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AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING

WAVELENGTH, PERIOD AND FREQUENCY IN

TELECOMMUNICATION.

BY

NASIRU WASIU OLAKUNLE

CSC/07/0067

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

COMPUTER SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

AWARD OF NATIONAL CERTIFICATE IN EDUCATION

(N.C.E.) ADEYEMI COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ONDO,

ONDO STATE.

MARCH, 2011

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project work was carried out by NASIRU WASIU

OLAKUNLE Matric No CSC/07/0067. of Computer Science Department,

Adeyemi College of Education Ondo under the supervision of Mr. A.A

Aroyehun and submitted as a matter of protocol.

____________________ ___________________

Project Supervisor Date

MR. A.A AROYEHUN

____________________ ___________________

HOD Date

MR. S.O OLAGUNJU

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DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to God almighty for his care and protection over my life

in the process of computing this project, that made my N.C.E. programme a

reality. Also to my unborn children and to both of whom I materialized from;

Mr. Ayodele Nasiru and Mrs. Omolara Nasiru.

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AKNOWLEDGEMENT

My profound gratitude goes to the almighty God for it has pleased him in his

faithfulness, mercies and compassion to make my N.C.E. programme a reality

and success.

My unreserved gratitude goes to my parent, Mr. and Mrs. Nasiru through

which the Lord has made my academic pursuit a successful one. As well as the

able Nasirus family; Olawunmi, Oyindamola, Gbemisola, mostly to Oladejo

Olawunmi for her support, you are all great and dear to me.

However, I am specifically indebted to my gentle and experienced

supervisor and for his cooperation as fatherly role, advice and guidance given to

me during his supervision.

Moreover, a great appreciation owed to all my able and caring Lecturers;

Mr. N.J. Ayinla, Mr. A.O Adekunle, Mr. M.S Olajide, Mr. Ifedayo, Mr.

Akinnubi Rufus, Mr. Bola Adamu, Mrs. Lebi, and all I cant just mention, for a

great contribution in the success of my programme. You are all blessed.

Lastly, I want to use this opportunity to thank all my friends in ACE,

especially to all I served as the Chief Librarian in Physics dept. and as a Clerk in

Computer Sci. dept. 2009/2010 for their support during my tenor. Likewise a

big thank you to all my colleagues both in my combination (Computer Sci. /

Physics); TAIWO, Familokuns family, Asimi Ibrahim, Akinjogbin Victoria,

Oyekunle Mayowa, Itobi Abiodun, Eze blessing, Owoeye James, Oluwasegun

Ipaye, Kareem Quadri, I love you. Also to all CACSAs member for their

encouragement at different times to make my programme be a successful

experience. May the Lord bless them all (AMEN).

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ABSTRACT

Manual approach is limited in calculating wavelength, period and

frequency in propagating signals to different locations. One method by which

this can be improved is by support system, which this work is one of such effort.

This study generates wavelength, period and frequency for propagating

signals for given different locations.

The design will assist the user (physicists and telecommunication

engineers). The system enables the potential of improving upon the present state

of solving problems on evaluating the period, wavelength and frequency used in

telecommunication.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE - - - - - - - -

CERTIFICATION - - - - - - - -

DEDICATION - - - - - - - -

AKNOWLEDGEMENT - - - - - - -

ABSTRACT - - - - - - - -

TABLE OF CONTENT - - - - - - -

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY - - - -

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE - - - -- -

1.3 NOTABLE DEFINITIONS - - - - -

1.4 METHODOLOGY - - - - -- -

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 THEORETICAL CONCEPT - - - - -

2.2 WAVE MOTION - - - - - - -

2.3 TYPES OF WAVE MOTION - - - - -

2.4 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING WAVES - - -

2.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF A WAVE - - - -

2.6 EMPIRICAL CONCEPTS - - - -- -

2.7 USES OF SURFACE, SKY, SPACE AND

COMMUNICATION SATELLITE - - - -

2.8 SPACEWAVE APPLICATION - - - -

2.9 CURRENT PROCEDURE - - - - -

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CHAPTER THREE

3.0 PROPAGATION OF SIGNALS IN TELECOMMUNICATION

3.1 DEFINITION OF PROPAGATION AND

ITS INTRODUCTION - - - - -

3.2 OVERVIEW OF PROPAGATION MECHANISMS -

3.3 MODEM AS A DEVICE USED IN SIGNAL

PROPAGATION - - - - - -

3.4 PROPAGATION MECHANISM BY FREQUENCY BAND

3.5 SOME ABBREVIATION AND THEIR MEANING -

3.6 APPLICATION OF PROPAGATION PHENOMENA --

3.7 SUMMARY - - - - - - --

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 REQUIREMENT FOR IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT - - - --

4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT - - - - -

4.3 HUMANWARE REQUIREMENT - - - -

4.4 SYSTEM DESIGN - - - - - --

4.5 CHOICE OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE - --

4.6 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION - - - - -

4.7 RECOMMENDATION - - - - - -

4.8 CONCLUSION - - - - - - -

REFERENCES - - - - - - - -

PROGRAM FLOWCHART - - - - - -

PROGRAM - - - - - - - - -

PROGRAM OUTPUT - - - - - - -

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION.

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY.

Wavelength, period and frequency as a sub-division of space wave and

its application to computer in telecommunication explain how can be used with

the computer system, most especially in the area of networking.

The determination of wavelength, period and frequency helps transmitting and

receive of signal done easily without any attenuation through the aid of space

wave.

Basically, the signal generated to travel on earth surface may be a digital

one and this signal will be converted by a machine to be understood by the

computer system. The channel used in transmission of signal (digital 0 and 1)

by the receiver connected to the computer system. Here, the receiver may be

parabolic antenna or dish, which is later join to the machine called MODEM.

The moving of signal from one station to another with the aid of (space

wave) is what we term as TRANSMISSION, while the act of someone in a

particular station is able to hear or visualize all what is going on at another

station with the aid of wave is term RECEIVING. When the signal are sent to

some specific destinations with carrier (space wave) we refers to this process as

MODULATION, and when the signals are been recovered by a system, we also

refers this process as DEMODULATION. All join to the machine called

MODEM (Modulator and Demodulator).

The transmission and receiving antenna must both be installed at height

of several wavelengths above the earth, because the signal wavelength is short

due to the several limited in the system with range of space wave. And the word

telecommunication itself is the process of propagating signal (space wave) over

a large distance for the purpose of transmissions. The telecommunication

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engineers generally design telecommunication systems. In the recent time the

fibers optic cables have radically increased the bandwidth for the transmission

channels.

More so, the radiated energy reaches receiving antenna by one or

different modes of propagation. Few of these are sky wave, surface wave and

the use of communication satellites.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES.

The following are the specific objectives of the project;

- Using computer-programming language (QBASIC program) to determine

the wavelength of a particular transmission.

- For ease in communication by determine the actual transmitting

frequency used in telecommunication.

- Also to evaluate the period in signal propagation.

1.3 NOTABLE DEFINITION

According to Longman dictionary, space can be define simply as the

amount of an area, room, container, etc. that is empty or available to be used.

While, P. N.OKEKE defines waves as a disturbance, which travels through a

medium, and transfers energy from one point to another without causing any

permanent displacement itself.

Also, defines reflection (physics), as a wave phenomenon commonly observed

in mirrors.

Refraction is the change in direction of wave due to a change in it speed.

Diffraction refers to various phenomena associated with the bending of waves

associated with the obstacle in their path.

Interference is the additional (super position) of two or more waves that results

in a wave pattern.

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1.2 METHODOLOGY

Based on the visit to a telecommunication station, N.T.A. Akure as a case

study, the work done in this research was carried out using the following steps.

(a) A detailed study and analyses of the existing manual method of

calculating wavelength, period and frequency in signal transmission

through participant observation.

(b) Development of a prototype automated system using Q-BASIC

programming language.

(c) Simulation of the system.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 THEORETICAL CONCEPT

According to Longman dictionary, space can simply mean the amount of

area, room, container e t c. That is empty or available to be use. Also P.N

OKEKE define wave as a disturbances, which travel through a medium and

transfers energy from one point to another without causing any permanent

displacement itself. For example, if a stone is dropped into a pond or swimming

pool, ripples or wave are seen spreading on the surface of the water from the

point where the stone was dropped. The water itself does not more in the

direction of ripples, but the wave transfers energy from one point to another.

Waves are also encountered in other branches.

And the word telecommunication is the process transmission if signal

(space wave) over a large distance for the purpose of transmission. The purpose

normally involves sending of the electromagnetic wave by electronic

transmitters. Computer data transmission across the intimate is a type

telecommunication.

2.2 WAVE MOTION

The particles of the medium, which transfer energy to and from or vibrate

about mean position as the passes, the vibrations are passed from one particles

to the other. The direction is which this vibration take place is significant in

classifying the type of wave as we shall soon see.

Wave motion is a disturbance that moves from place to place in some medium,

carrying energy with it. Probably the most familiar example of wave motion is

the action of water wave. Not all wave require any material to carry them, light,

radiant heat and radio waves appear dont require any material medium for

propagation.

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2.3 TYPES OF WAVE MOTION.

Two type of wave motion exists: transverse and the longitudinal. A

transverse wave is one that causes particles of the surrounding medium to

vibrate in a direction at right angles to the direction of the wave. In longitudinal

waves the displacement of the medium is parallel to the propagation of the

wave.(that is the same direction as the wave is moving).

2.4 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING WAVES.

2.4.1 AMPLITUDE,(A): The maximum displacement (difference between an

original position) and of the material that is vibrating. Amplitude can be thought

of visually as the highest and lowest points of a wave. Measured in meter.

2.4.2 CONDENSATION: A region of space with a higher-than- normal density.

2.4.3 CREST: The highest point reached by a wave

2.4.4 FREQUENCY: The number of wave crests (or wave troughs) that pass a

given point per unit of time (usually per second) the S.I unit of frequency

is the hefty (Hz).

2.4.5 REFRACTION: A region of space with a lower-than-normal density.

2.4.6 TROUGH: The lowest point reached by a wave

2.4.7 WAVELENGTH: The distance between any two adjacent wave crest

(wave crest that are next to each other) or any two adjacent wave troughs

in a wave.

2.4.8 PERIOD: The time required for a particle to perform one complete an

oscillation is called period (T) of the wave. Measured in seconds.

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2.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF A WAVE

Any wave can be fully characterized by describing three properties:

wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. Like any wave, a water wave appears to

more up and down in a regular pattern.

The distance between any two adjacent (next to each other) wave crest or

any two adjacent wave troughs is known as the wavelength of the wave. The

wavelength is generally abbreviated with the Greek letter lambda,>. The

number of wave crest (or wave troughs) that passes a given point per unit of

frequency is generally represented by the letter f. the highest point reached by a

wave above its average height is known as the amplitude of the wave. The speed

at which a waves mores is the product of its wavelength and its frequency, or

v=>f.

2.6 EMPIRICAL CONCEPTS

WAVE PROPAGATION.

Two kinds of waves most commonly encountered in science are sound

waves and electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic radiation includes in wide

variety of kinds of energy, including visible light, ultraviolet light, in fared

radiation, x-rays, gamma radar, micro waves and radio waves, and radio waves.

As different as these forms of energy appear to be, they are all alike in the way

in which they are transmitted. They travel as transverse waves with the same

velocity, about 31010

centimeters (1.21010

inches) per second, but with

different wavelengths and frequencies.

According to Mack Raphson, in his experiment, he discovered that, when

a radio wave current flows into a transmitting antenna, a radio wave of the same

frequency is radiated in a number of direction, as predicted by the pattern of the

antenna by one or more of different modes of propagation.

Few of these are: the surface wave, sky wave and the use of communication

satellite.

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The surface wave is supported at its corner edge by the surface of the

earth and it is able to follow the curvature of the earth as it travels.

The sky wave is directed upward from the earth into upper atmosphere

where it contain condition which are satisfied, it will be returned to the earth

required locality.

The communication satellite is another method of orbiting the earth to

receive a radio signal amplify and transmit frequencies towards the earth. The

purpose of this is to avoid inter modulation and possible interference.

The fourth is the tropospheric scatter, which is used when other are not

available.

2.7 USES OF SURFACE, SKY, SPACE, AND COMMUNICATION

SATELLITE.

The surface is used for worldwide communication in the VLF, LF band and for

the broadcasting in the MF band.

The Sky wave is used for HF communication system including long

distance radio telephoning and sound broadcasting.

The Space wave is used for sound and TV broadcasting, for multi-channel

telephoning in the VHF, UHF, and SHF band.

The communication satellite systems are used to carry international

multi-channel telephoning systems and sometimes TV signals. Scattering

system operate in the UHF band to provide the multi-channel to telephoning

links.

2.8 SPACEWAVE APPLICATIONS

The wave follows two distinct paths from the transmitting antenna to the

receiving antenna. One through the air directly to the receiving antenna the

other reflected from the ground. The primary path of the space wave is directly

from transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna, so that the receiving antenna

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must be located within the radio horizon of transmitting antenna. This is

because space waves are refracted slightly even propagated through the

troposphere, the radio horizon is actually about one third than the line-of-sight

or natural horizon.

All frequency in the UHF and SHF band, the range of space wave is

severally limited and the ionosphere is useable to refract the radio waves.

Because the signal wavelength is short, the transmitting and receiving antenna

can both be installed at height of several wavelengths above the earth. This is

the space wave that can be for communication since its direct and reflected

wave will not cancelled. The direct wave travels in a very meanly straight-line

path, slight refraction been caused by temperature and vapour gradient in the

troposphere. The total field strength to the receiving aerials is the vector sum of

feedback produces by the direct and the reflected waves.

2.9 CURRENT PROCEDURE

With respect to this project work with investigation been carried out, some of

the data collected are as follows:

- A passive system (the receiver)

- An active system (the transmitter)

- A computer system

- MODEM connected to the computer externally via serial or USB port.

- Transmitting and Receiving antennas.

Since the space wave follows two distinct paths from the transmitting and

receiving antenna, whereby one is through the air and the other is reflected from

the ground. An Auxilator being built in side the transmitter produces the space,

the transmitter will now sends signals through the space and stop at the

ionosphere that serve as barrier and also refract then send it back. Therefore, the

MODEM that can modulates an analog carrier signals e.g. sound, to also encode

digital information, and that also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the

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transmitter information that must be connected. Also the computer system that

process and displays necessary operations must be connected for effective

processing.

Finally, the transmitting and the receiving antenna must be installed at

height of several wavelength above the earth, because the signal wavelength is

short due to the several limited in the system with range of space wave. To

improve liability of the system, suitable height of antenna is choosing, and links

are between 25-40km in length, therefore, a long distance route relay (signals)

system are produced.

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CHAPTER THREE

3.0 PROPAGATION OF SIGNALS IN TELECOMMUNICATION.

3.1 DEFINITION OF PROPAGATION AND ITS INTRODUCTION.

Information can be transmitted in many ways. The use of electromagnetic

energy for this purpose is attractive in part, because often-physical connections

are not necessarily required. These advantages gave rise to the term wireless

telegraphy and wireless telephoning, which were commonly used for radio in

the early 20th

century.

The term propagate can be refer to as transmit or cause to broaden or

spread of information traveling in a medium. The term wireless had become

archaic to engineers. However, it had a rebirth with proliferation of computer

and information networks in the 1990s. today it is these systems which are

associated with the term wireless. The connection feature of electromagnetic

propagation is utilized in many engineering system: long distance point-to-point

communication, Radar, radio and television broadcasting, navigational aids etc.

The same consideration makes electromagnetic energy useful in censors, system

which obtains information from about region to which the energy is directed.

Electromagnetic sensors are used for measuring the electron concentrations in

the earth upper atmosphere (and now planetary atmosphere, the wave state of

the sea, the moisture contents of the lower atmosphere, the moisture in soils and

vegetations, the size distribution of particles in smoke, and many other

parameters.

In most of these applications, it is possible to divide active systems at

least conceptually into two parts. The first part is the TRANSMITTER; it

generates the electromagnetic energy in an appropriate frequency range with

desired time wave form, super imposes on it whatever information is to be sent.

And launches the resulting signals towards the receiver or the region to be

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sensed. The last is the RECIEVER; i.e. the process whereby the information

bearing energy or signal, is conveyed from the transmitters in the receiver.

The establishment and maintenance of telecommunications centers in the

inhospitable environment of the article is a difficult and expensive matter. In the

high-frequency (HF) band it is possible to transmit signals for very great

distances with very modest equipment and antennas. A fact well known to radio

amateurs (Ham operators), HF systems might seems to be the cheapest to this

approach. The ready propagation of the HF signals would make HF systems to

very susceptible to interference from the signals arriving from others parts of

the earth. Also, HF propagation depends on the ionosphere, an ionized

atmospheric region which several upset the ionosphere and make HF

communication in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic region quite impossible. Thus, HF

systems might be cheap, but it would be unreliable if was unacceptable for this

application.

The method that was chosen utilities tropospheric scatter propagation is

the reflection of signals by minor irregularities that are always present in the

lower atmosphere. In contrast with HF, the ranges that can be achieved by this

means are only on the order of 20 miles, necessitating intermediate stations

between the DEW line and the more populated areas. Also very large antennas

and high-powered transmitters are required.

3.2 OVERVIEW OF PROPAGATION MECHANISMS.

A brief overview of the propagation mechanisms follows in order to

provide a frame of reference for the detailed theories in the reviewing of this

course.

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3.2.1 DIRECT PATH

The simplest mechanism is direct propagation involving the travel of the

signal directly from the transmitter to the receiver by any medium. Direct

propagation may seem to be a highly idealized situation, and indeed it is, but it

has important applications. For frequencies in the UHF and higher bands, the

ionosphere has little influence essentially because the electrons at such higher

frequencies, it is possible to build very directive antennas, so that the signals

beam may be kept from the grand (except perhaps at the end of its intended

path, it is this in the ground). Under these conditions, the signals propagates

unaffected by ground or sky; propagation is essentially direct, since most radars

operates in this fashion, because a narrow beam also advantageous for

separating a particular radar targets from its surroundings, Direct propagation is

the Dominant mechanism and the only one to be considered for most

microwave radar calculations.

3.2.2 TROPOSPHERIC REFRACTION

The effect of gravity causes the advantage to be generally more dense and

most at lower attitudes than a higher one, though the effect is small of its

causes a significant bending of the propagation signal path under many

conditions. For example, in the design of microwave links used by telephone

companies fro long distance telephone and television program distribution, care

must be taken that, links will perform adequately for a variety of atmospheric

conditions that may cause the beam to bend upwards or downwards. This effect

is known as tropospheric refraction.

3.2.3 DUCTING

The bending of the troposheric refraction may be strong enough to cause

signals to follow closely along the curvature of the earth. Such behaviour is

called ducting. A wave can propagate in a duct very efficiently, because the

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energy is mainly confined to the duct. Ducts are most frequently observed at

VHF and UHF; they exits also at higher frequencies but the more directive

antennas employed at these, frequencies are les s likely to couple effectively

into the duct. Ducting is more common at same location than at other since it is

closely related to meteorological phenomena. In most areas of the world, is a

source of potential interference rather than a means of reliable communication.

3.2.4 IONOSPHERE SCATTER.

Signals of a frequency too high to be coherently from the ionosphere may

nevertheless still be slightly affected by it. One of these effects is the scattering

out of the beam of a small amount of energy by ionosopheric irregularities,

discussed above. The ionopheric scattering is most noticeable in the frequency

regime immediately above the endpoint of ionosphere coherent reflection,

ionospheric scatter communications systems have been successfully in the VHF

band.

Note: ionosphere is the upper region of the atmosphere (50km)

3.2.5 TROPOSPHRIC SCATTER.

The troposphere is never truly homogeneous, as common experience with

wind gusts and other metrological phenomena indicates. The irregularities may

be used to advantage when other communication are needed over a path of

several hundred miles, are beamed at a region of the beam may be sufficient to

allow significant information transfer between the terminals. This is the

mechanism employed by the white Alice system.

3.2.6 URBAN PROPAGATION

Urban propagation is a unique and relatively new area of study. It is

important in the area of cellular and mobile communication systems that

operates reliable indoors and in built up city areas. Is not a unique propagation

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mechanism in itself, but rather a component operating in an environment where

all contribute significally. Furthermore, the relative strength of the individual

components can add subtract over short distances and times, leading to fading or

dropouts.

For examples, in an urban or sub-urban environment there is rarely a

direct path between the transmitting and receiving antennas. However, there are

multiple reflection and diffraction paths between a transmitter and receiver. A

complete theoretical treatment of propagation in an urban environment is

practically intractable. This is not a result of any short coming in the

electromagnetic theory, but rather the unpredictability of the environment on

both large and small scales (relatively to the wavelength) from city to city and

from block to block within a city- statically models are very effective and

predicting propagation in this situation

3.3 MODEM AS A DEVICE USED IN SIGNAL PROPAGATION

MODEM (Modulator-Demodulator). This is a device that allow computer

terminal to transmit data over a standard telephone line. MODEM were first

introduced as part of the SAGE air defense in 1990s,connecting terminal

located at various airbase, radar sides and command-air-control centers to the

SAGE director centers around US. IBM was the primary contractor for both the

computer and the MODEM used in the SAGE system.

A MODEM is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal (sound) to

encode digital information and that also demodulates such carrier signal and

also decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can

be transmitted easily and decode to reproduce the original digital data.

3.3.1 APPLICATION OF MODEM IN TELECOMMUNICATION.

MODEM converts digital pulses (message) from the computer to audio tones

that an analog telephone line is set up handle and vice-versa. The term modem

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may refer to the slow-speed analog MODEM described in this definition or to

high-speed cable or DSL MODEMs. To avoid confusion, analog MODEM

should be used.

In telecommunication, the MODEM function as:-

Like a telephone:- A modem dials the line and answers call. It performs

the digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion. While controlling

transmission speeds, that are supported to accommodate old MODEMs or

negotiate downward on noisy lines. Over the years, speed evolved from

300bps to 56kbps.

Error correction and compression:- MODEM has built in error correction

(V.42bits) and data compression (V.42bits, mops). On files that are

already compressed, the hardware data compression adds little value,

because it cannot make compressed files smaller. MODEM also has

automatic features negotiation, which adjust to the other MODEM speed

and hardware protocols.

Built in today system:- New computer geared to the home user generally

have a built-in-MODEM, while these tagged for the office may not. A

MODEM can be added via a PCI, or externally via serial or USB port. In

windows, that dial up networking making new connection wizard takes

you through setting up your MODEM to dial your internet provider.

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3.4 PROPAGATION MECHANISMS BY FREQUENCY BANDS

VLF and LF (10 to

200Khz)

Wave guide mode between Earth and D-layer:

ground wave at short distance.

LF and MF (200 Khz to

2Mhz)

Transition between ground wave and mode

predominance and sky wave (ionosphere

hops). Sky wave especially.

HF (2Mhz to 30Mhz) Ionospheric hops. Very long distance

communications with low power and simple

antennas. The short wave band.

VHF (30 Mhz to 100Mhz) With low power and small antennas, primarily

for local use during direct or direct-plus-Earth-

reflected propagation; ducting can greatly

increase this range. With large antennas and

high power ionospheric scatter

communications.

UHF (80Mhz to 500Mhz) Direct early- warning radars, air craft-to-

satellite and satellite-communications. Direct-

plus-earth-reflected; air-to-ground

communications, local television, tropospheric

scattering: when large highly directional

antennas and high power are used.

SHF (500Mhz to 10Ghz) Direct: most radars, satellite communications.

Tropospheric refraction in microwave links

and in satellite communication at low

altitudes.

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3.5 SOME ABBREVIATIONS AND THEIR MEANING

ELF Extremely Low Frequency

VF Voice Frequency

VLF Very Low Frequency

LF Low Frequency

MF Medium Frequency

HF High Frequency

VHF Very High Frequency

UHF Ultra High Frequency

SHF Super High Frequency

EHF Extremely High Frequency

3.7 APPLICATION OF PROPAGATION PHENOMENA

Direct Most radar, SHF links from the ground

to satellite.

Direct plus earth reflections UHF broadcast TV with high antennas.

Ground wave Local Standard broadcast (Am) loran C

navigation at relatively short ranges.

Tropospheric paths Microwave links.

Wave guide modes VLF and LF systems for long-range

communications and navigation (Earth

and D-layer from the wave guide).

Ionospheric hops (E and F-layers) MF and HF broadcasts communications

(including most long distance amateurs

communications).

Ionospheric Scatter Medium distance communication in the

lower VHF portion of the band.

Meteor scatter VHF along distance, low data rate

communication.

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3.8 SUMMARY

Conclusively, Propagation is the process whereby signal is conveyed

between the transmitter and receiver, and its consideration can have a profound

influence on system design. The signal frequency and the environment

determine which propagation mechanisms are dominated. Although these

mechanisms generally appear to involve distinct physical processes, but the

model used to represent it.

An advantage of electromagnetic signal transmission in many systems is

that no physical link, such as wires, is required between the transmitter and the

receiver. This has obvious advantages for such systems as wireless local area

networks (WLANs) where the flexibility to add new users or to accommodate

the redistribution of users, gives the wireless approach a significant advantage

over wired systems.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 REQUIREMENT FOR IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

The system was design from window XP computer for the effectiveness

in the network communications. The basic configuration of the system is as

follows:

- 20 GB of hard disks, Pentium iii of min 2.3 MHZ

- 2 floppy disk drive (31/2 MB floppy disk) on each processor.

- Coloured monitors

- 128 MB random access memory (RAM)

- Micro processors

- Disk jet or laser jet printer: for printing out of necessary information

downloading from the website.

- Uninterrupted power supply (ups) as much as possible on each system for

each operation.

- Power stabilizers for steady current supply.

4.2 SOFT WARE REQUIREMENT

The following soft ware shall be require for the effective function of the

system in telecommunication, some of these are:

- QBASIC software is the scientific programming language required in other to

determine the frequency and the wavelength at which the signal has been

transmitted.

- Anti-virus packages e.g. Avast or Dr Solomon toolkit for overall protection of

the system resources.

- The Ms-Dos operating system to act as the microcomputer operating system.

- Internet information services soft ware, these are the soft packages that are

required for the effective functioning of computer system in the internet services

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e.g. provider, which or make information available to the information users, file

transfer protocol, gopher, Electronic-mail, downloading and uploading etc.

- Note the QBASIC version of BASIC programming language is used in this

project.

4.3 HUMAN REQUIREMENT

In telecommunication you need to familiarize with some main areas some

of these areas are: you need to be internet user, also be familiar to the use G.S.M

operation and be computer oriented.

4.4 SYSTEM DESIGN.

Propagation considerations can and usually do have a profound influence

on system engineer as well as to the propagation specialist.

It was design partly for general communication needs and partly to convey

information from the distant early warning (DEW) line to command center of

the US defense forces. Note that this was before the advent of satellites, so as

terrestrial radio communication link was the only possible solutions at the time.

Note: An active system is one that has some of his own source of

radiation (i.e. a transmitter) as opposed to a passive system that only receives

electromagnetic radiation. Passive system may receive radiation that is

transmitted by other active system can or radiation that emitted naturally by

objects and the environment. Infrared night viewers are one example of the

latter that operate in micro waves and millimeters wave regions are called

RADIOMETERS.

4.5 CHOICE OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.

The choice of programming language be used for this project work

QBASIC a version of BASIC programming language, because it was developed

to scientific problems.

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4.5.1 BASIC PROGRAMMING (INTRODUCTION).

BASIC means; Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is

the choice of the programming language to be used for this project, because it

was developed to solved scientific problem which was invented in 1964 by

professors at Dartmouth College in U.S.A namely: John kemeny and Thomas

Kurtz.

It was design to make it easier for student to enter and then correct (debug) their

programs.

BASIC is also a programming language that has a vocabulary of special

words called KEY WORDS OR RESERVED WORDS (such as INPUT,

GOTO, REM, PRINT E.T.C.).

4.5.2 RULES GOVERNING THE LANGUAGE

1. The line number should be in sequence

2. Every instruction in BASIC program is written in separate statement.

3. Each statement must be followed by a BASIC keyword which indicate

the type of instruction to be carried out.

4. The END statement must have the highest line number in a program

except when using subroutines.

5. Blank spaces can be certain whenever it is desired in order, to enhance

the readability of the program.

4.5.3 THE FEATURES OF A BASIC PROGRAMMING.

1. It provides extensive arithmetic computational ability.

2. Large library of inbuilt mathematical functions.

3. It makes use of line number for easy debugging a program.

4. Ability to handle mathematical expression and procedure with a specify

variable names.

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5. It also posses the array handling facilities.

4.5.4 RULES FOR COMPOSING A VARIABLE NAME

1. Spaces are not allowed within variable names.

2. The first character must be a letter (i.e. Alphabet).

3. The string variables must end with a dollar sign.

4. A keyword in BASIC is not allowed to be used as a variable name.

5. Variables can only be formed from BASIC symbol (which are from

Alphabets, Numerals and special characters).

4.6 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

The system follows the steps below in other to gain access to the Q-BASIC

environment, starting form the command prompt (DOS environment).

- Change the directory to drive containing the location of the program. For

examples, if you boot from drive C, so that you have something like C:/

4.7 RECOMMENDATION

The need for designing computer network is occasioned by the capability of

widely scattered users to empty the use of software and database found in

different computer centers of network plus the use of computational resources in

solving complicated problems. The scenario is described as resources sharing.

However, if to consider the strength and weakness discover during my

investigation, such as in the area of accuracy and timeliness. I hereby

recommend this project work for use by ADEYEMI COLLEGE OF

EDUCATION, in the management of networking system in the department of

computer science and the school MIS.

4.8 CONCLUSION.

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The application of space wave using system with a pre-define program to

determine the wavelength, period, and frequency in telecommunication based

on this project work, has made the transmission and receiving signals to be done

easily without attenuation (disturbance).

As we know that the essence of networking system has made the world

globalize through the aid of electromagnetic propagation of signals, which have

gave rise to wireless telephony, which were commonly used for radio in the

early 20th century. Also the Internet is one such network.

So with the help of this study, one will be able to know how signals are

been propagate from one mode to another and also with the help of an

automated system to evaluate the period, wavelength and frequency used in

telecommunication.

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REFERENCES

Naval postgraduates school, Department of Electrical and computer

Engineering, Monterey, California. (propagation of electromagnetic waves).

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1885): propagation of electromagnetic signals.

KOLADE ADU (2004): Computer Basis, application and programming. By

ONIBONADUA publications ISSBN978-32253-1-6.

S.A OGUNBANJO (2000): Essential of computer, studied based on selected

topic in Computer awareness. (pg 69)

Professor David Jenn (1988): EC3630 Radio wave propagation.

Professor C.A LEVIS and D.C. JENNS (1990s) propagation of electromagnetic

signals.

P.N. OKEKE (1975): Waves (Definition and Types) 2nd

Edition.

White Alice system (1950s): propagation and system design.

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PROGRAM FLOWCHART

STOP

INPUT DIST, TIME, Y

LET SPEED = DIST/TIME

LET FREQ = SPEED/Y

LET PERIOD = 1/FREQ

LET WAVLGTH = SPEED/FREQ

PRINT FREQ,PERIOD,WAVLGTH

I = 0 + 1

ISI=15

?

YES

NO

START

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THE PROGRAM

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THE PROGRAM OUTPUT