Report SA Full

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, we would like to praise Allah S.W.T for giving us the strength and

spirit that we needed the most in finishing this research. We would have never been able

complete this research if not from the help by some people. We are greatly indebted to those

people for their kindness, patience and cooperation in helping us so much through our

research.

Thus, I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and

deep regards to my guide, Mr Shahiron Bin Shahidan for his exemplary

guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course

of this project titled “Preliminary Design ith Suita!le Structural Solution"

!y designing one of Mercedes#Ben$ Sho%room in Parit &aja' The !lessing,

help and guidance gi(en !y him time to time shall carry us a long %ay in

the journey of life on %hich our group mem!ers especially a!out to

em!ark'

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to

all our group mem!ers, Mohamad )oor *shraf Bin )orisham, Muhammad

*mirul +akim Bin Ma$lan, Muhammad Idham Bin Saripudin, )ur atin-yana Binti &ahimi and &oha$mie Bin Mohmmad, for his.her good

cooperation team%ork !y gi(ing cordial support, sharing (alua!le

information and %ork (ery hard to /nish our course project for this

semester'

inally, I %ish to thank my classmate and for their support and

encouragement throughout our /nal project in su!ject Structural *nalysis'

Thanks also for support of se(eral crucial kinds to other people %ho

in(ol(ed in this project' Thank you so much for all of you'

Sincerely,

0000000000000000''

1*+M*D B23+*&I BI) MD *&II)4-eader 5roup 6,


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Structural *nalysis Section 7,

2ni(ersity Tun +ussien 8nn Malaysia12T+M4

GROUP MEMBERS PROFILE

MANAGING DIRECTOR PROFILE

NAME : *+M*D B23+*&I BI) MD *&II)

MATRIC NO : *69:6:9

I/C NO : ;==>

PHONE NO : :6=#>6?:7@?

ADDRESS : -8T 6:?69, 35 M*A+*)5 -*D*, *-*) P*C* &S*3, B23IT

P*C8)5, 96=:: M*&*)5, T&)55*)2'

MOTTO : “TH! "S #$ %&AT$! T$ S'((SS, )$' HA& T$ TA* TH

STA"!S+

YEAR/SESSION : -/0/1

CODE COURSE : 233


3/38

GENERAL MANAGER PROFILE

NAME : &8+*EMI BI) M8+*MM*D

MATRIC NO : *69:6=@

I/C NO : ;9:

ADDRESS : )8 9< 35 P*3 3&*- 679:: T2MP*T, 3-*)T*) '

MOTTO : “2 4$S"T"&+


CODE COURSE : 233


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DESIGN MANAGER PROFILE

NAME : M2+*MM*D *MI&2- +*3IM BI) M*E-*)

MATRIC NO : *69:6

I/C NO : ;


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MARKETING MANAGER PROFILE

NAME : M8+*M*D )88& *S+&* BI) )8&+IS*M

MATRIC NO : *69:66?

I/C NO : ;

PHONE NO : :67#@:;@:>7

ADDRESS : )8 6: T*M*) M-*&, 9?@>: B)T8)5, P*+*)5'

MOTTO : “7A* 4!"$! TA(H"#6 84!"#(+


CODE COURSE : 233


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OPERATION MANAGER PROFILE

NAME : M2+*MM*D ID+*M BI) S*&IP2DI)

MATRIC NO : A69;#:>#>99>

PHONE NO : :6@#966;>?=

ADDRESS : )8' ;* *-*) 3)*&I 6, 35 T)5*+, B*T2


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FINANCE MANAGER PROFILE

NAME : )2& *TI) -C*)* BT &*+IMI

MATRIC NO : A6, ?


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also ha(e design manager, marketing manager, operation manager and

/nancial manager in Batu PahatHs !ranch'

)ame of Sky Pro#Design means that %e are from professional

engineer and ha(e design ser(ice %ide around Malaysia and Singapore'

Term of “Sky" means that our company is largest in Malaysia and our

ser(ice is %ider' Term of “Pro" means that all of our %orkers and designer

are professional in designing and analyse the structure' 8ur company

tagline %as Your Future Design means that our structure designing are

good in strength and long lasting %ith people dreaming design no%days'

1. INTRODUCTION

Structural analysis is the determination of the eJects of loads on

physical structures and their components' Structures su!ject to this type

of analysis include all that must %ithstand loads, such as !uildings,

!ridges, (ehicles, machinery, furniture, attire, soil strata, prostheses and

!iological tissue' Structural analysis incorporates the /elds of applied

mechanics, materials science and applied mathematics to compute a

structureHs deformation, internal forces, stresses, support reactions,

accelerations, and sta!ility' The results of the analysis are used to (erify a

structureGs /tness for use, often sa(ing physical tests' Structural analysis

is thus a key part of the engineering design of structures'

* car is one of the most expensi(e purchases a person makes and

todayHs sho%room has an important role in helping customers make that

decision' In an increasingly segmented market, an outlet needs to cater

for a range of clients and their needs' In todayHs !rand#dri(en society, cars

and lifestyle o(erlap and the sales en(ironment should reLect he

customerHs preferences' The scope of a car dealership scheme is not

limited to sales' *fter#sales ser(ice is an element of the !usiness model so

a ser(ice reception and a parts and %orkshop facility are often located on

a sho%room site' *t prestige outlets, customers may ha(e access to

refreshments, %ireless or internet connections in coJee !ars or lounges'

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering#Structural_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_stabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering#Structural_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_stabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering


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In this case, our group company ha(e a task a!out to !uild,

calculate and analyse the structure component that %e had dra%n in the

soft%are of sketch 2p' The making and !uilding of the Mercedes#Ben$

Sho%room in good condition is important to ha(e' This is !ecause the

structure must ha(e good strength and a!ility to resist the load that ha(e

applied to the structure' *ll the structure component, calculation and

analysis of it %e had sho%n in this report'

2.OBJECTIVES

The o!jecti(es of our project are

To identify and dra% the structure component of the Mercedes#Ben$

Sho%room

To calculate and analyse the structure component of the Mercedes#

Ben$ Sho%room

To introduce our company and %hat does our company do

To /nd out the pro!lem that %e faced during analyse the structure

and ho% %e sol(e all the pro!lems'


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To ensure that %e all kno% and amateur using soft%are of Sketch

2p or *utoAad

To introduce us in the %orld of !usiness and design a!out structure

analysis

. BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The study of our project is to %ork %ith client to prepare preliminary

design or a suita!le structural solution for the structure as structural

engineer' The structure is to !e constructed in Batu Pahat for oce and

storage store of Mercedes#Ben$ Sho%room'

Structure is a fundamental, tangi!le or intangi!le notion referring to

the recognition, o!ser(ation, nature,

and permanence of patterns and relationships of entities' This notion may

itself !e an o!ject, such as a !uilt structure, or an attri!ute, such as the

structure of society' rom a childGs (er!al description of a sno%Lake, to the

detailed scienti/c analysis of the properties of magnetic /elds, the

concept of structure is no% often an essential foundation of nearly e(ery

mode of inKuiry and disco(ery in science, philosophy, and art' In early

9:th#century and earlier thought, for moften plays a role compara!le to

that of structure in contemporary thought' The neo#3antianism of rnst

Aassirer 1cf' his Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, completed in 6;9; and

pu!lished in nglish translation in the 6;>:s4 is sometimes regarded as a

precursor of the later shift to structuralism and poststructuralism'

The main structure in our project are plane truss, !eam and column'

P!"#$ T%&''

Truss is the one important structure in a !uilding' hen designing a

structure, the engineer must account such as utility.ser(icea!ility, safety,

economy.cost, and aesthetic.!eauty, material.a(aila!le and

en(ironmental constraints' Truss is a type of tension and compression

structure' Before starting any structure like trusses, it is necessary to

esta!lish the sta!ility and determinacy of the structure' Truss arecommonly used in the !ridge construction and !uilding construction' or

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_permanencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patternhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/formhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Kantianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poststructuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_permanencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patternhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/formhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Kantianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poststructuralism


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!ridge construction, mem!ers are normally selected from rolled sections,

compound section and !ox sections' hile for !uilding construction %hich

are normally formed as a part of roof structures or acting as supporting

!eam for Loor sla!s' Sometimes trusses as are used as !racing to pro(idesta!ility' Mem!ers may !e selected from angles, channels, tees, and

structure hollo% sections'

The analysis of trusses is carried out to determine the axial forces in

mem!ers in certain cases to !ending moment due to the applied load' The

loading is applied to the truss through the purlins' Ideally the purlins are

positioned at node point 1no eccentricity4' Trusses are su!jected to se(eral

load case namely, dead, imposed and %ind' The load cause the truss

mem!ers to resist either tensile or compression forces' The mem!ers

need to !e designed accordingly' The !asics truss terminologies are

(ertical internal mem!er, concentrated load, top chord 1rafter4, slope

internal mem!er, !ottom chord and node'

Trusses and lattice girders are framed elements resisting in plane

loading !y axial forces in either tension or compression in the indi(idual

mem!ers' Trus' is a structure comprising one or more triangular units

constructed %ith straight mem!ers %hose ends are connected at joints

referred to as nodes' xternal forces and reactions to those forces are

considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the mem!ers

%hich are either tensile or compressi(e forces' Moments 1torKues4 are

explicitly excluded !ecause, and only !ecause, all the joints in a truss are

treated as re(olute'

B$"(

* !eam is a structural element that is capa!le of %ithstanding load primarily !y resisting !ending' The !ending force

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolute_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolute_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_load


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induced into the material of the !eam as a result of the external loads,

o%n %eight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a !ending

moment' Beams are traditionally descriptions of !uilding or ci(il

engineering structural elements, !ut smaller structures such as truck orautomo!ile frames, machine frames, and other mechanical or structural

systems contain !eam structures that are designed and analysed in a

similar fashion'

In engineering, !eam originally a solid piece of tim!er, as a !eam of a

house, a plo%, a loom, or a !alance' In !uilding construction, a !eam is a

hori$ontal mem!er spanning an opening and carrying a load that may !e

a !rick or stone%all a!o(e the opening, in %hich case the !eam is oftencalled a lintel' The load may !e a Loor or roof in a !uilding, in %hich case

the !eam is called a Loor joist or a roof joist' In engineering also, !eams

are of se(eral types

6' Simply supported # a !eam supported on the ends %hich are free to

rotate and ha(e no moment resistance'

9' ixed # a !eam supported on !oth ends and restrained from rotation'

' Aontinuous # a !eam extending o(er more than t%o supports'

7' Aantile(er # a projecting !eam /xed only at one end'

@' Trussed # a !eam strengthened !y adding a ca!le or rod to form

a truss

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Span_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_momenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_momenthttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83834/buildinghttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/134411/constructionhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/634696/wallhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/210554/floorhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509178/roofhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/210554/floorhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/305697/joisthttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509178/roofhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/305697/joisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Span_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_momenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_momenthttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83834/buildinghttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/134411/constructionhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/634696/wallhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/210554/floorhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509178/roofhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/210554/floorhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/305697/joisthttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509178/roofhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/305697/joisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss


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C)!&(#

Aolumn or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a

structural element that transmits, through compression, the %eight of the

structure a!o(e to other structural elements !elo%, in other %ords a

column is a compression mem!er' The term column applies especially to a

large round support %ith a capital and !ase and made of stone, or

appearing to !e so' * small %ooden or metal support is typically called a

post, and supports %ith a rectangular or other non#round section are

usually called piers' or the purpose of %ind or earthKuake engineering,

columns may !e designed to resist lateral forces' 8ther compression

mem!ers are often termed NcolumnsN !ecause of the similar stress

conditions' Aolumns are freKuently used to support !eams or arches on

%hich the upper parts of %alls or ceilings rest' In architecture, NcolumnN

refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and

decorati(e features' * column might also !e a decorati(e element not

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_memberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_memberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_memberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_memberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch


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needed for structural purposesO many columns are NengagedN, that is to

say form part of a %all'

*. PROBLEM STATEMENT

* truss is usually modelled

as a t%o# dimensional plane

frame' If there are signi/cant

out#of#plane forces, the

structure must !e modelled as athree# dimensional

space' The analysis of trusses

often assumes that loads are

applied to joints only and not at intermediate points along the mem!ers'

The %eight of the mem!ers is often insigni/cant compared to the applied

loads and so is often omitted' If reKuired, half of the %eight of each

mem!er may !e applied to its t%o end joints' Pro(ided the mem!ers arelong and slender, the moments transmitted through the joints are

negligi!le and they can !e treated as NhingesN or Gpin#jointsG' (ery

mem!er of the truss is then in pure compression or pure tension shear,

!ending moment, and other more complex stresses are all practically

$ero' This makes trusses easier to analy$e' This also makes trusses

physically stronger than other %ays of arranging material !ecause nearly

e(ery material can hold a much larger load in tension and compressionthan in shear, !ending, torsion, or other kinds of force'

rame !uilding assumes that se(eral frames compete to set one

frame regarding an issue, and one frame /nally gains inLuence !ecause it

resonates %ith popular culture, /ts %ith media practices, or is hea(ily

sponsored !y elites' irst, in terms of practices of ne%s production, there

are at least /(e aspects of ne%s %ork that may inLuence ho% journalists

frame a certain issue larger societal norms and (alues, organi$ational

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)


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pressures and constraints, external pressures from interest groups and

other policy makers, professional routines, and ideological or political

orientations of journalists' The second potential inLuence on frame

!uilding comes from elites, including interest groups, go(ernment!ureaucracies, and other political or corporate actors' mpirical studies

sho% that these inLuences of elites seem to !e strongest for issues in

%hich journalists and (arious players in the policy arena can /nd shared

narrati(es' inally, cultural contexts of a society are also a!le to esta!lish

frame'

Most !eams in reinforced concrete !uildings ha(e rectangular cross

sections, !ut a more ecient cross section for a !eam is an I or + section%hich is typically seen in steel construction' Because of the parallel axis

theorem and the fact that most of the material is a%ay from the neutral

axis, the second moment of area of the !eam increases, %hich in turn

increases the stiJness' ciency means that for the same cross sectional

area 1(olume of !eam per length4 su!jected to the same loading

conditions, the !eam deLects less' 8ther shapes, like - 1angles4, A

1channels4 or tu!es, are also used in construction %hen there are specialreKuirements'

+. SCOPE OF STUDY

e are searching a!out the ne% !uilding is to !e constructed in

Batu Pahat for Mercedes#Ben$ oce and storage used' The /gure !elo%

illustrated the plan (ie% of structures' The !uilding is design must !e 6?m x 6: m in plan' e are must to dra% the truss and frame system of the

!uilding'

The analysis of this !uilding must include the analysis of truss,

!eam and frame %ith a detailed calculation and dra%ing' *ll the method

that discuss in the class must !e used in the project' The plan (ie% of the

design sho%s !elo%

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_axis_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_axis_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_axis_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_axis_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_axis


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1(

( (

. AIM

We finally done to build the building at here. This above shows the place that we want to

build the building.

We also focus to identify the structure component needed in this pro:ect. 2esides that, we

wants to determine the method of structural calculation suits with this pro:ect. 3inally, we

wants to find out problem faced during completing this task.

The figure below shows the full view that we need to design the 7ercedes;2en< Showroom


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7. LITERATURE REVIEW

W"0 ' '0%&0&%$ "#3 '0%&0&%"! "#"!4''5

* structure is de/ned to a system of the connected or fa!ricated

parts used to support a load or creatureHs acti(ities' or example !uilding,

!ridge, to%ers, ship tanks, aircraft frames and others'

Besides that, the area of structural engineering should co(er =

important aspects %here is planning, analysis, design and construction'

Process %hich included the = a!o(e aspects named as ST&2AT2&*- or

)5I)&I)5 DSI5)' hen designing a structure, the engineer must

account for utility, safety, economy.cost, aesthetic.!eauty,

material.a(aila!le and en(ironmental constraints'

Thus, structure can !e de/ned as a part of construction %hich has

one or more element is su!jected to (arious loads that it must resist

%ithout either collapsing or deforming excessi(ely'

Structural analysis is a process in determining the reaction of the

structure under the speci/ed loads or actions' The reactions usually

measured !y esta!lishing the forces and deformations throughout thestructure' 8nce a preliminary design of structure is proposed, the


20/38

structure must !e analy$ed to ensure that it has its reKuired strength and

rigidity'

To analyse a structure properly, certain ideali$ations must !e made

as to ho% the mem!ers are supported and connected together' The

loadings are determined from codes and local speci/cations and the

forces in the mem!ers and their displacements are found using the theory

of structural analysis'

Because the forces in each of its t%o main girders are essentially

planar, a truss is usually modelled as a t%o#dimensional plane frame' If

there are signi/cant out#of#plane forces, the structure must !e modelled

as a three#dimensional space' The analysis of trusses often assumes that

loads are applied to joints only and not at intermediate points along the

mem!ers' The %eight of the mem!ers is often insigni/cant compared to

the applied loads and so is often omitted' If reKuired, half of the %eight of

each mem!er may !e applied to its t%o end joints' Pro(ided the mem!ers

are long and slender, the moments transmitted through the joints are

negligi!le and they can !e treated as NhingesN or Gpin#jointsG' (ery

mem!er of the truss is then in pure compression or pure tension shear,

!ending moment, and other more complex stresses are all practically

$ero' This makes trusses easier to analy$e' This also makes trusses

physically stronger than other %ays of arranging material !ecause

nearly e(ery material can hold a much larger load in tension and

compression than in shear, !ending, torsion, or other kinds of force'

Structural analysis of trusses of any type can readily !e carried out using

a matrix method such as the direct stiJness method, the Lexi!ility

method or the /nite element method'

Applicai!" !# T$%&&'&


21/38

C(a$ac'$i&ic& !# $%&&'&

* truss consists of straight mem!ers connected at joints,

traditionally termed panel points' Trusses are composed of triangles!ecause of the structural sta!ility of that shape and design' * triangle is

the simplest geometric /gure that %ill not change shape %hen the lengths

of the sides are /xed' In comparison, !oth the angles and the lengths of a

four#sided /gure must !e /xed for it to retain its shape'

A66!"0)# )7 T%&''$' 0) 0$ C)#'0%&0)#

* truss that is assumed to comprise mem!ers that are connected !ymeans of pin joints, and %hich is supported at !oth ends !y means of


22/38

hinged joints or rollers, is descri!ed as !eing statically determinate'

)e%tonGs -a%s apply to the structure as a %hole, as %ell as to each node

or joint' In order for any node that may !e su!ject to an external load or

force to remain static in space, the follo%ing conditions must hold thesums of all 1hori$ontal and (ertical4 forces, as %ell as all moments acting

a!out the node eKual $ero' *nalysis of these conditions at each node

yields the magnitude of the compression or tension forces'

Trusses that are supported at more than t%o positions are said to !e

statically indeterminate, and the application of )e%tonGs -a%s alone is not

sucient to determine the mem!er forces' In order for a truss %ith pin#

connected mem!ers to !e sta!le, it must !e entirely composed of

triangles' In mathematical terms, %e ha(e the follo%ing necessary

condition for sta!ility m Q 9j#r%here m is the total num!er of truss

mem!ers, j is the total num!er of joints and r is the num!er of reactions

1eKual to < generally4 in a 9#dimensional structure'

hen m R9j#


23/38

%ould ha(e no platform for a roof' urther, the !uilding en(elope %ould !e

signi/cantly %eaken'

Trusses revolutioni


24/38

Pa$all'l C(!$)

4arallel chord trusses support floors, flat roofs, and the decks of bridges. They are also widely

used in high rise construction to support concrete floor decking and to add rigidity to the building frames. These trusses will carry very heavy loads.

$ne attractive feature of them, when used as part of the frame for buildings, is that they also

create places to install utilities. The gaps in the truss web are often used to run electrical

conduit, plumbing pipes, and heating, ventilation and air conditioning ?H&A(@ ducts.

There are substantial variations in the design of the truss web to account for a wide range of

spans and loads. When used for flat roofs they are often ordered with a shallow slope to

accommodate roof drainage. These trusses can be cantilevered at each end to create

overhangs. Some versions of these trusses are trimmable to help account for slight variations

in the structure as it is being built.

T$%"ca')

The truncated truss serves as an intermediate load;bearing truss that other trusses

attach to. They are sometimes called girder trusses. These trusses make it possible to use

trusses for hip roofs and to span long distances where roofs change direction. The truncated

truss is set in a specified place on the building and then 9ack trusses fan out from its sides to

cover the shorter spans. 9ack trusses typically resemble one;half of a pitched truss.

Truncated trusses are often designed for specific situations so they may take many

forms. Some resemble pitched, or dual pitch trusses, but often with more robust chords and

truss web members.

*. MET+ODOLOGY


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discussion%ith group mem!ers'

%orkdistri!utio

n'

designing'

make designusing sketch

up'

assumingthe loads,

length, etc'

In making this report, %e had done all the reKuirement for the project !y

follo%ing a fe% steps' These steps make the %orks easier and /nished in

shorter time' The steps are as !elo%


26/38

compile the report and/nished'

make aconclusion

discussa!out theproject and

makediscussion

make thecalculation

I. D'&'')# W0 G%)&6 M$(8$%'

*ll the group mem!ers sat together and %e discuss a!out the

project' e listing %hat to do and ho% %e going to do it'

II. W)%9 D'0%8&0)#

Speci/c %orks %as gi(en to all group mem!ers'

III. D$'##

Designing of the project %as done together and %e choose the !est

design'

IV. M"9$ "# A&0) CAD 3$'#

The design that had !een dra%n is transformed into *uto A*D

format'


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V. A''&(# 0$ !)"3', !$#0, $0.

*ll parts, mem!ers, loads, length, and characteristic %as assumed

and inserted into the design and %rote do%n'

VI. M"9# 0$ "!&!"0)#.

*ll the needed calculation such as moment, reaction and etc %as

made and %rote do%n'

VII. D'&'' "8)&0 0$ 6%);$0 "#3 ("9$ 3'&'')#.

*fter all the calculation had !een seen and checked, %e discuss

a!out the %hole project and make discussion'

VIII. D'&'' "8)&0 0$ )#!&')#.

*fter the discussion had !een made, %e discuss a!out the

conclusion and conclusion had !een made'

I


28/38

,. DESIGN

-D D'&i"

T$%&&

Si)' Vi'0


29/38

G$!%") #l!!$


30/38

F%ll 1Pla" Vi'02

3D D'&i"

C!l%4" #!$ #i$& #l!!$ a") &'c!") #l!!$


31/38

T$%&&'&


32/38

F%ll Vi'0 1F$!"2


33/38

F%ll Vi'0 1L'# Si)'2

F%ll Vi'0 1B'(i")2


34/38

F%ll Vi'0 1Ri( Si)'2

56. CALCULATION


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*Please refer to next page

55. DISCUSSION


36/38

"n structural analysis, we have learned that the load will be transfer from top to the bottom

part, thus

The load of the truss will be transfer to the foundation ? bottom @ of the building.

k# B $verall load

%oad suggestion at the truss C

/ @ !oof weight include self weight of aluminium truss ? 5ead load @ C /.

@ #o wind load.

0@ %ife load B !oof weight include self weight of aluminium truss C 0. *#-m

1@ Wind load C *#

@ $verall load C . k#-m

The load eDerted on the truss is about /.k#. ThereEs no wind load eDerted on the truss, thus

no hori


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A structural system is the combination of structural elements and their materials. "t is

important for a structural engineer to be able to classify a structure by either its form or its

function, by recogni


38/38

Structural Systems Beha(iour and Design *uthor Sta(ridis, -' T'

Aall )um!er T*7>?'9 'S@9= 9:6: Pu!lisher dition, 9:6:'

Introduction to Structural *nalysis Displacement and orce

Methods *uthor Mau, S' T' Aall )um!er 16 !y 2T+M

9' e!site

http..ci(ilengineer'%e!infolist'com.str.pro!@>'htm

http..%%%'pu!lic'iastate'edu.Ufanous.ce

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