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Reproductive Systems Chapter 16

Reproductive Systems

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Reproductive Systems. Chapter 16. Male Reproductive System. bladder. seminal vesicle. vas deferens. prostate gland. bulbourethral gland. urethra. epididymis. scrotum. testis. penis. Semen = Sperm + Secretions. Secretions from epididymis aid sperm maturation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Reproductive Systems

Reproductive Systems

Chapter 16

Page 2: Reproductive Systems

Male Reproductive

Systemvas deferens

epididymis

testis

penis

seminal vesicle

prostate gland

bulbourethral gland

urethra

bladder

scrotum

Page 3: Reproductive Systems

Semen = Sperm + Secretions

• Secretions from epididymis aid sperm maturation

• Seminal vesicle secretes fructose and prostaglandins

• Prostate-gland secretions buffer pH in the acidic vagina

• Bulbourethral gland secretes mucus

Page 4: Reproductive Systems

Prostate Cancer

• Second leading cause of death in American men

• Detection

– Digital rectal exam by physician

– Blood tests for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a tumor marker

Page 5: Reproductive Systems

Testicular Cancer

• About 5,000 U.S. cases per year

• Can be detected by self exam– Men should check testes monthly

– Check for hardening, lumps

– Changes should be reported to physician

Page 6: Reproductive Systems

Spermatogenesis

• Spermatogonium (2n) divides by mitosis to form primary spermatocyte (2n)

• Meiosis produces haploid spermatids• Spermatids mature to become sperm

Page 7: Reproductive Systems

Other Testicular Cells

• Sertoli cells– Line the seminiferous tubules– Nourish the developing sperm

• Leydig cells– Lie between the seminiferous

tubules– Secrete testosterone

Page 8: Reproductive Systems

Male Hormonal Control

Hypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary

GnRH

LHFSH

Sertoli cells

Leydig cells Testes

Testosterone

Inhibin

Formation and Development of Sperm

Page 9: Reproductive Systems

Female Reproductive Organs

vagina

uterus

oviduct

ovary

vaginaclitoris

oviduct

ovary

uterus

Page 10: Reproductive Systems

Menstrual Cycle

• The fertile period for a human female occurs on a cyclic basis

• Menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days

• Follicular phase and luteal phase

Page 11: Reproductive Systems

Oocytes Arrested in Meiosis I

• Girl is born with primary oocytes already in ovaries

• Each oocyte has entered meiosis I and stopped

• Meiosis resumes, one oocyte at a time, with the first menstrual cycle

Page 12: Reproductive Systems

Menarche to Menopause

• First menstruation, or menarche, usually occurs between ages 10-16

• Menstrual cycles continue until menopause, in a woman’s late 40s or early 50s

Page 13: Reproductive Systems

Ovarian Cycle

secondary oocyte

antrum

primordial follicle

corpus luteum

first polar body

• Follicle grows

and matures

• Ovulation

occurs

• Corpus luteum

forms

Page 14: Reproductive Systems

Female Hormonal Control

Hypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary

GnRH

LH FSH

OvaryEstrogen

Progesterone,estrogens

Follicle growth, oocyte maturation

Rising estrogen stimulates surge in LH

Corpus luteumforms

Page 15: Reproductive Systems

Cycle Overview

hypothalamus

anterior pituitary

FSH LH

FSH LH LH

estrogens

estrogens

FOLLICULAR PHASE LUTEAL PHASE

menstruation

ovulation

GnRH

FSH LH

estrogens

progesterone

• GnRH secretion affects LH and FSH secretion by pituitary

• LH and FSH affect follicle maturation

• Estrogen and progesterone from ovary affect uterus

Page 16: Reproductive Systems

Ejaculation

• Involuntary contractions in smooth muscle of male reproductive tract force sperm from epididymides and contents of seminal vesicles and prostate gland out through urethra

• Sphincter closes off the neck of the bladder to prevent escape of urine

Page 17: Reproductive Systems

Birth Control Options

Prevent fertilization

Prevent ovulation

Block implantation

Page 18: Reproductive Systems

Reproductive Options

• Artificial insemination

• In vitro fertilization (IVF)

• Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection

• GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer)

• ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer)

Page 19: Reproductive Systems

Abortion

• Removal of blastocyst, embryo, or fetus

• First trimester abortions are painless,

and relatively complication free

• Later abortions are more difficult and

more controversial