Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

The Bhairab, which is considered to be of older origin its parent river the Jalangi, takes off

from that river at a point, a few miles north of Karimpur (in West Bengal). After a tortuous

course towards the south it turns to the east forming the boundary line

between Meherpur P.S. (Bangladesh) and Karimpur (India) for a short distance and then

turning south enters Meherpur P.S. and flows past Meherpur town to the south and loses itself

in the Mathabhanga close to the east of Kapashdanga. Its intake from the Jalangi having silted

up, this river has been practically dead since long. The poor climate of Meherpur, which lies

upon its bank, is in great measure attributed to the stagnancy of its water. The settlement

alongside river are not urbanized yet, moreover maximum commercial and industrial

infrastructures are not technologically developed. The drainage systems are not provided until

development of the settlement. So, the study area is occupied with different types of arising

problems on the basis of the needs of the locality.

To find out the solution of this rising problems this study is needed.

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1.2 Study area

The study area is located at Bhairab river and the settlements along having radius around

250m both sides from Fulbarigate to Rallygate.Main purpose of this study is to locate the

landuse pattern and the overall condition of the area which includes road network,service

facilities and utilities,drainage system,climatic condition,socio economic condition,flood

plain analysis etc.Basically this study is to analyze to develop a planned riverbank

settlement based on the river with adequate service facilities.

Fig 01: Location of the study area

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Chapter 2: Methodology

A methodology is the set of methods or steps of a process by which the study will be done.

This study is done by a well arranged methodology by which the goals can be achieved. The

study was done in a certain order.

2.1 Site Selection:

The site was selected at Ralligate by our course teachers. This site is selected as it was one of

the significant sites having both commercial, residential and also industrial uses. The

riverbank sides are mostly using as commercial purposes. Moreover, there are some residents

nearby industries locating around river.

2.2 Preparation of Questionnaire:

A questionnaire was made to collect the data. For this at first a primary survey was done in

which information were gathered from few number of local people belonging with the

locality. Based upon the assumption of the situation the questionnaire was made.

2.3 Questionnaire Survey

A questionnaire survey was carried out in order to investigate the current condition of

the riverbank settlements.

10 people were asked the questions about demographic measures –the availability of

utility and services, water supply, electric supply, waste management system, health

and sanitation services etc.

The answers are used to analyze the current problems and their solutions.

2.4 Analysis

From the gathered data an analysis was carried out. From this analysis the problems were

found out.

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2.5 Alternatives

On basis of the analysis and findings some alternatives were developed.

The methodology at a glance-

Figure 02 : Flow Diagram of the Methodology.

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Proposals

Develop Probable Solution

Problem Analysis

Finding Out Problems

Data Collection

Field Work

Site Selection

Chapter 3: Data Analysis

3.1 Major Landscape:

Residential (30-35%)

Industrial (25-30%)

Commercial (15-

20%)

Others (30-40%)

3.2 Land

Percentage:

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Fig 03: Major Landscape

3.3. Residential:

3.3.1. North western part:

It is densely populated with various groups of people. Almost 70% people of our study area

live here. Most of the people are local. Living condition of this residential area is moderately

developed. Here education rate is higher than other parts of our study area. Although most of

the people are jute mill worker, some other profession is also seen here like business, industry

labor, rickshaw puller etc.

3.3.2. South western part: This residential area is basically slum area. People living here are

not local. Most of the people are migrated from Barisal and faridpur. Here people are

illiterate and work at jute mill worker. Living condition of this slum area is unhealthy. There

is no supply water and safe drinking water is not available. P.W.D(Public Works

Development) govt. residential area is also located here.

3.3.3. East part: In our study area , only a few people lives in the East part of the river. They

work at jute mill and live around mill. No separate residential area is seen here.

3.4.Industrial area:

• Our study area is mainly industrial area.

• A large number of industries with various types are located here.

• Almost 30 different industries can be seen here.

List of the major industries are given below in the table:

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Table 01:List of Major industries

Type Name1. Jute mill Sha nawaj jute mill

Sagor jute mill Mondol jute mill Star jute mill M/s co Amzad hossain jute mill etc.

2. Jute press Dhaka trading house Ltd. Faridpur jute press Hazrat sha candropuri jute press Reza jute traders Salam jute traders etc.

3. Brick industry New S.R brick industry4. Fish processing Digholia mothsow hachary Ltd.

5. Saw mill Vi-Vi saw mill6. Others Nordic wood Limited

Anser flour mill

3.5. Image of some important industries:

3.5.1. Jute mil:

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Fig 05: Shahnewaj jute mill

3.5.2. Jute press:

3.5.3. Brick industry:

3.5.4. Fish processing:

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Fig 06: Dhaka trading house Fig 07:Faridpur jute press

Fig 08: New S.R brick industry

Fig 09: Digholia Fishery Ltd.

3.5.5. Saw mill :

3.5.6. Others:

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Fig 10: Vai-Vai saw mill

Fig 11: Nordic wood Limited Fig 12: Ansar flour mill

3.6. Commercial area: Among commercial area most important are the Ghats, Food storage center, small shops etc. Total

five Ghats are located to our study area. Mohessorpasa food storage center is a govt. food preserving

center is also located to our study area in Maniktala, Khulna. A number of small shops are present in

the road crossing as well as along road side and also in residential area.

3.6.1. Important Ghats

3.6.2. Food storage center

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Fig 13: Rallygate Ferry Terminal Fig 14: CSD(Central Storage Depot)-Ghat

Fig 15: Food storage center

3.6.3. Small Shop

3.7. Others:

Others land uses include institutional, Religion, water body, open space etc. Institutional

includes school, college, hospital , govt. office etc, Religion includes mosque, madrasa, sosan

ghat etc.

Table 02: List of others land use:

Type NameInstitutional School & College o Mohessor pasa K.M. high school

o M.A Mojid school & collegeHospital o Bokkhobadhi Hospital

o Shongkramok badhi HospitalGovt. Office o Women Welfare Organization

Religion Mosque o Nagar ghat jame mosjido Bawali ghata jame mosjido Modina jame mosjid

Madrasa o Rahmania madrasa, KhulnaShoshan ghat o Mohessor pasa Sosan ghat

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Fig 16: Small shop

Chapter 4: Findings

4.1. Population:• In our study area, population size is not very big.

• Total population size is about 2500-3000.

• Most of them living north western part of the river and east part of the river settlement

are very little.

• Major people of the south western part are illiterate and jute-mill worker.

• About 90% people are illiterate.

• Most of them are not living permanently here.

• People come here in different district for supporting their life.

• Most of them come from Faridpur and Barishal district.

• For this reason, slum area is created.

• In north western part education level comparatively high and most of them are

industry labor and very few of them are businessmen, service holder, rickshaw or van

puller etc.

• Local people are living in this part.

4.2. Life Style:• North western part is better than South-western part.

• North western part is moderately developed but South-western part is a slum area.

• Vegetation cultivation is seen on roof of house in North-western part.

• Domestic animal is available in South-western part.

4.3. Transport Network: • Transport network is very strong in our study area.

• Roads are covering 3-5% of land of total study area.

• There is just one main high way.

• It’s known as Khulna-Jessore High Way.

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4.4. Road Classification: Three types of road are seen there. There are:-

1. Primary Road

2. Secondary Road

3. Tertiary Road

Besides residential areas and industry, we can see footpath.

4.5. Road Condition:• Primary road condition is moderately better & smooth.

• Secondary and Tertiary roads are linked by Primary road.

• But people face various troubles because of poor condition of secondary and tertiary

road.

• Primary road width is minimum 6-7 m.

• Secondary road width is 3.5 m but standard width is about 5 m.

• Tertiary road width is minimum 1.8 m.

• So, almost all roads are very narrow.

4.6. Traffic: • Our study area is industry based. So, high loaded trucks are seen here every time.

• Without truck, we can see some other vehicles like van, bi-cycle, rickshaw, motor-

cycle etc.

4.7. River Condition :

• Decreases flow of water

• Pollutes river water

• Increases river bank erosion

• Decreases fishes and other.

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4.8. Flood Plain :

• In winter, water level gradually decrease and river current flow moderately very slow.

• In rainy season, water level reaches at highest peak and over flooded. Moreover, river

current flow become strong.

4.9. Drainage system :

• Very poor condition

• Very narrow

• Open drains

• Directly connected with river

• Lack of maintenance and cleaning

junks

4.10. Utility service:

Exist:

• Being an industrial area, here electricity is very much available.

• Tele communication and land phone facilities are also available.

Not Exist:

• No supply water.

• No gas line.

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Fig 17: Water level at winter Fig 18: Water level at rainy season

Fig 19: Drainage system

4.11. Vegetation:

• Our study area is rich with vegetation.

• Covers about 30% land of our study area.

• Different types and sizes of trees can be seen here.

Table 03: List of different types and sizes of trees

Type of tree ExamplesWood • Mehegoni

• Shirish• Banyan tree etc.

Fruits • Mango• Coconut• Plam• Kul• Tamarind etc.

Others • Sajni• Mandar• Debdaru• Grass etc.

4.12. Buffering:

• No planned buffering.

• Natural buffering can be seen at both side of the river.

• Somewhere density of trees is very high and somewhere very low.

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4.13. Economy:

• Our study area is basically industrial economy based. Agriculture is negligible here.

• Most of the people are jute mill worker, industry labor, daily labor and a few number

is businessman, service holder, rickshaw puller etc.

4.14. Important places:

4.14.1. Relligate ferry terminal:

It is the most important place of our study area. Most of the industries are developed

depending on this ghat. This ferry ghat plays a great role in the economy as well as in daily

life. There are many jute industry and jute press in the Southern part of our study area. So

these jute mill and jute press need to use big vehicle like leguna, mini truck, truck, llory etc to

get the supply of different goods from different part of the country and send their product to

sell in all over the country. And this ferry is one of the best media of communication and

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Fig 20: Chart of economic distribution

supply of goods .Not only that but also it is the only way of sending the ambulance, and fire

brigade cars to the rural part of our study area.

But people here mainly use boat for passing the river for communication. Many people who

have office in main Khulna city or nearby but actually live in the rural side of our study area

mainly use boats for passing the river. Everyday more than 1000 people pass the river. They

need to pay 1 taka per person in boat and pay 1 taka per person as tax or toll to the

government. Carrying vehicle like By-cycle or motor cycle they have to pay some extra

money. For carrying By-cycle, they need to pay 7 taka and for motor-cycle they pay 10 taka

BDT. Sometimes they carry sacks full with goods then they need to pay 5 taka per sack.

Every boat are permitted to take 15 people at a time. The list of toll is given below.

In the time of ceremony like Eid. The boatmen do not follow this list and charge double of

normal cost.

Table 04: Cost of crossing

Medium Cost

1 person 1 takaMotor cycle 10 takaBy-cycle 7 taka1 sack(rice, wheat) 5 taka

4.14.2. CSD ghat:

There is another Ghat which is known as CSD ghat and that is the only ghat which is not used

for passengers passing .That ghat is used by Government for “Mohesswar-pasha Food

Preserving Centre”. Mohessar-pasa Food Preserving Centre is used for preserving different

types of foods and distributed them all over Khulna. There are more than 40 storage for

preserving foods. But very recently most of the storage are vacant. 5-6 years ago this

preservation center preserve 19 types of food. But now they only preserve 2 types of food.

This ghat turns to a “White-Elephant” and wasting the resource of the government.

If the government can make the best use of the property available here it creates so much

working opportunities for local people and will play a great important role in the economy of

the Khulna as well as the country.

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4.14.3. Jute mills and Jute press:

There are also some jute mills and jute press around our study area. Jute is a natural fiber

popularly known as the golden fiber. It is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural

fibers and considered as fiber of the future. Jute is called the “Golden fiber” of Bangladesh.

Our country earn a huge amount of foreign currency by selling raw processed jute or jute

made products. The product of these mills goes to different part around the world. The

countries like Vietnam, Combodia, Scotland, Germany, Mexico, USA, Ireland are the buyer

of the product of these jute mills. The products are transported by different sizes of ship and

all the mills have separate terminal in river attached to the mills. Ships or large boats wait

near the terminal and then they load with the products and then go to the port and pass the

products to the larger ship.

At present raw jute and jute products account for around 10% of total foreign earnings and

4% of GDP.

We failed to enter inside the jute mills but we talked with the managers and workers on the

mills. There we got an idea of whole process of jute processing. At first, the jute fibers

remove from the sticks and dry them under sun for a few days. Then, the dried fiber goes to

the jute press mill and here they make bundle of jute. These bundle exported to different

countries. Different things like ropes, bags, mats, wall-mats, different types of show peace are

made with jute fiber.

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Chapter 5: Recommendation

5.1. Convenience alternatives

• Road should be developed and wider.

• Adequate measures should be taken to solve drainage problem.

• Drains should be cleaned properly.

• Industry should develop their waste management system.

• Adequate dustbins should be provided.

• Supply water should make available.

5.2 . Economic alternatives

• Sufficient funding is required to recover and make secondary and tertiary roads more

wider by public authorities.

• Government should build some specific waste disposal points as early as possible.

• Deep tube wells should be imposed to make the water supply available.

• A health care center is much needed to the southern part to minimize health hazards.

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Chapter 6: Proposals

Some deep tube-wells are to be provided for safe drinking water at the north western

part.

A health care center is to be established at the north western part.

Planned buffering is to be established at both side of the river.

Proper steps have to be taken in Government food preserving area at Maniktola to run

again in full swing.

River barrier is need to stop river bank land degradation at north western part.

6.1. Setting up deep tubewells

To meet the required need of the locality both sides of the community, adequate water supply

should be made available. As there is no public authority or development organization like

WASA, it is quite difficult to make the supply available. To minimize the scarcity of safe

drinking water and daily usage water supply at least 5-6 deep tube wells should be set up at

different places around the study area. Local government and local community should be

active and mass participation are needed to make it successful.2-3 tube wells will be set up to

the north-western part and 3 tube wells to the other side of the river to meet the required

needs of the community.

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Figure 21: Setting up tube wells at different points to make water supply available.

6.2. Establishment of Health care center

Health care is one of the basic needs of a community.The study area has lack of proper

management of health care activities.Most of the local people are under middle class and

poor community.As there are quite a good number of industries situated in the study

area,there is belonging with a good number of labors living around it.So,different diseases are

quite common and to proper treatment is a must to get removed from these health

crisises.There is only one health care center found in the study area at northern part where

services are being stopped because of mismanagement.To get rid from health crisises,this

existing health care center has to be revitalized.Moreover,a new health care center has to be

established immediately to serve the local community on the other side of the Bhairab river.

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Figure 22: Health care centers for the community to serve health care activities

6.3. Setting up waste disposal points

The study area has lack of proper maintenance of drainage and waste disposal systems.Drains

are available alongside with the road but regular water flow is interrupted due to unconcerned

waste disposal.There are some waste disposal points surrounding the study area but the

wastes are not cleaned regularly.The city corporation vehicles are not reaching those site as

there is no significant waste disposal points on the secondary roads.So,for safe and clean

environment 3 significant waste disposal points should be set up at different places to

maintain

proper waste management where city corporation vehicles get easy access to collect those

wastes regularly to keep the environment fresh,clean moreover germfree.

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Figure 23 : Setting up 3 significant waste disposal points for fresh and clean environment.

Chapter 7: SWOT analysis

7.1 Strength:

In terms of SWOT analysis of the study area,the whole area is basically multipurpose zone

where commercial,residential and industrial areas are located.As there are good percentages

of commercial zones and industries available,these are the strength of the site which are used

for day to day living purposes.The main earning source of the community is highly dependent

on these.

The strength of our site is major ‘Ghat’ and Ferry terminal.

Different industries ,mills and factories.

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Figure 24 : The strengths of the study area

7.2 Weakness:

The entire study area is occupied with different types of problems which can be identified as

the weakness of the area.Lack of proper management and unconsciousness are the main

reasons behind it.Among all those problems the vital ones which cannot be denied are

followings :

• Road condition

• Drainage system

• Lack of Utility services

• Improper waste disposal system.

7.3 Opportunity:

If the proposals which are introduced earlier are implemented as early as possible, there is

a high possibility to make it as a business center with adequate services and facilities.

When road condition, transporting system, gas, water supply etc are developed and

available then,

• New industries will be attracted.

• Income of the local people will increase

7.4 Threat:

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The main threat which is marked analyzing the whole study area is river bank erosion which

may become severe problem within few years. Most of the industries and commercial

settlements are situated nearby river bank which is going to be decreased only because of

erosion of the soil. Moreover, improper waste disposal of the industries directly to the river

without treatment causing river water pollution which is hampering the current of the river.

Water level is going down day by day as the regular flow or current is disrupted because of

solid waste disposal. So,the main threat which may become severe in future are :

• The Industries near river will cause severe river water pollution.

• Rate of river bank erosion will increase.

Figure 25: River bank erosion of Bhairab River

Chapter 8: Conclusion

Basically, the study area is mostly commercial and industrial area including residential area.

The area is occupied with various types of problems. Lack of utility and service facilities

mainly responsible for irregular development. The whole analysis worked out on the basis of

field survey and some statistical data collected from the people of the locality. The area will

become futuristic if using of the resources are maximized and raising consciousness of the

government and community people. If the proposals are imposed within a short period then it

will be able to play a vital role in economy.

.

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ContentsPage No.

Acknowledgement iAbstract iiContent iiiList of Tables viList of Figures vii

Chapter One Introduction1.1 General 1

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1.2 Objective of this study 11.3 Background of this Study 11.4 Organization of this Thesis 2

Chapter Two Literature Review2.1 General 32.2 General Aspects of Municipal Solid Waste(MSW) 3

2.2.1 Definition 32.2.2 Source 32.2.3 Physical Composition 4

2.2.3.1 Identification of the Individual Components 52.2.3.2 Analysis of Particle Size 5

2.2.4 Physical Properties 62.2.5 Chemical properties 62.2.6 Biological properties 62.2.7 Characterization 72.2.8 Solid Waste Management 82.2.9 Effects of Solid Waste Management 82.2.10 Elements of Solid Waste Management System 8

2.3 Ultimate Disposal of Solid Waste 92.3.1 Dumping Facilities of MSW 9

2.3.1.1 Open Dumping Facilities 92.3.1.2 Sanitary Landfill 10

2.4 Evaluation of Sanitary Landfill 102.5 Factors in Evaluating the Potential Site 102.6 Ultimate Disposal Site of MSW in Bangladesh 112.7 Definition of Lysimeter 112.8 Sanitary Landfill Lysimeter 122.9 Types of landfill Lysimeter 122.10 Functions of Lysimeter 122.11 Lysimeters and their Research Objectives 122.12 Lysimeter Study in Bangladesh 132.13 Leachate as a Potential Output Element 13

2.13.1 Definition 132.13.2 Formation 132.13.3 Concentration 142.13.4 Characteristics 152.13.5 Movement 152.13.6 Control of Leachate Movement 162.13.7 Collection Facilities 172.13.8 Management of Leachate 18

2.14 Leachate Pollution Index 182.14.1 Concept of Leachate Pollution Index 19

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2.14.2 Pollutant Variables Selection 192.14.3 Development of Pollutant Variable Rating Curves 212.14.4 Variable Aggregation 21

Chapter Three Material and Methodology3.1 General 243.2 Construction of Lysimeters in this study 243.3 Characteristics of Deposited MSW in Lysimeter 29

3.3.1 Physical Composition 293.3.2 Moisture Content 293.3.3 Grain Size Distribution 303.3.4 Unit weight 30

3.4 Lysimeter Operation 313.4.1 Leachate Sampling and Analysis 313.4.2 Addition of Water and Leachate Recirculation 31

3.5 Leachate Characterization 313.5.1 Determination of pH 313.5.2 Determination of Total Iron 313.5.3 Determination of Conductivity 323.5.4 Determination of Alkalinity 323.5.5 Determination of Total Solids (TS) 333.5.6 Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

33

3.5.7 Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

33

3.5.8 Determination of Sulfate (So42-) content. 34

3.5.9 Determination of Chloride (Cl-) content 343.5.10 Determination of Heavy Metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn) 35

3.6 Calculating Leachate Pollution Index- A Case Study 35

Chapter Four Result and Discussion4.1 General 364.2 Leachate Generation 364.3 Settlement of MSW in Landfill Lysimeters 374.4 Variation of pH 394.5 Variation of Conductivity 404.6 Variation of Sulfate Concentration 40

4.7 Hardness41

4.8 Variation of Chloride Concentration 424.9 Variation of Total Solids (TS) Concentration 434.10 Variation of Alkalinity Concentration 444.11 Variation of COD Concentration 454.12 Variation of BOD Concentration and Load 46

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4.13 Turbidity 474.14 Variation of Iron (Fe) concentration 474.15 Variation of Others Heavy Metals 484.16 Variation in LPI in Lysimeters 514.17 Comparison of Derived LPI of Landfill Lysimeter with Published Results

53

Chapter Five Summary and Conclusion5.1 Summary 555.2 Conclusions 55

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