

100

Oral

3

Citru

slim

onLOsbeck

RutaceaeK

UH-732

Nim

buL

emon

Lem

oS

PF

Mastitis

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Fruitjuice

ismixed

with

sugartomakep

aste

Oralderm

al15

Citru

sreticu

lata

Blanco

RutaceaeK

UH-733

Maltasangtara

TP

LDiarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatcam

elsDry

leaves

areb

oiledin

water

tomakejuice

Asn

eeded

Oral

2

LMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

Poultic

eAsn

eeded

Dermal

5Cleomeb

rachycarpa

Vahl

Capp

araceaeKU

H-734

Gandi

booti

HAP

Wh

Malash

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoats

Crushedandmixed

with

wheatflo

urAsn

eeded

Oral

4

Cuminum

cyminum

L

Aste

raceae

KUH-735

Sufaid

zeera

HA

SMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

1kgof

seedsisc

rushed

1000

Oral

6

Curcum

alongaL

Zing

iberaceae

KUH-736

Haldi

HP

RMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Rootsa

ndsugara

regrindedto

makep

owder

30Oral

7


Table1Con

tinued

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Echinops

echinatusR

oxb

Aste

raceaeK

UH-737

Mastara

SA

StGarmim

alash

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Crushedandmixed

with

flour

andmadeinto

balls

50Oral

10

ErucasativaMill

Brassic

aceaeKU

H-738

Ussoo

nH

AS

Malash

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsc

rushed

andmadeintosm

allballsand

mixed

with

oil

70Oral

3

Fagoniacretica

L

Zygoph

yllaceaeK

UH-739

Dhamaan

SB

Wh

Liverton

icCow

sbu

ffaloes

Decoctio

n2-3glass

Oral

4-5

Foenicu

lum

vulga

reMill

Apiaceae

KUH-740

Saun

f

HP

SIndigestion

Cow

sbu

ffaloescam

els

Powderism

adea

ndcalledPh

akibymixing

thep

lant

partwith

meethas

odamalathiand

ajwain

100

Oral

Afte

rone

daytill10

days

Saun

fS

Stom

ach

troub

les

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Crushedseedsa

remixed

with

wheatflo

ur

blacksalt

sodium

bicarbon

ateandcommon

salt

Asn

eeded

Oral

2

Saun

fS

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

50gof

seedsisroaste

dandmixed

in125m

Lof

vegetableo

ilAsn

eeded

Oral

4

Glycyrrhizagla

braL

FabaceaeK

UH-741

Malathi

SP

StCou

ghCow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

sheep

Crushedste

mismixed

with

oilwheatflo

ur

andgurror

sugartomakeh

alwa

250

Oral

3

Gossypium

hirsutum

L

MalvaceaeK

UH-742

Cottonbu

dsS

AB

Bloo

dydiarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Buds

arec

rushed

andmixed

with

sarson

oil

andmadeintosm

allballsof

100g

100

Oral

4-5

Hordeum

vulga

re

PoaceaeKU

H-743

Barle

yJow

HA

SCou

ghCow

sbu

ffaloes

Seedsa


make

powderPo

wderism

ixed

with

water

andgiven

toanim

als

One

bucket

Oral

7

Ipom

oeacarnea

Jacq

Con

volvulaceaeKU

H-744

Wirn

raS

PL

Malashfever

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatcam

elsDrie

dleaves

arec

rushed

andmadeintosafoof

Oral

4-5

Mangifer

aindica

L

Anacardiaceae

KUH-745

MangoA

ambAam

TP

SMucaldiarrhea

muscle

spain

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Crushedseedsa

regiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

1-2

Meliaazadira

chta

L

Meliaceae

KUH-746

Dhrek

TP

LStom

ach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

with

sugartomakep

owder

25Oral

5

Morus

alba

LM

oraceae

KUH-747

Toot

TP

LCon

stipatio

nCow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

tomakep

owdera

ndmixed

inmilk

toform

suspensio

nAsn

eeded

Oral

3-4

Nigella

sativaL

Ranu

nculaceae

KUH-748

Kaoo

lnji

HA

SMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

rebo

iledin

water

tomakes

uspension

Asn

eeded

Oral

4

Oryza

sativaLPoaceae

KUH-749

Chaw

alH

AS

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

rebo

iledin

milk

tomakes

uspension

Oral

2

Peganu

mharm

alaL

Zygoph

yllaceaeK

UH-750

Harmal

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Fumigationof

harm

alseedsu

nder

thea

ffected

uddera

tevening

timefre

shleaves

arem

ixed

with

charaa

ndgiven

Asn

eeded

Nasaloral

5

Pipern

igrum

L

PiperaceaeK

UH-751

Kalimirc

hT

PS

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofkalimirc

handwheatflo

urisgiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Portulacaoleracea

LPortulacaceaeK

UH-752

Loon

rak

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

ssheep

Fullplantisg

iven

Asn

eeded

Oral

Punica

gran

atum

LLythraceaeKU

H-753

Anar

TP

FBloo

dydiarrhea

Buffa

loescow

sgoat

Fruitcover

iscutintothin

pieces

andmixed

with

wheatflo

ur250

Oral

2


Table1Con

tinued

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Rosa

indica

LR

osaceae

KUH-754

Saun

fgulabpo

dinaajwain

HP

ECon

stipatio

nabdo

minal

swellin

g

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

sheep

Extracto

fsaunfgulabpod

inaandajwainis

mixed

andgivenaft

erhalfan

hour

Equal

amou

ntof

allthese

extracts

Oral

2

RoseG

ulab

PMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Petalsareb

oiledin

milk

Asn

eeded

Oral

7Saccharum

officin

arum

L

Poaceae

KUH-755

KamadG

anna

SA

StMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Stem

iscrushedto

obtain

juicee

xtract

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Sesamum

indicum

L

Pedaliaceae

KUH-756

Til

HA

SoMastitis

Malash

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofoiland

milk

orlassi

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Tamarixaphylla

L

TamaricaceaeKU

H-757

Khagal

TP

LKilling

ofwormsinskin

wou

nds

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

tomakep

oultice

Asn

eeded

Dermal

5

Thym

usserpyllum

L

Lamiaceae

KUH-758

Jang

liPo

dina

HB

LMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Poultic

eDermal

7

Trachyspermum

ammiL

Ap

iaceaeK

UH-759

Ajwain

HA

S

Stom

ach

troub

les

mastitis

abdo

minal

swellin

gallergy

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

camels

Crushedseedsa

remixed

with

wheatflo

urand

common

salt

80ndash100

Oral

4

Triticum

aestivum

L

Poaceae

KUH-760

Gandamkanak

HA

SDiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

recrushedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndmakes

mallballsshape

100

Oral

3

With

aniacoagulan

sL

SolanaceaeK

UH-761

Akrip

aneer

SP

LF

Diarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Fruitisc

rushed

andmixed

with

oiland

salt

Asn

eeded

Oral

3-4

Xanthium

strum

arium

Linn

SolanaceaeK

UH-762

Kand

ari

HA

Wh

Malash

Camels

Powder

Asn

eeded

Oral

10

Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

oscoe

Zing

iberaceaeKU

H-763

Sund

Adrak

HP

RhMastitis

bloo

dydiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Rhizom

eand

sugara

regrindedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndgive

with

sugar

130

Oral

5

Habit

HherbT

treeSshrubLifespanA

ann

ualB

biennialP

perennialP

lant

partLleafRh

rhizomeWhwho

leplantFfruitSste

mSoseed

oilE

extractBu

bulbFlflow

er



















4 Discussion





































5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References












































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of










45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0


Num

ber o

f pla

nts u

sed

Animals treated



3 Results





Table1Ethn

oveterinaryuses

ofmedicinalplantsof

DeraIsm

ailK

han

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Albizialeb

beck

L

Mim

osaceaeKU

H-721

Sirin

TP

LEy

edise

ases

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatdon

keycamels

Leaves

areb

oiledin

water

andused

fore

yediseases

inanim

als

3-4drop

sDermal

3-4

Alliu

mcepa

L

LiliaceaeK

UH-722

Piaz

HA

BuMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

1000

gof

onionalon

eorc

ombinatio

nof

onion

andajwainisused

150

Oral

5

Alliu

msativ

umL

LiliaceaeK

UH-723

Lehsanth

oom

HA

StBloo

dydiarrhea

Sheepgoat

Decoctio

n1-2

glass

Oral

10Bu

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Plantp

artg

rindedandmixed

with

butte

r150

Oral

7Aloe

barbadensis

Mill

Liliaceae

KUH-724

Kuwar

gand

alH

PL

Scabies

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatdon

keycamels

Pieces

ofspinelessleavesa

remixed

with

common

salt

2leaves

Oral

10

Amom

umsubu

latum

Roxb

Zing

iberaceae

KUH-725

BareeIlaichee

TP

FMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Grin

dedandmixed

with

ajwain

sarsoo

noil

andsalt

25Oral

3

Azadira

chta

indica

L

Meliaceae

KUH-726

Neem

TP

LScabiesskin

abscesses

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoats

Freshleaves

arec

rushed

andmixed

with

waterTh

ewater

isstr

ainedandthen

givento

anim

als

Dailyon

eglass

Oral

7

Brassicacampestr

isL

Brassic

aceaeKU

H-727

Sarsoo

nH

A

SoMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

500m

Lof

seedso

ilisgivendaily

500m

LOral

10

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Decoctio

nismadeb

ymixinglassicrushed

seedsandsomea

mou

ntof

soap

Asn

eeded

Oral

1

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture


isgiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

1

SMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Seed

oil

150

Oral

4-5

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Seedsa

recrushedandgivenin

powderform

150

Oral

3

Capsicu

mannu

umL

Solanaceae

KUH-728

Lalm

irch

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Plantisc

rushed

andmixed

with

wheat

Asn

eeded

Oral

8

CassiafistulaMill

CaesalpinaceaeK

UH-729

Amaltas

TP

FMucaldiarrhea

muscle

sand

jointspain

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Fruitisb

rokenandbo

iledin

waterTh

ewater

isstr

ainedandthen

used

Asn

eeded

Oral

3ndash5

Centratherum

anthelm

isticu

mL

Aste

raceaeK

UH-730

KalaZe

era

HA

SMastitis

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

50gof

seedsism

ixed

inwheatflo

urand

common

salt

50Oral

5

Citru

lluscolocynthisL

Cucurbita

ceaeK

UH-731

Karthu

ma

HA

RSkin

diseases

Buffa

locow

sgoat

Poultic

eAsn

eeded

Dermal

3F

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Grin

dfruitand

mixed

with

khalor

flour

100

Oral

3

Citru

slim

onLOsbeck

RutaceaeK

UH-732

Nim

buL

emon

Lem

oS

PF

Mastitis

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Fruitjuice

ismixed

with

sugartomakep

aste

Oralderm

al15

Citru

sreticu

lata

Blanco

RutaceaeK

UH-733

Maltasangtara

TP

LDiarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatcam

elsDry

leaves

areb

oiledin

water

tomakejuice

Asn

eeded

Oral

2

LMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

Poultic

eAsn

eeded

Dermal

5Cleomeb

rachycarpa

Vahl

Capp

araceaeKU

H-734

Gandi

booti

HAP

Wh

Malash

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoats

Crushedandmixed

with

wheatflo

urAsn

eeded

Oral

4

Cuminum

cyminum

L

Aste

raceae

KUH-735

Sufaid

zeera

HA

SMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

1kgof

seedsisc

rushed

1000

Oral

6

Curcum

alongaL

Zing

iberaceae

KUH-736

Haldi

HP

RMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Rootsa

ndsugara

regrindedto

makep

owder

30Oral

7


Table1Con

tinued

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Echinops

echinatusR

oxb

Aste

raceaeK

UH-737

Mastara

SA

StGarmim

alash

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Crushedandmixed

with

flour

andmadeinto

balls

50Oral

10

ErucasativaMill

Brassic

aceaeKU

H-738

Ussoo

nH

AS

Malash

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsc

rushed

andmadeintosm

allballsand

mixed

with

oil

70Oral

3

Fagoniacretica

L

Zygoph

yllaceaeK

UH-739

Dhamaan

SB

Wh

Liverton

icCow

sbu

ffaloes

Decoctio

n2-3glass

Oral

4-5

Foenicu

lum

vulga

reMill

Apiaceae

KUH-740

Saun

f

HP

SIndigestion

Cow

sbu

ffaloescam

els

Powderism

adea

ndcalledPh

akibymixing

thep

lant

partwith

meethas

odamalathiand

ajwain

100

Oral

Afte

rone

daytill10

days

Saun

fS

Stom

ach

troub

les

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Crushedseedsa

remixed

with

wheatflo

ur

blacksalt

sodium

bicarbon

ateandcommon

salt

Asn

eeded

Oral

2

Saun

fS

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

50gof

seedsisroaste

dandmixed

in125m

Lof

vegetableo

ilAsn

eeded

Oral

4

Glycyrrhizagla

braL

FabaceaeK

UH-741

Malathi

SP

StCou

ghCow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

sheep

Crushedste

mismixed

with

oilwheatflo

ur

andgurror

sugartomakeh

alwa

250

Oral

3

Gossypium

hirsutum

L

MalvaceaeK

UH-742

Cottonbu

dsS

AB

Bloo

dydiarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Buds

arec

rushed

andmixed

with

sarson

oil

andmadeintosm

allballsof

100g

100

Oral

4-5

Hordeum

vulga

re

PoaceaeKU

H-743

Barle

yJow

HA

SCou

ghCow

sbu

ffaloes

Seedsa


make

powderPo

wderism

ixed

with

water

andgiven

toanim

als

One

bucket

Oral

7

Ipom

oeacarnea

Jacq

Con

volvulaceaeKU

H-744

Wirn

raS

PL

Malashfever

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatcam

elsDrie

dleaves

arec

rushed

andmadeintosafoof

Oral

4-5

Mangifer

aindica

L

Anacardiaceae

KUH-745

MangoA

ambAam

TP

SMucaldiarrhea

muscle

spain

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Crushedseedsa

regiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

1-2

Meliaazadira

chta

L

Meliaceae

KUH-746

Dhrek

TP

LStom

ach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

with

sugartomakep

owder

25Oral

5

Morus

alba

LM

oraceae

KUH-747

Toot

TP

LCon

stipatio

nCow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

tomakep

owdera

ndmixed

inmilk

toform

suspensio

nAsn

eeded

Oral

3-4

Nigella

sativaL

Ranu

nculaceae

KUH-748

Kaoo

lnji

HA

SMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

rebo

iledin

water

tomakes

uspension

Asn

eeded

Oral

4

Oryza

sativaLPoaceae

KUH-749

Chaw

alH

AS

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

rebo

iledin

milk

tomakes

uspension

Oral

2

Peganu

mharm

alaL

Zygoph

yllaceaeK

UH-750

Harmal

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Fumigationof

harm

alseedsu

nder

thea

ffected

uddera

tevening

timefre

shleaves

arem

ixed

with

charaa

ndgiven

Asn

eeded

Nasaloral

5

Pipern

igrum

L

PiperaceaeK

UH-751

Kalimirc

hT

PS

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofkalimirc

handwheatflo

urisgiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Portulacaoleracea

LPortulacaceaeK

UH-752

Loon

rak

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

ssheep

Fullplantisg

iven

Asn

eeded

Oral

Punica

gran

atum

LLythraceaeKU

H-753

Anar

TP

FBloo

dydiarrhea

Buffa

loescow

sgoat

Fruitcover

iscutintothin

pieces

andmixed

with

wheatflo

ur250

Oral

2


Table1Con

tinued

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Rosa

indica

LR

osaceae

KUH-754

Saun

fgulabpo

dinaajwain

HP

ECon

stipatio

nabdo

minal

swellin

g

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

sheep

Extracto

fsaunfgulabpod

inaandajwainis

mixed

andgivenaft

erhalfan

hour

Equal

amou

ntof

allthese

extracts

Oral

2

RoseG

ulab

PMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Petalsareb

oiledin

milk

Asn

eeded

Oral

7Saccharum

officin

arum

L

Poaceae

KUH-755

KamadG

anna

SA

StMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Stem

iscrushedto

obtain

juicee

xtract

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Sesamum

indicum

L

Pedaliaceae

KUH-756

Til

HA

SoMastitis

Malash

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofoiland

milk

orlassi

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Tamarixaphylla

L

TamaricaceaeKU

H-757

Khagal

TP

LKilling

ofwormsinskin

wou

nds

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

tomakep

oultice

Asn

eeded

Dermal

5

Thym

usserpyllum

L

Lamiaceae

KUH-758

Jang

liPo

dina

HB

LMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Poultic

eDermal

7

Trachyspermum

ammiL

Ap

iaceaeK

UH-759

Ajwain

HA

S

Stom

ach

troub

les

mastitis

abdo

minal

swellin

gallergy

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

camels

Crushedseedsa

remixed

with

wheatflo

urand

common

salt

80ndash100

Oral

4

Triticum

aestivum

L

Poaceae

KUH-760

Gandamkanak

HA

SDiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

recrushedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndmakes

mallballsshape

100

Oral

3

With

aniacoagulan

sL

SolanaceaeK

UH-761

Akrip

aneer

SP

LF

Diarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Fruitisc

rushed

andmixed

with

oiland

salt

Asn

eeded

Oral

3-4

Xanthium

strum

arium

Linn

SolanaceaeK

UH-762

Kand

ari

HA

Wh

Malash

Camels

Powder

Asn

eeded

Oral

10

Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

oscoe

Zing

iberaceaeKU

H-763

Sund

Adrak

HP

RhMastitis

bloo

dydiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Rhizom

eand

sugara

regrindedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndgive

with

sugar

130

Oral

5

Habit

HherbT

treeSshrubLifespanA

ann

ualB

biennialP

perennialP

lant

partLleafRh

rhizomeWhwho

leplantFfruitSste

mSoseed

oilE

extractBu

bulbFlflow

er



















4 Discussion





































5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References












































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


Table1Ethn

oveterinaryuses

ofmedicinalplantsof

DeraIsm

ailK

han

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Albizialeb

beck

L

Mim

osaceaeKU

H-721

Sirin

TP

LEy

edise

ases

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatdon

keycamels

Leaves

areb

oiledin

water

andused

fore

yediseases

inanim

als

3-4drop

sDermal

3-4

Alliu

mcepa

L

LiliaceaeK

UH-722

Piaz

HA

BuMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

1000

gof

onionalon

eorc

ombinatio

nof

onion

andajwainisused

150

Oral

5

Alliu

msativ

umL

LiliaceaeK

UH-723

Lehsanth

oom

HA

StBloo

dydiarrhea

Sheepgoat

Decoctio

n1-2

glass

Oral

10Bu

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Plantp

artg

rindedandmixed

with

butte

r150

Oral

7Aloe

barbadensis

Mill

Liliaceae

KUH-724

Kuwar

gand

alH

PL

Scabies

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatdon

keycamels

Pieces

ofspinelessleavesa

remixed

with

common

salt

2leaves

Oral

10

Amom

umsubu

latum

Roxb

Zing

iberaceae

KUH-725

BareeIlaichee

TP

FMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Grin

dedandmixed

with

ajwain

sarsoo

noil

andsalt

25Oral

3

Azadira

chta

indica

L

Meliaceae

KUH-726

Neem

TP

LScabiesskin

abscesses

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoats

Freshleaves

arec

rushed

andmixed

with

waterTh

ewater

isstr

ainedandthen

givento

anim

als

Dailyon

eglass

Oral

7

Brassicacampestr

isL

Brassic

aceaeKU

H-727

Sarsoo

nH

A

SoMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

500m

Lof

seedso

ilisgivendaily

500m

LOral

10

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Decoctio

nismadeb

ymixinglassicrushed

seedsandsomea

mou

ntof

soap

Asn

eeded

Oral

1

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture


isgiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

1

SMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Seed

oil

150

Oral

4-5

SPlacenta

retention

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Seedsa

recrushedandgivenin

powderform

150

Oral

3

Capsicu

mannu

umL

Solanaceae

KUH-728

Lalm

irch

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Plantisc

rushed

andmixed

with

wheat

Asn

eeded

Oral

8

CassiafistulaMill

CaesalpinaceaeK

UH-729

Amaltas

TP

FMucaldiarrhea

muscle

sand

jointspain

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Fruitisb

rokenandbo

iledin

waterTh

ewater

isstr

ainedandthen

used

Asn

eeded

Oral

3ndash5

Centratherum

anthelm

isticu

mL

Aste

raceaeK

UH-730

KalaZe

era

HA

SMastitis

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

50gof

seedsism

ixed

inwheatflo

urand

common

salt

50Oral

5

Citru

lluscolocynthisL

Cucurbita

ceaeK

UH-731

Karthu

ma

HA

RSkin

diseases

Buffa

locow

sgoat

Poultic

eAsn

eeded

Dermal

3F

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Grin

dfruitand

mixed

with

khalor

flour

100

Oral

3

Citru

slim

onLOsbeck

RutaceaeK

UH-732

Nim

buL

emon

Lem

oS

PF

Mastitis

stomach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Fruitjuice

ismixed

with

sugartomakep

aste

Oralderm

al15

Citru

sreticu

lata

Blanco

RutaceaeK

UH-733

Maltasangtara

TP

LDiarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatcam

elsDry

leaves

areb

oiledin

water

tomakejuice

Asn

eeded

Oral

2

LMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

Poultic

eAsn

eeded

Dermal

5Cleomeb

rachycarpa

Vahl

Capp

araceaeKU

H-734

Gandi

booti

HAP

Wh

Malash

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoats

Crushedandmixed

with

wheatflo

urAsn

eeded

Oral

4

Cuminum

cyminum

L

Aste

raceae

KUH-735

Sufaid

zeera

HA

SMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

1kgof

seedsisc

rushed

1000

Oral

6

Curcum

alongaL

Zing

iberaceae

KUH-736

Haldi

HP

RMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Rootsa

ndsugara

regrindedto

makep

owder

30Oral

7


Table1Con

tinued

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Echinops

echinatusR

oxb

Aste

raceaeK

UH-737

Mastara

SA

StGarmim

alash

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Crushedandmixed

with

flour

andmadeinto

balls

50Oral

10

ErucasativaMill

Brassic

aceaeKU

H-738

Ussoo

nH

AS

Malash

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsc

rushed

andmadeintosm

allballsand

mixed

with

oil

70Oral

3

Fagoniacretica

L

Zygoph

yllaceaeK

UH-739

Dhamaan

SB

Wh

Liverton

icCow

sbu

ffaloes

Decoctio

n2-3glass

Oral

4-5

Foenicu

lum

vulga

reMill

Apiaceae

KUH-740

Saun

f

HP

SIndigestion

Cow

sbu

ffaloescam

els

Powderism

adea

ndcalledPh

akibymixing

thep

lant

partwith

meethas

odamalathiand

ajwain

100

Oral

Afte

rone

daytill10

days

Saun

fS

Stom

ach

troub

les

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Crushedseedsa

remixed

with

wheatflo

ur

blacksalt

sodium

bicarbon

ateandcommon

salt

Asn

eeded

Oral

2

Saun

fS

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

50gof

seedsisroaste

dandmixed

in125m

Lof

vegetableo

ilAsn

eeded

Oral

4

Glycyrrhizagla

braL

FabaceaeK

UH-741

Malathi

SP

StCou

ghCow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

sheep

Crushedste

mismixed

with

oilwheatflo

ur

andgurror

sugartomakeh

alwa

250

Oral

3

Gossypium

hirsutum

L

MalvaceaeK

UH-742

Cottonbu

dsS

AB

Bloo

dydiarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Buds

arec

rushed

andmixed

with

sarson

oil

andmadeintosm

allballsof

100g

100

Oral

4-5

Hordeum

vulga

re

PoaceaeKU

H-743

Barle

yJow

HA

SCou

ghCow

sbu

ffaloes

Seedsa


make

powderPo

wderism

ixed

with

water

andgiven

toanim

als

One

bucket

Oral

7

Ipom

oeacarnea

Jacq

Con

volvulaceaeKU

H-744

Wirn

raS

PL

Malashfever

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatcam

elsDrie

dleaves

arec

rushed

andmadeintosafoof

Oral

4-5

Mangifer

aindica

L

Anacardiaceae

KUH-745

MangoA

ambAam

TP

SMucaldiarrhea

muscle

spain

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Crushedseedsa

regiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

1-2

Meliaazadira

chta

L

Meliaceae

KUH-746

Dhrek

TP

LStom

ach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

with

sugartomakep

owder

25Oral

5

Morus

alba

LM

oraceae

KUH-747

Toot

TP

LCon

stipatio

nCow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

tomakep

owdera

ndmixed

inmilk

toform

suspensio

nAsn

eeded

Oral

3-4

Nigella

sativaL

Ranu

nculaceae

KUH-748

Kaoo

lnji

HA

SMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

rebo

iledin

water

tomakes

uspension

Asn

eeded

Oral

4

Oryza

sativaLPoaceae

KUH-749

Chaw

alH

AS

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

rebo

iledin

milk

tomakes

uspension

Oral

2

Peganu

mharm

alaL

Zygoph

yllaceaeK

UH-750

Harmal

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Fumigationof

harm

alseedsu

nder

thea

ffected

uddera

tevening

timefre

shleaves

arem

ixed

with

charaa

ndgiven

Asn

eeded

Nasaloral

5

Pipern

igrum

L

PiperaceaeK

UH-751

Kalimirc

hT

PS

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofkalimirc

handwheatflo

urisgiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Portulacaoleracea

LPortulacaceaeK

UH-752

Loon

rak

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

ssheep

Fullplantisg

iven

Asn

eeded

Oral

Punica

gran

atum

LLythraceaeKU

H-753

Anar

TP

FBloo

dydiarrhea

Buffa

loescow

sgoat

Fruitcover

iscutintothin

pieces

andmixed

with

wheatflo

ur250

Oral

2


Table1Con

tinued

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Rosa

indica

LR

osaceae

KUH-754

Saun

fgulabpo

dinaajwain

HP

ECon

stipatio

nabdo

minal

swellin

g

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

sheep

Extracto

fsaunfgulabpod

inaandajwainis

mixed

andgivenaft

erhalfan

hour

Equal

amou

ntof

allthese

extracts

Oral

2

RoseG

ulab

PMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Petalsareb

oiledin

milk

Asn

eeded

Oral

7Saccharum

officin

arum

L

Poaceae

KUH-755

KamadG

anna

SA

StMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Stem

iscrushedto

obtain

juicee

xtract

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Sesamum

indicum

L

Pedaliaceae

KUH-756

Til

HA

SoMastitis

Malash

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofoiland

milk

orlassi

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Tamarixaphylla

L

TamaricaceaeKU

H-757

Khagal

TP

LKilling

ofwormsinskin

wou

nds

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

tomakep

oultice

Asn

eeded

Dermal

5

Thym

usserpyllum

L

Lamiaceae

KUH-758

Jang

liPo

dina

HB

LMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Poultic

eDermal

7

Trachyspermum

ammiL

Ap

iaceaeK

UH-759

Ajwain

HA

S

Stom

ach

troub

les

mastitis

abdo

minal

swellin

gallergy

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

camels

Crushedseedsa

remixed

with

wheatflo

urand

common

salt

80ndash100

Oral

4

Triticum

aestivum

L

Poaceae

KUH-760

Gandamkanak

HA

SDiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

recrushedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndmakes

mallballsshape

100

Oral

3

With

aniacoagulan

sL

SolanaceaeK

UH-761

Akrip

aneer

SP

LF

Diarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Fruitisc

rushed

andmixed

with

oiland

salt

Asn

eeded

Oral

3-4

Xanthium

strum

arium

Linn

SolanaceaeK

UH-762

Kand

ari

HA

Wh

Malash

Camels

Powder

Asn

eeded

Oral

10

Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

oscoe

Zing

iberaceaeKU

H-763

Sund

Adrak

HP

RhMastitis

bloo

dydiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Rhizom

eand

sugara

regrindedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndgive

with

sugar

130

Oral

5

Habit

HherbT

treeSshrubLifespanA

ann

ualB

biennialP

perennialP

lant

partLleafRh

rhizomeWhwho

leplantFfruitSste

mSoseed

oilE

extractBu

bulbFlflow

er



















4 Discussion





































5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References












































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


Table1Con

tinued

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Echinops

echinatusR

oxb

Aste

raceaeK

UH-737

Mastara

SA

StGarmim

alash

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Crushedandmixed

with

flour

andmadeinto

balls

50Oral

10

ErucasativaMill

Brassic

aceaeKU

H-738

Ussoo

nH

AS

Malash

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsc

rushed

andmadeintosm

allballsand

mixed

with

oil

70Oral

3

Fagoniacretica

L

Zygoph

yllaceaeK

UH-739

Dhamaan

SB

Wh

Liverton

icCow

sbu

ffaloes

Decoctio

n2-3glass

Oral

4-5

Foenicu

lum

vulga

reMill

Apiaceae

KUH-740

Saun

f

HP

SIndigestion

Cow

sbu

ffaloescam

els

Powderism

adea

ndcalledPh

akibymixing

thep

lant

partwith

meethas

odamalathiand

ajwain

100

Oral

Afte

rone

daytill10

days

Saun

fS

Stom

ach

troub

les

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Crushedseedsa

remixed

with

wheatflo

ur

blacksalt

sodium

bicarbon

ateandcommon

salt

Asn

eeded

Oral

2

Saun

fS

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

50gof

seedsisroaste

dandmixed

in125m

Lof

vegetableo

ilAsn

eeded

Oral

4

Glycyrrhizagla

braL

FabaceaeK

UH-741

Malathi

SP

StCou

ghCow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

sheep

Crushedste

mismixed

with

oilwheatflo

ur

andgurror

sugartomakeh

alwa

250

Oral

3

Gossypium

hirsutum

L

MalvaceaeK

UH-742

Cottonbu

dsS

AB

Bloo

dydiarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Buds

arec

rushed

andmixed

with

sarson

oil

andmadeintosm

allballsof

100g

100

Oral

4-5

Hordeum

vulga

re

PoaceaeKU

H-743

Barle

yJow

HA

SCou

ghCow

sbu

ffaloes

Seedsa


make

powderPo

wderism

ixed

with

water

andgiven

toanim

als

One

bucket

Oral

7

Ipom

oeacarnea

Jacq

Con

volvulaceaeKU

H-744

Wirn

raS

PL

Malashfever

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goatcam

elsDrie

dleaves

arec

rushed

andmadeintosafoof

Oral

4-5

Mangifer

aindica

L

Anacardiaceae

KUH-745

MangoA

ambAam

TP

SMucaldiarrhea

muscle

spain

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Crushedseedsa

regiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

1-2

Meliaazadira

chta

L

Meliaceae

KUH-746

Dhrek

TP

LStom

ach

troub

les

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

with

sugartomakep

owder

25Oral

5

Morus

alba

LM

oraceae

KUH-747

Toot

TP

LCon

stipatio

nCow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

tomakep

owdera

ndmixed

inmilk

toform

suspensio

nAsn

eeded

Oral

3-4

Nigella

sativaL

Ranu

nculaceae

KUH-748

Kaoo

lnji

HA

SMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

rebo

iledin

water

tomakes

uspension

Asn

eeded

Oral

4

Oryza

sativaLPoaceae

KUH-749

Chaw

alH

AS

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

rebo

iledin

milk

tomakes

uspension

Oral

2

Peganu

mharm

alaL

Zygoph

yllaceaeK

UH-750

Harmal

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Fumigationof

harm

alseedsu

nder

thea

ffected

uddera

tevening

timefre

shleaves

arem

ixed

with

charaa

ndgiven

Asn

eeded

Nasaloral

5

Pipern

igrum

L

PiperaceaeK

UH-751

Kalimirc

hT

PS

Mastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofkalimirc

handwheatflo

urisgiven

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Portulacaoleracea

LPortulacaceaeK

UH-752

Loon

rak

HA

Wh

Mastitis

Cow

ssheep

Fullplantisg

iven

Asn

eeded

Oral

Punica

gran

atum

LLythraceaeKU

H-753

Anar

TP

FBloo

dydiarrhea

Buffa

loescow

sgoat

Fruitcover

iscutintothin

pieces

andmixed

with

wheatflo

ur250

Oral

2


Table1Con

tinued

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Rosa

indica

LR

osaceae

KUH-754

Saun

fgulabpo

dinaajwain

HP

ECon

stipatio

nabdo

minal

swellin

g

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

sheep

Extracto

fsaunfgulabpod

inaandajwainis

mixed

andgivenaft

erhalfan

hour

Equal

amou

ntof

allthese

extracts

Oral

2

RoseG

ulab

PMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Petalsareb

oiledin

milk

Asn

eeded

Oral

7Saccharum

officin

arum

L

Poaceae

KUH-755

KamadG

anna

SA

StMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Stem

iscrushedto

obtain

juicee

xtract

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Sesamum

indicum

L

Pedaliaceae

KUH-756

Til

HA

SoMastitis

Malash

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofoiland

milk

orlassi

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Tamarixaphylla

L

TamaricaceaeKU

H-757

Khagal

TP

LKilling

ofwormsinskin

wou

nds

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

tomakep

oultice

Asn

eeded

Dermal

5

Thym

usserpyllum

L

Lamiaceae

KUH-758

Jang

liPo

dina

HB

LMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Poultic

eDermal

7

Trachyspermum

ammiL

Ap

iaceaeK

UH-759

Ajwain

HA

S

Stom

ach

troub

les

mastitis

abdo

minal

swellin

gallergy

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

camels

Crushedseedsa

remixed

with

wheatflo

urand

common

salt

80ndash100

Oral

4

Triticum

aestivum

L

Poaceae

KUH-760

Gandamkanak

HA

SDiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

recrushedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndmakes

mallballsshape

100

Oral

3

With

aniacoagulan

sL

SolanaceaeK

UH-761

Akrip

aneer

SP

LF

Diarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Fruitisc

rushed

andmixed

with

oiland

salt

Asn

eeded

Oral

3-4

Xanthium

strum

arium

Linn

SolanaceaeK

UH-762

Kand

ari

HA

Wh

Malash

Camels

Powder

Asn

eeded

Oral

10

Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

oscoe

Zing

iberaceaeKU

H-763

Sund

Adrak

HP

RhMastitis

bloo

dydiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Rhizom

eand

sugara

regrindedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndgive

with

sugar

130

Oral

5

Habit

HherbT

treeSshrubLifespanA

ann

ualB

biennialP

perennialP

lant

partLleafRh

rhizomeWhwho

leplantFfruitSste

mSoseed

oilE

extractBu

bulbFlflow

er



















4 Discussion





































5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References












































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


Table1Con

tinued

Plant

namefamiliesvou

cher

number

Localn

ame

Habit

Life-span

Partused

Dise

asetype

Animaltre

ated

Recipe

Dosage(

g)Ro

uteo

fadministratio

nRe

covery

(days)

Rosa

indica

LR

osaceae

KUH-754

Saun

fgulabpo

dinaajwain

HP

ECon

stipatio

nabdo

minal

swellin

g

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

sheep

Extracto

fsaunfgulabpod

inaandajwainis

mixed

andgivenaft

erhalfan

hour

Equal

amou

ntof

allthese

extracts

Oral

2

RoseG

ulab

PMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Petalsareb

oiledin

milk

Asn

eeded

Oral

7Saccharum

officin

arum

L

Poaceae

KUH-755

KamadG

anna

SA

StMastitis

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Stem

iscrushedto

obtain

juicee

xtract

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Sesamum

indicum

L

Pedaliaceae

KUH-756

Til

HA

SoMastitis

Malash

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Mixture

ofoiland

milk

orlassi

Asn

eeded

Oral

7

Tamarixaphylla

L

TamaricaceaeKU

H-757

Khagal

TP

LKilling

ofwormsinskin

wou

nds

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Leaves

arec

rushed

tomakep

oultice

Asn

eeded

Dermal

5

Thym

usserpyllum

L

Lamiaceae

KUH-758

Jang

liPo

dina

HB

LMastitis

Cow

sbu

ffaloes

Poultic

eDermal

7

Trachyspermum

ammiL

Ap

iaceaeK

UH-759

Ajwain

HA

S

Stom

ach

troub

les

mastitis

abdo

minal

swellin

gallergy

Cow

sbu

ffaloesgoat

camels

Crushedseedsa

remixed

with

wheatflo

urand

common

salt

80ndash100

Oral

4

Triticum

aestivum

L

Poaceae

KUH-760

Gandamkanak

HA

SDiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Seedsa

recrushedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndmakes

mallballsshape

100

Oral

3

With

aniacoagulan

sL

SolanaceaeK

UH-761

Akrip

aneer

SP

LF

Diarrhea

Cow

sbu

ffaloessheep

goat

Fruitisc

rushed

andmixed

with

oiland

salt

Asn

eeded

Oral

3-4

Xanthium

strum

arium

Linn

SolanaceaeK

UH-762

Kand

ari

HA

Wh

Malash

Camels

Powder

Asn

eeded

Oral

10

Zingiberoffi

cinaleR

oscoe

Zing

iberaceaeKU

H-763

Sund

Adrak

HP

RhMastitis

bloo

dydiarrhea

Cow

sand

buffa

loes

Rhizom

eand

sugara

regrindedto

makefi

nepo

wdera

ndgive

with

sugar

130

Oral

5

Habit

HherbT

treeSshrubLifespanA

ann

ualB

biennialP

perennialP

lant

partLleafRh

rhizomeWhwho

leplantFfruitSste

mSoseed

oilE

extractBu

bulbFlflow

er



















4 Discussion





































5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References












































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of



















4 Discussion





































5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References












































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of



































5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References












































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of

























5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References












































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of











5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References












































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of



5 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References












































































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of





























































Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


























Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of





Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of

Documents

Research Article Ethnopharmacological Assessment of ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/616858.pdf · Research Article Ethnopharmacological Assessment of Medicinal Plants