Title: Report on the Mechanical and Electrical Technology of the Latest TallBuildings in Japan

Authors: Takaharu Kawase, Professor, Chiba UniversityToshihiro Sugiura, Senior Mechanical Engineer, NIKKEN SEKKEI

Subject: MEP

Keywords: Energy EfficiencyTechnology

Publication Date: 2004

Original Publication: CTBUH 2004 Seoul Conference

Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter2. Journal paper3. Conference proceeding4. Unpublished conference paper5. Magazine article6. Unpublished

© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Takaharu Kawase; Toshihiro Sugiura

ctbuh.org/papers

24 CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea

Report on the Mechanical and Electrical Technology of the Latest Tall Buildings in Japan

Takaharu Kawase1, Toshihiro Sugiura2

1Professor, Department of Architecture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University 2Senior Mechanical Engineer, Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Dept., Nikken Sekkei Ltd.

Abstract The construction rushes of tall buildings have been taken place in the center of Tokyo in Japan. Here, the

outline of the latest mechanical and electrical (M&E) technology supporting a tall building and the trend of them are described.

Next, two cases which are the project on the theme of the life prolonging on building and the project on the theme of commissioning process (CxP) are picked up, and the application methods are introduced.

In the former case, the renewal plan with using voids effectively was decided based on life cycle study, and the required techniques were incorporated in the architectural plan. In the latter case, CxP was fixed in project and improvement in building quality was achieved through this process. Keywords: mechanical and electrical technology; life prolonging; commissioning process; Japan Introduction

Today, the tall buildings and the large buildings are successively completed in some metropolitan key area (see Fig.1-3). They are observed with their latest building technologies and their charm exceeding the former buildings, although there is an opinion which is anxious about oversupply of office buildings.

In this paper, the feature of the latest M&E technologies adopted to tall office buildings and the feature about some buildings is described concretely.

After height restrictions (31m) of the Building Standard Law were cancelled in 1962, the Kasumigaseki building (147m, 1968) which is the first tall building in Japan was built, and last year tall building rushes were again took place after the former rushes of the 1970s.

In Tokyo, the major redevelopment projects have been progressed in the central area, such as the Marunouchi area, the Shiodome area, the Roppongi area, and so forth. Their characteristics are the same period of completion in 2003. Some factors for this background are supposed to be simultaneous sales of large amount of good land from ’96 to ’97, overlapping of large city redevelopment and considerable deregulation of a floor area ratio by Tokyo Metropolitan Government in 1996.

1. The outline of latest M&E technologies in tall

buildings in Japan Many of new tall buildings have realized developed

intelligent function, safety, flexibility, telecom infrastructure, comfort/amenity, an environment conscious technology, and etc. with good balance.

The feature of the three major buildings is shown in Table.1.

Contact Author: Takaharu Kawase, Professor, Department of Architecture,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University,1-33Yayoicho,Inage-ku,Chiba-shi, 263-8522,Japan Tel/Fax:043-290-3147 Email:kawase@faculty.chiba-u.jp

Fig.1 Marunouchi area

Fig.2 Shiodome area

CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea 25

1.1. Safety Safe, durable and "tough" building is required for

natural disasters (an earthquake, a flood, a typhoon, etc.) and also human disasters (a fire, a terrorism, etc.). The total managed strategy based on calamity scenario is desired with refinement of integrated technology. For safety, the power supply redundancy in an emergency (electrical generator capacity with oil fuel), water reservation (water tank volume, the reclaimed water system, a well for emergency), redundancy of air conditioning (emergency system), etc. were also taken account for many cases. On the other hand perfect safety systems are hard to adopt from the economical efficiency reason. 1.2. Flexibility

Technical innovation is getting to speed up and the work style in office also changes corresponding to it. An office as a support system for workers should be flexible to meet their new requirement and arouse an office worker’s creativity more positively. The ease of changing tenant partitions and various additional services of a water supply, a power supply and a chilled water supply is required. Recently, there is also a case which appealing for an additional stairs in a tenant area. An advanced and stable telecom infrastructure and related specification (a space, power and cooling capacity, etc.) are thought as important. Stable correspondence for a multi-career and redundancy of a telecom infrastructure, the tenant service through the computer network, IPv6 (Internet ProtocolVer.6) and the power supply supporting telecom infrastructures, cooling, etc. are required. Moreover, a BACnet (Building Automation and

Control Networks) protocol etc. is being introduced as open and multi-vendor system to a building control and monitoring system. 1.3. Comfort/Amenity

The Indoor environmental quality such as temperature, humidity, illumination, noise and etc. is controlled appropriately, and higher office productivity is required. There are also many cases of the glass building which have higher ceiling, large glass window (2.7-2.8mH), a full of open-feeling, good air conditioning system around the window and elaborate lighting system. And coexistence with comfort and energy saving are aimed at. Furthermore, the communication space, such as a short-break space is being improved, and thought as an important factor of high indoor environment quality. An exclusive exhaust preparation for separated smoking area is also

Table.1 Mechanical and electrical systems adopted to the latest tall buildings A Bldg (Marunouchi area) B Bldg (Shiodome area) C Bldg (Roppongi aera) Heat Source Steam from DHC*1),

Chiller (using latent heat thermal storage), CGS*2) using city gas with usual and emergency use

DHC*1) plant and acceptance facilities, CGS*2) using city gas

DHC*1) plant and acceptance facilities, CGS*2) using city gas with usual and emergency use

Perimeter system

Simplified air barrier system, 4 direction switching air diffuse system by dedicated AC unit

Air flow window system with ceramic print glass, dedicated AC unit + make-up air unit

VAV system Air Conditioning system

Interior system

VAV system VAV system + make-up air unit

VAV system

Garbage system Garbage compactor, Reuse of a kitchen garbage, the volume reduction machine of firing styrene

Separate collection of garbage

Air shooter (sealed and conveyed automatically to an underground garbage storage room)

Energy saving, Resource saving technology

CGS, Latent heat thermal storage, High efficient equipment, Large temperature-difference water supply, VWV, VAV, Double-glazed glass, Simplified air barrier system, Air flow window system, Free cooling, Cooling by humidification, OA intake control by CO2 concentration, Natural ventilation, Total heat exchanger, Hf type fluorescent light, High luminosity guidance light, Photovoltaics, Reclaimed water system, Rain water use, Water-saved type sanitary fixture, etc.

Other characteristic equipment Task and ambient lighting, Water-purifying system

The double deck elevator of 2 stories

Fig.3 Roppongi area

26 CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea

required in the trend of smoking control. 1.4. Environment conscious technology

The larger a building scale is, the larger its influence is on an environment. So the way of activity on environmental problem to life prolonging building, zero emission, energy saving, garbage saving, recycling and the measure in global views is desired.

Next we actually see the latest technology in two buildings. One is an environment conscious technology, another is a technology for performing project.

2. Case study 1 : Life prolonging technology on

building1) Long-life is one of the big themes as a concrete

countermeasure to the global environment problems in the building field in Japan .

We introduce outline of the building(Nissei Shin-Osaka Building, see Fig.4,Table.2) where long-life was one of three basic policies in design, and got the Award of Technology 2003 of SHASE( The Society of Heating, Air-conditioning and Sanitary Engineers of Japan )

One of the representative features of the building is two external spaces penetrating the building from the rooftop to the bottom which are called “multi-functional voids” and located at the center of office floors(see Fig.5). Multi-functional voids are utilized for diversified applications including natural light well, piping and ducting space, route for carrying in/out facility equipment installed on the rooftop, space for air intake/exhaust for air conditioning, additional piping/ducting space for dedicated air conditioning/ventilation system for special tenants and outside air cooling.

In design stage, renewal work items in 100 years after completion were picked up , and renewal cycle were examined. As a result, it was founded that the works reach peaks at the 30th, 60th and 90th years after completion, and that the air-conditioning, hygiene and electrical facility sections occupy considerable rate, 60% of the total renewal cost of the building in the life cycle (Fig. 6).

Accordingly, the following long life supporting technologies were planned which are based on the characteristics of each work to perform the works as smoothly as possible without stopping the daily functions of the building while restraining pertaining works as much as possible. 2.1.Multi-functional voids (Fig.5)

The multi-functional voids were planned to have the function of the replacement space for extending, inspecting and renewing the piping and ducts and of the route for carrying in/out major equipment installed on the rooftop. 2.2. Securing replacement space and spare space

The multi-functional voids were also planned to secure the replacement space at renewal for the heat source machines on the 3rd floor, the high voltage

Table.2 Outline of building [Outline of building] Building name: Nissei Shin-Osaka Building Address: Osaka City, Japan Owner: Nippon Life Insurance Company Design and supervision: Nikken Sekkei Ltd. Major applications: Offices, restaurants and shops Total floor area: 97,970.73m2 Structure: RC, SRC, S [Outline of air-conditioning facilities] Heat source: Gas absorption chiller/heater: 600 RT x 3unit, Ice heat storage by centrifugal chiller:2780 RTh, Centrifugal chiller:600 RT x 1 unit, 300 RT x 1 unit Air-cooled heat pump chiller:100 RT x 2 units Air-conditioning (typical floor): CAV & VAV

Fig. 4 Photograph of appearance

Fig. 5 Cross section plan

CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea 27

electrical transformers on the 3rd floor, the outdoor machines on the rooftop and the main rigid piping space for air-conditioning inside multi-functional voids.

For the main machine room on the 3rd floor, an adjacent warehouse which have the similar area to the main machine room are prepared for the replacement.

Inside multi-functional voids, the replacement space for main rigid piping was planned to secure replacement works. For the machine area on the rooftop, major machines would be carried in/out through the multi-functional voids. 2-3 Load Reduction Effect by Long Life

Supporting Technologies As described so far, various long life supporting

technologies were adopted in this building. By making a renewal work plan actually, it was

Co n te n ts o f re n e w a l

Ren ewal target or equ ipm en t affected wh en waterproof m ater ia l is r en ewed

Com pared case Ca s e i n w hi ch m ul t i - funct i o na l v o i ds a re ut i l i ze dRe f e re n ce cas e

( i n w hi ch e l e v a t o rs fo r pe o pl e a nd ca rg o a re

Car ryin g-in /ou t m eth od ?Ca rries out a nd in equipm ent a nd m a t eria ls ?Unloa ds equipm ent a nd m a t eria ls a tor work procedu re for ? from doors on ext erna l wa lls on 3rd floor ? underground pa rking lot , a nd ca rries t hemwaterproof m ater ial ? (us ing wreckers for lift ing hea vy object s). ? la t era lly t o eleva t ors for people a nd ca rgo.ren ewal ?Ca rries equipm ent a nd m a t eria ls la t era lly ?Unloa ds equipm ent a nd m a t eria ls on ea ch

?up to bottom of multi-functional voids on ? floor, and carries them laterally to pipe space.?3rd floor. ? Ins t a lls rigid piping in t urn from lowes t? Ins t a lls hea vy object lift ing fa cilit ies a t t op ? floor.?of m ult i-funct iona l voids .? Ins t a lls rigid piping from rooft op us ing?hea vy object lift ing fa cilit ies .

Work days ? Hea vy object lift ing fa cilit ies on rooft op ? 1 ? Ta king equipm ent a nd m a t eria ls int o pipe? da yfor a ssem bly a nd 1 da y for disa ssem bly ? spa ce on ea ch floor ? 19 da ys? Ta king equipm ent a nd m a t eria ls int o 3rd ? Ins t a lling rigid piping on ea ch floor (from? floor (spa re spa ce) ? 3 da ys ? lowes t floor) ? 34 da ys? Ins t a lling r igid piping from 3rd floor t o ? Rem oving piping ? 37 da ys? rooft op ? 17 da ys ? Ca rrying rem oved piping from ea ch floor t o? Rem oving piping, a nd ca rrying it out t o 3rd ? firs t ba sem ent , a nd ca rrying it t o out s ide? floor ? 20 da ys ?갷 19 da ys? Ca rrying rem oved piping from 3rd floor t o? out s ide ? 3 da ys? Tot a l: 43 da ys ? Tot a l: 43 da ys

Work m an-days ?Prepa ring hea vy object lift ing fa cilit ies , ? Ta king equipm ent a nd m a t eria ls int o ea ch? t a king equipm ent a nd m a t eria ls int o 3rd ? floor, rem oving piping a nd ca rrying out? floor, rem oving piping a nd ca rrying out ? rem oved piping ? 654 people in t ot a l? rem oved piping ? 262 people in t ot a l

Used en ergy qu an tity Li g ht o i l : 1 , 1 6 1 L, e l e ct r i c e ne rg y : 2 , 6 5 0 kW h Li g ht o i l : 2 , 9 8 6 L , e l e ct r i c e ne rg y : 1 , 0 9 0 kWh

Estim ated cost [yen /tota l ar ea (뇎)]

1 43 ye n /뇎 29 6 y e n /뇎

CO2 gen erated by work 5 ,2 23 k g -CO 2 8 ,2 3 4 k g - CO 2

CO2 genera t ed during work [kg-CO2] Est im a t ed work cos t [yen/뇎]

Air-condi t ioning main rigid piping re ne w al w ork?R e n e w al o f m a i n r i g i d p i p i n g i n s i d e m u l t i - f u n c t i on a l vo i d s H e i g h t f r om 3r d f l oo r t o 20 t h f l oor : 74 m

?Co o l i ng w a t e r: 2 0 0 A x 2 p i pe s , 3 0 0 A x 2 p i pe s , 4 5 0 A x 2 p i pe s Co l d w a t e r: 2 0 0 A x 4 p i pe s

? (To ta l w e ig h t : Appro x im a te ly 4 9 .7 t , n u m be r o f pie ce s : Appro x im a te ly 4 9 0 )?C ol d /h ot w at e r : 200 A x 4 p i p e s , 1 50 A x 2 p i p e s ?S t e am : 1 25 A x 2 p i p e s ?E xp an s i on p i p e : 8 0 A x 2 p i p e s

5233

8234

Pla n fo r th is bu ildin g S ta n da rd ca s eReduced by 37%

143

296

S ta n da rd ca s ePla n fo r th is bu ildin gReduced by 52%

Fig. 7 Load reduction effect achieved by long life supporting technologies

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

Est

imat

ed r

epai

r co

st [y

en/뇎

]

Bu ildin gE lect r icityAir -condit ion in gHygieneCar ryin g

2041 2051 2061 2071 2081 2091 2100[yea r ] (completed in 2001)

2011 2021 2031

BuildingRen ewa l of wa terproof ma ter ia l on rooftop, etc.

Air -cond it ion ing갋Ren ewa l of h ea t sou rce ma ch in es갋Ren ewa l of pipin gH ygiene갋Ren ewa l of plu mbin g pipin g갋Ren ewa l of wa ter ta n ks

E lect r icit y갋Ren ewa l of power receivin g?a n d t ra n sformin g fa cilities갋Ren ewa l of emergen cy?power gen era tors

갋Ren ewa l of a ir-con dition ers (25-yea r cycle)

갋Ren ewa l of du ctsAir -condit ioningAir -cond it ion ing

Fig.6 Estimated long-term repair in life cycle

28 CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea

found that the load on the environment can be reduced considerably compared with a conventional general renewal work technique. As a major case, Fig. 6 shows the load reduction effect in the air-conditioning main rigid piping renewal work.

In concrete, the renewal work can be performed without stopping air-conditioning by utilizing the replacement space for piping inside multi-functional voids. In the renewal plan, piping pieces are stored in the warehouse for replacement on the 3rd floor, and then lifted by a hoist crane through multi-functional voids.

On the other hand, in the standard case, piping pieces are carried into the pipe space on each floor by elevators, and then the renewal work is performed on all floors in turn from the lowest floor.

In the plan with multi-functional voids, the work man-days are reduced by 60% by improving the work efficiency. The work cost is reduced by 52%. The CO2 amount generated by the energy used in the work is reduced by 37% (Fig.7).

3. Case study2 : Adoption of commissioning

process2) Efforts to do proper commission of M&E system

functions, thereby contributing to energy saving and reduction of environmental load throughout the lifecycle of the building, are being made today in Japan. In this project （ see Fig.8,Table.3 ） , a commissioning process was used from the building planning and design stages, in order to achieve the owner’s requirements of increasing property value and achieving energy-saving performance. The commissioning process described here is characterized by verifying the performance of M&E system prior to handover and after the completion of construction, as well as embodying the various quality requirements of the owner for the building, from the planning and design stage onward, and coordinating appropriately. 3.1. Creation of commissioning process

The most important theme in this project was to reflect the owner’s requirements in the actual plan to achieve “Prime Grade A Office”, although it was

somehow ambiguous concept. For this purpose, an organization to conduct the

commissioning process was set up and the conference committee, notification documents, product and the like were defined. In addition, the following nine themes relating to M&E system were established (Table.4).

3.2. Improvement of property value through

commissioning process The following themes relating to improving the

property value of the building were studied and put into concrete form:

(1) Reliability as a 24-hour service building (2) Securing building functions in the event of a

disaster

(3) Durability performance aimed at achieving long service life

(4) Ensuring low noise level in office spaces (5) Improving the tenant rentable ratio (6) Security performance

3.3. Ensuring the perimeter environment performance of the glass building through the commissioning process

To achieve a "timeless design," which was one of the owner's requirements for the building, the building was designed as a "glass building" with an exterior consisting entirely of glass from floor to ceiling. For this reason, ensuring indoor environmental performance such as the thermal environment in perimeter areas was an important theme. Numerical requirements for thermal performance were prescribed and the design process was conducted so as to achieve these requirements. In the commissioning process, there were changes to the system, at last stage actual size model test was done for various window systems,

Fig. 8 Photograph of appearance

[Outline of building] Building name: Pacific Century Place Marunouchi BuildingAddress: Tokyo City, Japan Major Owner: Pacific Century Group, Hong Kong Design: Nikken Sekkei Ltd., Takenaka Corp. Supervision: Nikken Sekkei Ltd. Major applications: Offices, restaurants and shops, hotel Total floor area: 81,693m2 No. of floors: B4F, 32F, P1F Structure: RC, SRC, S Completion of construction: Nov., 2001 [Outline of air-conditioning system] Heat source: Gas absorption chiller/heater, Ice thermal storage with brine chillers and centrifugal chillers: 11,285kW(total cooling capacity), 5,177kW(total heating capacity) Air-conditioning (typical floor): VAV system and simplified air flow system with the seasonal changeover function with air-tight blinds

Table.3 Outline of the building

CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea 29

and a summer/winter switching airflow system with airtight blinds was adopted (Fig.9). After building construction was completed, verification measurements were conducted for the actual building, and these measurements confirmed the performance that was equal to or higher than the actual size model tests.

At the operational stage, operation methods were readjusted in an effort to strike a balance between tenant services and energy saving and to improve both of them. 3.4 Ensuring various types of energy saving

performance through the commissioning process

In this project, an effort was made to reduce building energy consumption same as other buildings. But the focus of this project was on the themes specific to tall buildings and the themes that have been recognized as problems but have not been quantified and have tended to be overlooked. One of the themes specific to tall buildings is the "stack effect." To prevent the increased outside air load resulting from the "stack effect," an air balance control system was adopted. Other techniques were also adopted: a large temperature differential transfer system to reduce pumps and fans power energy, variable air volume (VAV) control for offices, inverter control and replacement

ventilation systems for parking areas and machine rooms. Furthermore, the cooling tower fan power was reduced and the cooling water temperature was lowered in an effort to improve the overall heat source coefficient of performance (COP). Illumination dimming control through the use of automatic blinds control and the use of daylight were adopted to lessen the air conditioning load. A simple reclaimed water (recycle water) system aiming at easy maintainance and useing air conditioning drain water and the like was adopted to save water.

Some of these measures are described in greater

detail in the following sections.

3.4.1 Planning and performance verification for the air balance control system designed to prevent the "stack effect"

(1) Requirements As a measure that could be adopted on the M&E

system to prevent the "stack effect," a proposal to control the airflow of outside air (OA) and exhaust air (EA) on standard office floors was submitted. The following items were established as requirements:

• Ensure that the difference between the actually measured air intake/exhaust volume on each floor and the design volume is no more than 10%

• Check the indoor and outdoor air pressure differential at the first floor entrance lobby (2) Overview of planning

Air velocity sensors and inverters were used to control airflow continuously for three systems on each floor (outside air supply, general exhaust and toilet exhaust). So these systems would not be affected by the outside air pressure or the air pressure differential between the inside and the outside. The set airflow

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Hf fluorescent lamps wi th au toma tic dimming funct ion and mo torized blinds for initial illu mination correction and use of day light

During the win ter, the exhaust air is sent below the floor and passes through column-like duc ts and is discharged on the other s ide o f the ceiling

Fre e a cce s s fl oor he ight : 100 m m(250 m m on some fl oo rs)Floor weight 500 kg/m2

Light sou rce u ni t fo r t he fi be r op t i cs u se d to l i gh t spa ndre l s (suspe nde d fro m ce i l i ng )

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Summerexhaust

Returned to air condit ioner

Hf fluorescent lamps wi th au toma tic dimming funct ion and mo torized blinds for initial illu mination correction and use of day light

During the win ter, the exhaust air is sent below the floor and passes through column-like duc ts and is discharged on the other s ide o f the ceiling

Fre e a cce s s fl oor he ight : 100 m m(250 m m on some fl oo rs)Floor weight 500 kg/m2

Light sou rce u ni t fo r t he fi be r op t i cs u se d to l i gh t spa ndre l s (suspe nde d fro m ce i l i ng )

Wint e r e xha ust

Il l umina t ion of spa nd re l se ct ions u sing fi be r-op t i cs

Sa fe ty ra i l i s u nne ce s sa ry be ca use l a mina t e d she e t gl a s s i s i nst a l l e d.(ca n be i n st a l l e d opt iona l ly i n re sponse t o t e na nt re que st)Work pe riod re duce d t h rough the use of uni t cu rt a in wa l l s (work pe riod: 7.5 mon ths)

Act ive fa ça deSimple a i rfl ow syst e m co mpri sing l ow-E g l a ss + a i rt i ght b l i ndPictu re s a nd t e x t ca n be d i spl a ye d by cont rol l i ng b l inds

Pe rime te r e xha u st fa n (sum me r/wint e r swit ch ing syst e m)

Fig.9 Section diagram of perimeter areas

Table. 4 The nine themes relating to M&E system through CxP 1. Securing performance in perimeter environments Perimeter air conditioning, mixing loss with the interior,

lighting distribution, daylight control 2. Improving reliability as a 24-hour service building Power supply backup, air conditioning backup 3. Improving building performance in the event of an

emergency Measures for use in the event of an infrastructure failure,

earthquake-resistant performance, disaster prevention performance

4. Securing functions as a building with a long service life

Increasing equipment service life, planning for the future, flexibility

5. Ensuring “quiet” office spaces External noise ("bullet train") soundproofing, soundproofing/silencing of internally generated noise

6. Improving the tenant rentable ratio and ensuring maintainability

Maximizing the area for exclusive tenant use, securing maintainability

7. Securing security performance Zoning, coordination with equipment functions 8. Securing energy-saving performance Prevention of "stack effect," streamlining of wastewater

reuse systems, daylight control, streamlining of ventilation, variable air volume (VAV), variable water volume (VWV)

9. Construction of a Building Energy Management System (BEMS) suited for management and operation

BEMS taking into consideration failure and fault predictions

30 CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea

was calculated from the number of air conditioners to be operated to ensure that the airflow was controlled to an appropriate volume (Fig.10). (3) Verification process and results

In the three airflow checks, the actual airflow was finally met to the requirement (Fig.11). The airflow was measured at doors between corridors and stairways on each floor, and the results showed that the maximum airflow for each location was about 400 m3/h. Considering that there are two stairways, it was approximately 10% of the outside air intake for each floor and it was confirmed that the level has been kept low (Fig.12).

With regard to the internal and external air pressure differential at the entrance lobby, the indoor value with the door closed was 1.0 Pa, with positive pressure maintained and it was confirmed that the "stack effect" was being controlled.

3.4.2 Planning and performance verification for

simple wastewater reuse system (1) Requirements

The planning values estimated that the amount of recycled wastewater during a one-year period would be 26,640 m3. In contrast, raw water usage was predicted to be 13,573 m3 per year, a recycling ratio of 57.8% over one year period (raw water / recycled wastewater). As a requirement, the recycling ratio was established as a target value (Fig.13). (2) Overview of planning

To ensure a comparatively stable raw supply water while reducing the water treatment load, the system was determined to use rainwater as well as air conditioner drain water (cooling tower blow water, condensed drain water and vaporization type humidifier drain water) as raw water. After treatment, this water will be used to flush toilets. The treatment system is a simple one consisting only of sand filtration and a sterilization unit (3) Verification process and results

The actual water volume for one year period were 38,300 m3/year of recycled wastewater and 29,600 m3/year of raw water. This comes to a reuse ratio of 77.3%, which met the requirements (Fig.14).

3.5 Evaluation of actual energy consumption

Primary energy consumption for one year period was 2,780 MJ/m2 per year for the entire building and

Repeatedly performing check measurements and making improvements narrowed the figure down to the specified performance value.

-120.0

-100.0

-80.0

-60.0

-40.0

-20.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

Firstmeasurement

Secondmeasurement

Thirdmeasurement

24th floor

23th floor

22th floor

21th floor

20th floor

19th floor

18th floor

17th floor

16th floor

15th floor

14th floor

13th floor

12th floor

11th floor

10th floor

9th floor

8th floor

Deviation from set air flow 걁걪걂

Repeatedly performing check measurements and making improvements narrowed the figure down to the specified performance value.

-120.0

-100.0

-80.0

-60.0

-40.0

-20.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

Firstmeasurement

Secondmeasurement

Thirdmeasurement

24th floor

23th floor

22th floor

21th floor

20th floor

19th floor

18th floor

17th floor

16th floor

15th floor

14th floor

13th floor

12th floor

11th floor

10th floor

9th floor

8th floor

Deviation from set air flow 걁걪걂

Fig. 11 Air volume deviation for exhaust airflow

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

0112 0201 0202 0203 0204 0205 0206 0207 0208 0209 0210 0211

CT blow water

Quantity of recycled wastewater used

Air conditioner drain water

Fill water

Drain water (not yet recycled)

Miscellaneous wastewater reuse ratio (yearly) = (quantity of recycled wastewater - quantity of fill water)/quantity of recycled wastewater = 77.39

Fig. 14 Actual quantity of recycled wastewater

ＤＤＣ

ＤＤＣ

ＤＤＣ

ＡＨＵ‐１

風速センサ‐ 風速センサ‐

トイレ湯沸室

ＩＮＶ ＩＮＶ

ＭＤ外‐

排‐

ＡＨＵ‐２

ＡＨＵ‐３

ＡＨＵ‐４

ＤＤＣ

ＤＤＣ

ＤＤＣ

ＡＨＵ‐１

風速センサ‐ 風速センサ‐

トイレ湯沸室

ＩＮＶ ＩＮＶ

ＭＤ外‐

排‐

ＡＨＵ‐２

ＡＨＵ‐３

ＡＨＵ‐４

Wind velocity sensor Inverter Wind velocity sensor Inverter

Exhaust air

ToiletKitchenette

Outside air

ＤＤＣ

ＤＤＣ

ＤＤＣ

ＡＨＵ‐１

風速センサ‐ 風速センサ‐

トイレ湯沸室

ＩＮＶ ＩＮＶ

ＭＤ外‐

排‐

ＡＨＵ‐２

ＡＨＵ‐３

ＡＨＵ‐４

ＤＤＣ

ＤＤＣ

ＤＤＣ

ＡＨＵ‐１

風速センサ‐ 風速センサ‐

トイレ湯沸室

ＩＮＶ ＩＮＶ

ＭＤ外‐

排‐

ＡＨＵ‐２

ＡＨＵ‐３

ＡＨＵ‐４

Wind velocity sensor Inverter Wind velocity sensor Inverter

Exhaust air

ToiletKitchenette

Outside air

Fig. 10 Air balance control system on standard floors

-600 -200 200

P1

29

26

20

14

11

8

5

2

B2

階

階段室

廊下 階段室

階では店舗排舗の

影響を受けている

Airflow (m3/hour in stairway)

Corridor -> ????Stairway

Corridor <-? ? ? Stairway

On basement (B1) floor, the figures were affected by the exhaust air from stores

Floor

-600 -400 200 400

26

23

17

14

8

5

2

B2

風量（m3/h階段室)

廊下→

廊下←階段室

B1階では店舗排舗の影響を受けている

Airflow (m3/hour in stairway)

Corridor -> ????Stairway

Corridor <-? ? ? Stairway

On basement (B1) floor, the figures were affected by the exhaust air from stores

Floor

Fig. 12 Measured air balance (in Feb.)

CT blow water

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

0202 0203 0204 0205 0206 0207 0208 0209 0210 0211

Quantity of recycled wastewater used

Air conditioner drain water

Fill water

Rain water

Fig. 13 Planned quantity of recycled wastewater

CTBUH 2004 October 10~13, Seoul, Korea 31

2,380 MJ/m2 per year for the office sections (not including the store and hotel sections). At a glance much energy seems to be consumed in this building, but we think it is reduced enough when considering the characteristic of a building and its usage.

A breakdown of the total enrgy consumption reveals that a large portion is accounted for by lighting power (Fig15). This is thought to be due to the bulbs used on standard floors and hotel sections that have much importance as design elements, and to the power required to light up the building. It is thought that an operational effort would be needed in order to reduce the energy consumption.

The amount of power consumption by the air conditioning heat source was a small percentage of the total (28%) and air conditioning pumps and fans was 12%. It is seemed that the energy saving techniques was effective. Figures 16 and 17 show a portion of the power

energy consumption status on office floors. The lighting power consumption was larger than standard offices because of high illumination of 750Lx. In addition, the OA power consumption at night and on non-work days was about 50% of the peak consumption.

Conclusions From the latest projects, two cases were picked up

mainly, and life prolonging of a building and improvement of a building quality through commissioning process were mentioned. Two cases won the Award of Technology 2003 of SHASEJ (The Society of Heating, Air-conditioning and Sanitary Engineers of Japan) and are therefore thought to show the part of the latest trend in building M&E engineering.

Many Japanese engineers have developed new technology and have applied them to buildings. Many of their efforts were measured and verified in indoor environmental quality or at building performance after building completions. But the results are hardly known to foreign countries.

We will be pleased if they can contribute to introducing Japanese engineering technology and become the references in the case of future project. References 1) K. Oohara, K. Mizuide, et al (2004) Design of Long Life Building

Functions and Energy Conservation System for Nissei Shin-Osaka Building, Oct., Journal of SHASEJ

2) T. Kawase, T. Sugiura, et al (2004) Planning and Implementation of Environmental and Mechanical/Electrical System for “Pacific Century Place” Marunouchi Building, Oct., Journal of SHASEJ

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Power consumption (W/m2)

On Saturdays and non-work days, standby power consumption is great

Time

Fig. 17 OA power consumption in office area

Fig. 16 Lighting power consumption in an office area Time

Power Consumption (W/m2)25

20

15

10

5

02 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Saturday and Sunday

Large power consumption because of high illumination at 750Lx

General lighting outlets38%

OA outlets7%

Other power4%

Air conditioner heat source(electricity)

18%

Air conditioner heat source(gas)10%

Air conditioning pumps fans12%

Plumbing (electricity)2%

Plumbing (gas)2%

Elevator3%

Other4%

Fig. 15 Breakdown of prnergy consumption during a one-year period