FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM DAN ALAM SEKITAR

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

GEOMATIC LABORATORY

Subject Code BFC 2111

Practicle Title TRAVERSE

Practical Code MG 02

Date of Practicle 30TH JANUARY 2012

No. of Group FOURTEEN ( 14 )

Group Leader (1) Mohamad Harris Haikal bin Anuar Rul (CF110518)

Name of Group Members (2) Mohamad Shafie bin Mustafa (AF100077)

(3) Noor Atiqah binti Mohd Yunus (CF110286)

(4) Noor Liyana binti Ahmad Khashairi (CF110364)

(5) Nor Alia Juliana binti Che Sang (CF110474)

Lecturer’s Name

PM Nawawi bin Jusoh

En Anuar bin Mohd Salleh

En Isyham bin Ismail

En Mohd Khairi bin Burhanuddin

En Kamaruzzaman bin Musa

En Nik Muhd Zaini bin Nik Jusoh

En Amir bin Zaki

Mark Introduction

Objective

Theory

Equipment

Procedure

Data / Table

Data Analysis

Discussion

Plotting / Present

Conclusion / Recommendation

Revision

Mark

Examiner’s Comment Approval Receive

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Traverse is a form of a control survey that requires the establishment of a series of

stations that are linked together by angles and distances. The use of traverse surveys is very

fundamental and has become one of the most common methods in geomatic engineering work.

There are 2 types of traverse that can be used open traverse and closed traverse. In this project,

our group will determine the traverse surrounding the ‘KM Chalet JULIA and PUTRI 1-2 ’.

The type of traverse that we used is closed traverse.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

1. To obtain the traverse control, produce the boundary for Chalet Julia and Putri 1-2 area

and transferring coordinates to other purposes to build the traverse map.

2. To identify and determine the traverse class and the uses.

3. To determine the disclosure and mistaken at the fieldwork and solve the problem with

consultation, references, and present work.

3.0 THEORY

In survey, traverse is defined as the field operation of measuring the lengths and

direction of a series of straight lines connecting a series of points on the earth. Each of these

straight lines is called a traverse line, and each point is called a traverse station. Traverse

stations are commonly marked with wooden peg, stake, nail or iron pipe.

Traverse line are measured using total station. Traversing need to start from reference

datum (coordinate, bearing and distance are known). At each traverse station, a horizontal angle

is measured and used to determine the bearing of the next traverse line. These measurements

are used to compute the relative horizontal position of each unknown traverse station. The main

purposes of traverse are:

Property surveys to locate and establish boundaries

Supplementary horizontal control for topographic mapping surveys

Location and construction layout surveys for highways, railways, and other

private or public works

A total station is an electronic / optical instrument used in modern surveying. The total

station is an electronic theodolite integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read

distances from the instrument to a particular point. A theodolite is an instrument for measuring

both horizontal and vertical angles. A traverse framework can be OPEN or CLOSED traverse;

start at known point and ends at another known point or the same point.

4.0 EQUIPMENTS

Total Station (1 set)

Prisms (2 sets)

Pegs (4 pegs)

Tripod (3sets)

Hammer (1 set)

Nails

5.0 PROCEDURE

1. The prism was set up at point 1401 and station 2, while total station was set up at station

3.

2. The instrument was ensured centered and leveled.

3. The instrument was set to the required datum which was station 3, where the bearing

was given.

4. The bearing and distance reading of face left horizontal to back sight station was

recorded.

5. The instrument and sight foresight station was turned.

6. The bearing and distance reading of face left horizontal to foresight station was

recorded.

7. The instrument was transited from face left to face right.

8. The bearing of required datum was set to back sight station.

9. The bearing and distance reading of face left horizontal to back sight station was

recorded.

10. The instrument was turned to face foresight station.

11. The reading of face left horizontal was recorded to foresight station.

12. The mean bearing of foresight station was recorded.

13. The instrument was moved to the next station (foresight station).

14. The next traverse line bearing were respect or correspond to the previous mean bearing.

7.0 DATA ANALYSIS

To find error of closure :

i. L for the latitude is = 0.010m

ii. D for this departure = 0.011m

Error of closure can get by this way :

L2

+ D2

= (0.010)2

+ (0.011)2

= 0.015m

To calculate corrected latitude and departure

Station Latitude Departure

1401 -0.002 +0.002

1402 +0.004 -0.004

2 +0.001 -0.001

3 -0.004 -0.004

To find area:

Coordinate N/S = (55423.065 x 33509.140) + (55427.195 x 33505.004) +

( 55392.082 x 33496.567) + (55386.976 x 33492.730)

= 7424773253 m2

Coordinate E/W = (33492.730 x 55427.195) + (33509.140 x 55392.082) +

(33505.004 x 55386.976) + (33496.567 x 55423.065)

= 7424772592 m2

Area = 7424773253 – 7424772592

2

= 330.5 m2

8.0 DISCUSSION

The reference boundary point that we used is datum 173° 54’ 40” based on the

boundary site near chalet at KM Chalet Kuala Linggi. This measurement is done by using

closed traverse and to mark the area of traverse work, 4 pegs used and every distance of the peg

is more and less than 30m from each other. In our traverse measurement, we found out that our

misclosure is 30” which below the allowable misclosure of 2’30”. The correction for our

readings is 0’08” for each 4 stations.

In this traverse work, there are some error might occur and makes our measurement not

accurate. These errors such as the total station and prism did not set up properly. When the total

station and prism did not well setting up, the reading will misread thus create error because the

total station is not level. The others factor that creating error is the unstable condition of the soil

either it’s to soft or hard. After the tripod has been setting up in the unstable soil, it will slowly

sink into the ground thus creating error in the total station and prism. The bubble will no longer

in the center of the circle.

The defect in the total station and prism that been used in the traverse work also create

error in the reading. The refraction in the total station also creates error in the readings. The

mistakes in booking and readings also create error. Our group will determine the traverse

surrounding the ‘KM Chalet Julia and Putri 1-2’. The reference boundary point or datum that

we used for measured are at point 173° 54’ 40” based on the boundary site. The type of traverse

that we used is closed traverse. 4 pegs are used including 1 datum and every distance of the peg

is ±30m from each other for marking the area of traverse work. The bearing misclose and

correction occur because of the errors while doing the traverse work where the total station and

prism does not set up well.

The other reason is that the prism is not place in the exact point. If the prism is not well

place for example the prism is place at the side of the point, the bearing will slightly difference

from the exact bearing. The mistake in booking will also contributed to the error. If one of the

values is wrong, it will affect to all the calculation.

10.0 CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATIONS

10.1 CONCLUSION

From the traverse work, the coordinate for each pegs and station is determined. The

traverse maps surrounding ‘KM Chalet Julia and Putri 1- 2 has been created. Our traverse class

is Class 2 which use in engineering survey as we all know that 2nd

class of traverse is use to

agriculture purpose. The coordinates for each pegs and stations is determine and the traverse

work surrounding the ‘KM Chalet Julia and Putri 1-2 is created. Coordinates will represent the

value in mapping the traverse plan. From that, we can use the plan for the tachymetry work and

the setting up also can be done.

10.2 RECOMMENDATION

1. Make sure the total station and prism is level and well set up by referring the bubble

which should be in the centre of the circle.

2. Make sure the datum that being used is checked first before proceed with the readings.

3. The traverse work should be started and ended at the same known datum line.

4. Before finishing the traverse work, make sure the misclosure does not exceed the

allowable misclosure, eg- 2nd

class-2’30”. If exceed this value, the traverse work must

repeating again.

11.0 REVISION

1. Abd. Shukor Sarif, Modul Pengajaran Kejuruteraan Geomatik , Universiti Tun Hussein

Onn.

2. Modul Ukur Kejuruteraan 1, Kementerian Pengajian Politeknik Malaysia.

3. www.hbp.usm.my/hilmy/traverse.pdf

4. www.ce.memphis.edu/1112/notes/.../traverse/Surveying_traverse.pdf

5. www.icmsurveysystems.com/surveying_techniques.htm