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Report on analyses of water samples from Exhaust Gas Cleaning SystemsMARK WEST – EGCSA WORKSHOP, MANHATTAN 27 -28 FEBRUARY 2018
• Analysis of samples of scrubber overboard discharges and of seawater • 22 vessels
• 20 Baltic and North Sea ECAs, 2 Mediterranean
• 41 sets of overboard samples
• IF380 residual fuel
• Two programmes (2015 – 17) • Two laboratories (budget reasons)
• US EPA 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
• Metals
• BTEX (Programme 1)
• Nitrates/nitrites (Programme 1)
Scrubber water sampling report
2EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018
Scrubber water sampling - ships
• Complete anonymity
• Initial aim of max. engine load impractical:
• Variable weather and sea conditions
• Reduced speed operation for fuel cost savings
• Waiting for orders for spot market vessels
• Meeting exact passage timings on regular routes
• Berthing delays, engine breakdown
• Reality: manoeuvring i.e. ~ 10% MCR to full power i.e. 92% MCR, average 59% MCR.
• IF380 sulphur: 0.96% to 3.14% with an average of 2.38%
Ship Type Number
RoRo/RoPax 11
Cruise 3
Oil tanker 3
Vehicles carrier 2
Multi-purpose 1
RoRo container 1
Container 1
3EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018
Scrubber water sampling - EGCS
• Complete anonymity
• Nine vendors
• EGCS configurations – market representative• Multiple and single entry units
• Multiple and single units on a ship
• ‘U’, ‘inline’, cyclonic, packed bed, open tower
• Main engines, auxiliary engines and boilers
EGCS Number
Hybrid 16
Open loop 5
Closed 1
4
Hybrid system sampling
13 open loop only
2 open & closed loop
1 closed loop only
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018
Scrubber water sampling• Representative samples• Mitigation of analyte losses • Specially prepared bottles and cooler boxes
with ice packs for transport of samples
• E.g.: one litre sample bottles for PAH - dark glass with a small quantity of concentrated hydrochloric acid.
• 100% filled to avoid losses, esp. naphthalene, through volatilization, photochemical & biological processes.
• Time in transit between ship and laboratory important
• Possible logistical problems & expensive for ships if not planned carefully
5EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018
Scrubber water sampling
http://www.egcsa.com/wp-content/uploads/EGCSA-Euroshore-scrubber-water-sampling-Ship-Guide-2016_17.pdf
6
Analyte Test method Maximum time from sampling to analysis
Nitrate + Nitrite
EN ISO 10304-1 Cool to between 1C and 5C: 24 hoursFrozen to –20C: 1 month
BTEX DIN 38407-9-2 48 hours (glass sample bottles – do not freeze; cool only)
PAH EPA 8270D 7 days (glass sample bottles – do not freeze; cool only)
Metals EN ISO 11885 1 month
• Cleanliness, sampling technique and logistics planning key
• Parts per billion concentrations – potential for contamination during sampling and losses during transit
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018
Scrubber water sampling
http://www.egcsa.com/wp-content/uploads/EGCSA-Scrubber-Water-Sampling-Point-Specification-v1.pdf
7
• EGCS instrumentation stations often with valve which can be used for sampling, but…
• Unexpected places, sometimes not easy to find
• Not always fitted, so alternatives have to be used
• Seawater supply filter vents, pump gauge connections etc.
• Maybe OK for normal use & maintenance etc, but not for sampling substances in parts per billion range
• EGCSA Guide based on UK Government methodology for offshore industry
• Aims to promote good practice – practical, avoiding cost and complexity
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018
Scrubber water sampling - laboratories• Two European laboratories (different organizations)
• ISO 17025 accredited
• Laboratory A for all of Programme 1 & first part of Programme 2
• Laboratory B for the later part of Programme 2.
• Change for budgetary reasons
• Also deemed useful for comparison purposes - internationally trading ships likely to have to use different analytical facilities, with different sample preparation and test methods
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 8
Analyte Laboratory A Laboratory BPAH EPA 8270D, GC-MS 1. In house method, GC-MS (based on EPA
8270C - allowed for EPA VGP)2. In house method, HPLC (based on EPA
8310 – allowed for EPA VGP). HPLC only used during parallel comparison tests.
Metals EN ISO 11885, ICP-OES EN-ISO 17294-2, ICP-MS
Scrubber water sampling - laboratories• Parallel samples taken for comparison tests from two vessels.
• Overboard samples:
• Metals analyses in close agreement.
• PAH analyses in close agreement in terms of percentage of each EPA 16 species,
• Unnormalized concentrations by Lab A lower than Lab B from both vessels (by 4μg/l to 9μg/l)
• Factors influencing PAH concentrations could include: • Sampling
• Homogeneity of parallel samples
• Carriage conditions & time of transit from ship to laboratory
• Laboratory methods including preparation of the sample prior to concentration measurement
• Quantifying weight of each factors on parts per billion concentrations beyond scope of the sampling campaign.
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 9
Analysis comparison Lab A ,GC-MS vs. Lab B, GC-MS
Hybrid - open loop EPA 16 Lab A (µg/l)
Ship code V
EPA 16 Lab B (µg/l)Sample 1
Ship Code X
EPA 16 Lab B (µg/l)Sample 2
Ship Code X2
Seawater inlet - - -
Scrubber overboard 3.27 12 12
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 10
Analysis comparison Lab A, GC-MS vs. Lab B, GC-MS
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 11
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
%
Lab A vs Lab B Overboard PAH profile
Indeno(123cd)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenzo(ah)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Chrysene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Pyrene
Fluoranthene
Anthracene
Acenaphtene
Acenaphtylene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Naphthalene
V X X2
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons • PAH occur naturally in crude oil, also produced as by-products of fuel combustion
• Engines & boilers designed to optimise the fuel combustion
• However exhaust gases contain: • Incompletely combusted and unburned material
• Gaseous hydrocarbon and particulate emissions from simple methane to very large complex molecules
• Proportion of which includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
• Low molecular weight PAHs found mainly unbound in the gaseous phase exhaust
• Heavier molecular weight PAHs part of a group of substances that are bound onto soot during combustion
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 12
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons • Typically divided into 2 groups depending on their origin:
• Petrogenic• Oil and oil products
• Pyrogenic• Incomplete combustion of organic material e.g. fossil fuel oils
• Typically pyrogenic composed of larger ring systems than petrogenic – heavier molecular weight
• Typically pyrogenic more toxic and persistent than petrogenic – bound onto particles
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 13
US EPA 16 PAH
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 14
US EPA 16 PAH
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 15
Volatilizes from surface waters, degrades through photochemical processes in the atmosphere with a half-life of < 1day
Second most prevalent PAH 16 in marine fuel oils
Used as a marker for PAH in drinking water tests (WHO, SEPA)
Why monitor PAH?• MEPC.259(68) 10.2.1 - oil content of scrubber washwater overboard discharges must be
monitored by the continuous monitoring and recording of PAH levels.
• Normalized limits based on limiting quantities of oil discharged
• History at IMO:• MEPC 55/4/5 (Annex I, section 7.2) and by subsequent working and correspondence groups: • BLG 12/6 (paragraph 8.3) • BLG 12/6/Add.1(section 10.1.3) • BLG 12/WP.6/Add.4, BLG 12/17 Annex 6 • MEPC 57/21 Annex 4
• Rationale for measuring PAH as a surrogate for oil • Marine fuel, complex mixture of hydrocarbons, of which PAH part. • Wash water flow rate through scrubbers can be high (the average during programmes ~560m3/h), • Concentration of oil in scrubber overboard discharges very low - beyond detection capabilities of
traditional oil in water monitors. • PAH can be measured by online instruments at parts per billion concentrations.
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 16
PAH results
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 17
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
A(P
)
A(2
)(P
)
A(2
)(S) B
B(2
)
B(3
) C D E F
G(P
)
G(S
) H
H(2
) I J K
K(2
) L M N
N(2
)
O(=
A)(
P)
O(=
A)(
S) P
Q(=
B)
W(=
Q&
B)
R(=
H) S
T(P)
T(S)
U(P
)
U(S
)
V(=
J)
X(=
V&
J)
X2
(=V
&J)
X3
(=V
&J) Y Z
AA
BB
Ave
rage
µg
/l
Ship
PAH 16 concentration at overboard discharge, normalized to 45m3/MWh water flow rate
PAH results
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 18
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
A
A(2
) B
B(3
) C D E F G H
H(2
) I J K
K(2
) L M N
N(2
)
O(=
A) P
Q(=
B)
W(=
Q&
B)
R(=
H) S T
U(P
)
U(S
)
V(=
J)
X(=
V&
J)
X2
(=V
&J)
X3
(=V
&J) Z
AA
BB
Ave
rage
μg/
l
Ship
PAH 16 species concentration in seawater, unnormalized
Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Chrysene
Benz(a)anthracene
Pyrene
Fluoranthene
Anthracene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Naphthalene
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 19
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
A(P
)
A(2
)(P
)
A(2
)(S) B
B(2
)
B(3
) C D E F
G(P
)
G(S
) H
H(2
) I J K
K(2
) L M N
N(2
)
O(=
A)(
P)
O(=
A)(
S) P
Q(=
B)
W(=
Q&
B)
R(=
H) S
T(P
)
T(S)
U(P
)
U(S
)
V(=
J)
X(=
V&
J)
X2
(=V
&J)
X3
(=V
&J) Y Z
AA
BB
Ave
rage
μg/
l
Ship
BaP concentration at overboard discharge, normalized to 45m3/MWh water flow rate
WHO drinking water limit
USEPA drinking water limit
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
A(P
)
A(2
)(P
)
A(2
)(S) B
B(2
)
B(3
) C D E F
G(P
)
G(S
) H
H(2
) I J K
K(2
) L M N
N(2
)
O(=
A)(
P)
O(=
A)(
S) P
Q(=
B)
W(=
Q&
B)
R(=
H) S
T(P
)
T(S)
U(P
)
U(S
)
V(=
J)
X(=
V&
J)
X2
(=V
&J)
X3
(=V
&J) Y Z
AA
BB
Ave
rage
μg/
l
Ship
BaP concentration at overboard discharge, unnormalized
WHO drinking water limit
US EPA drinking water limit
The WHO guideline value normally represents the concentration of a constituent that does not result in any significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Average 71 IF380 fuels Average Progs 1 & 2 Average 48 crude oils
%
Comparison of average percentage EPA 16 PAH species in Programme 1 & 2 samples, IF380 fuel oil & crude oil
Naphthalene Phenanthrene Fluorene Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene
Benz(a)anthracene Chrysene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene
65%
11%
47%
25%
61%
21%
BTEX• Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylene - volatile organic compounds (VOC)
• High vapour pressure
• Volatilize to gases at ambient temperatures and pressures
• Can be dissolved in the water phase
• Hydrophilic nature and persistence in the right conditions of reduced oxygen, but
• Highly biodegradable under aerobic conditions
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 21
BTEX results• World Health Organization Guidelines for drinking-
water quality (WHO, 2017) give guideline values of:• 10μg/l (0.01mg/l) for benzene,
• 700μ/l (0.7mg/l) for toluene,
• 300μ/l (0.3mg/l) for ethylbenzene; and
• 500μ/l (0.5 mg/l) for xylene
• As concentrations reported during Programme 1 consistently low, sample analysis for BTEX not continued under Programme 2.
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 22
• Of 15 analyses by method DIN 38407-9-2:
• Maximum unnormalized benzene 2μ/l in 2 samples
• Benzene below detectable limit in 11 samples
• Maximum unnormalized toluene 2μ/l in 2 samples
• Toluene below detectable limit in 11 samples
• Ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-, p-xylene concentrations below detectable limit in all 15 samples
• Maximum total unnormalized BTEX of 4μ/l in 1 sample
• Total BTEX below the detectable limit in 11 samples
Metals• Appendix 3 of MEPC.259(68) requests sample analysis data for:
• Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Vanadium (V), Zinc (Zn)
• Metals can be derived from fuels, with minor amounts from combusted lubricating oil
• EGCS resistant materials – e.g. high PREN stainless steels and Glass Reinforced Epoxy
• But may not be totally segregated from ship’s systems especially on seawater supply side to EGCS unit and coolers
• Many metals will be seen on all ships
• Zinc and copper from anodic protection and marine growth inhibition systems
• Other than vanadium, differentiating and quantifying metals from other sources potentially complex
• Dependent on fuel composition and combustion/emission processes, overall system arrangements, materials, sample point location, sampling technique (e.g. thorough flushing of the sample point, cleanliness of sampling equipment etc.), rates of dissolution, rates of removal by treatment systems
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 23
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 24
Graphic courtesy of Asst. Professor Di Natale, Unina
Origin of particulate matter in engine exhausts
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 25
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
A
A(2
) B
B(2
)
B(3
) C D E F G H
H(2
) I J K
K(2
) L M N
N(2
)
O(=
A) P
Q(=
B)
W(=
Q&
B)
R(=
H) S T
U(P
)
U(S
)
V(=
J)
X(=
V&
J) Z
AA
BB
Ave
rage
mg
/i
Ship
Concentration of metals in seawater (supply to scrubber or coolers), unnormalized
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Chromium
Zinc
Metals results• Vanadium most prevalent – normalized average 0.36mg/l
• Chromium, copper, nickel, lead, zinc compared with emission limit values for discharges of waste water from the cleaning of waste gases from waste incineration plants and waste co-incineration plants • Annex VI Part 5 of European Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (integrated pollution
prevention and control).
• Note: Directive 2010/75/EU has no limit value for vanadium
• 190 individual results, three exceeded the limits: • Two lead , although the concentration in samples taken from the same vessel at a later date were
below detectable limits
• One zinc, although this coincides with the highest level of zinc reported at seawater inlet; Ship M
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 26
Metals vs. 2010/75/EU
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 27
0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
A(P
)
A(2
)(P
)
A(2
)(S
) B
B(2
)
B(3
) C D E F
G(P
)
G(S
) H
H(2
) I J K
K(2
) L M N
N(2
)
O(=
A)(
P)
O(=
A)(
S) P
Q(=
B)
W(=
Q&
B)
R(=
H) S
T(P
)
T(S
)
U(P
)
U(S
)
V(=
J)
X(=
V&
J) Y Z
AA
BB
AV
ER
AG
E
mg/
l
Zinc - concentration at overboard normalized to 45m3/MWh water flow rate
2010/75/EU limit
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
A(P
)
A(2
)(P
)
A(2
)(S
) B
B(2
)
B(3
) C D E F
G(P
)
G(S
) H
H(2
) I J K
K(2
) L M N
N(2
)
O(=
A)(
P)
O(=
A)(
S) P
Q(=
B)
W(=
Q&
B)
R(=
H) S
T(P
)
T(S
)
U(P
)
U(S
)
V(=
J)
X(=
V&
J) Y Z
AA
BB
AV
ER
AG
E
mg/
l
Copper - concentration at overboard normalized to 45m3/MWh water flow rate
2010/75/EU limit
Metals vs. 2010/75/EU
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 28
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
A(P
)
A(2
)(P
)
A(2
)(S
) B
B(2
)
B(3
) C D E F
G(P
)
G(S
) H
H(2
) I J K
K(2
) L M N
N(2
)
O(=
A)(
P)
O(=
A)(
S) P
Q(=
B)
W(=
Q&
B)
R(=
H) S
T(P
)
T(S
)
U(P
)
U(S
)
V(=
J)
X(=
V&
J) Y Z
AA
BB
AV
ER
AG
E
mg/
l
Lead - concentration at overboard normalized to 45m3/MWh water flow rate
2010/75/EU limit
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
A(P
)
A(2
)(P
)
A(2
)(S
) B
B(2
)
B(3
) C D E F
G(P
)
G(S
) H
H(2
) I J K
K(2
) L M N
N(2
)
O(=
A)(
P)
O(=
A)(
S) P
Q(=
B)
W(=
Q&
B)
R(=
H) S
T(P
)
T(S
)
U(P
)
U(S
)
V(=
J)
X(=
V&
J) Y Z
AA
BB
AV
ER
AG
E
mg/
l
Chromium - concentration at overboard normalized to 45m3/MWh water flow rate
2010/75/EU limit
Metals vs. 2010/75/EU
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 29
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
A(P
)
A(2
)(P
)
A(2
)(S
) B
B(2
)
B(3
) C D E F
G(P
)
G(S
) H
H(2
) I J K
K(2
) L M N
N(2
)
O(=
A)(
P)
O(=
A)(
S) P
Q(=
B)
W(=
Q&
B)
R(=
H) S
T(P
)
T(S
)
U(P
)
U(S
)
V(=
J)
X(=
V&
J) Y Z
AA
BB
AV
ER
AG
E
mg
/l
Nickel - concentration at overboard normalized to 45m3/MWh water flow rate
2010/75/EU limit
0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
A(P
)
A(2
)(P
)
A(2
)(S
) B
B(2
)
B(3
) C D E F
G(P
)
G(S
) H
H(2
) I J K
K(2
) L M N
N(2
)
O(=
A)(
P)
O(=
A)(
S) P
Q(=
B)
W(=
Q&
B)
R(=
H) S
T(P
)
T(S
)
U(P
)
U(S
)
V(=
J)
X(=
V&
J) Y Z
AA
BB
AV
ER
AG
E
mg/
l
Vanadium - concentration at overboard normalized to 45m3/MWh water flow rate
No 2010/75/EU limit
Metals results• Arsenic, cadmium, mercury – majority below detectable limits
• Arsenic below detectable limits in 36 of 39 overboard samples• Reported in duplicate overboard samples from same vessel (closed loop system) during lab changeover
• Unnormalized concentrations 0.020 and 0.024 mg/l
• Also reported in 2 seawater samples from same ship (one during Programme 1 sampling (see also Mercury) and one during lab changeover sampling), which may suggest some cross contamination in both cases
• Reported in 1 overboard sample from different ship (closed loop system) in Programme 1 • Unnormalized concentration 0.030 mg/l
• Cadmium below detectable limits in 38 of 39 overboard samples• Reported in 1 of the duplicate overboard samples during lab changeover
• Unnormalized concentration 0.00096 mg/l i.e. 0.96ppb
• Normalizing to 45m3/MWh water flow reduces concentrations to sub parts per billion
• Mercury analysed in Programme 1 – below detectable limits in all samples except one seawater sample• Considered likely to be either a contaminated sample or erroneous reporting
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 30
Nitrate/nitrite• NOx in exhaust ~95% NO and ~5% NO2
• NO poor solubility in water, NO2 + H2O HNO3 + HNO2
• HNO3 ionizes to H+ & NO3- (nitrate)
• HNO2 ionizes to H+ & NO2- (nitrite) and decomposes/oxidises, ionizes to NO3- (nitrate)
• Current EGCS not arranged to remove NOx; but
• To mitigate potential for eutrophication MEPC.259(68), 10.1.5.1 places limit on nitrate concentration based on “12% removal of NOX from the exhaust, or beyond 60 mg/l normalized for washwater discharge rate of 45 tons/MWh whichever is greater”
• Nitrate data based on laboratory analysis of an overboard discharge sample to be available at each renewal survey
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 31
Nitrate/nitrite results• Max. normalized nitrate (NO3-) concentration of 49mg/l reported for Ship A from the starboard
discharge (i.e. below the 60mg/l limit) • Vessel sampled twice in Programme 1 – for operational /logistical reasons samples taken while vessel in
Rhine-Meuse delta Holland.• All three overboard samples show elevated level of nitrate• Comparable level reported for Ship B overboard approximately 25 km off the coast of Belgium, south west of
Antwerp • Seawater samples taken from both vessels during the same exercises have elevated levels of nitrate
• Deducting inlet nitrate concentrations from concentrations at overboard from open loop systems, effectively reduces the nitrate produced by exhaust gas scrubbing to near zero (Normalized max. 7mg/l, average <1 mg/l)
• Include option to deduct inlet nitrate in Exhaust Gas Cleaning System Guidelines?
• Nitrite (NO2-) below limits of detectability in 23 of 28 samples. • Very low levels in four overboard samples (maximum 0.12mg/l) and one seawater sample (0.06mg/l)
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 32
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 33
Elevated nitrate in inlet samples Rhine-Meuse delta, Holland
25km from Belgian coast
Nitrate results
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 34
-10.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00A
(P)
A(2
)(P
)
A(2
)(S) B
B(2
)
B(3
) C D F
G(P
)
G(S
) H
H(2
) I J
Ave
rage
mg/
l
Ship
Nitrate concentration normalized to 45m3/MWh water flow rate
Overboard
Overboard - inlet
MEPC.259(68) limit
Summary• Normalized EPA 16 PAH concentrations below 50μg/l in the discharges from all 22 vessels.
• Average concentration was less than 12μg/l
• Average PAH composition suggests a mainly petrogenic source
• 47% naphthalene, readily volatilizes from surface waters half-life <1 day in atmosphere & 25% phenanthrene
• Normalized benzo(a)pyrene, marker for PAH, below the WHO drinking water guideline limit in all but one sample • All unnormalized concentrations below WHO limit
• Average normalized BaP concentration 0.06μg/l
• BTEX very low to below limits of detectability (majority of samples)
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 35
Summary• Vanadium most prevalent metal in overboard samples - average concentration 0.36mg/l
• Chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc comparison with EU limits for discharges of waste water from cleaning of incinerator waste gases • Of 190 individual test results, three (two lead and one zinc) above limits on two ships.
• First vessel - lead below detectable limits at later sampling, second vessel - zinc also reported at sea water inlet
• Evidence of contribution of metals from sea water systems (particularly zinc and copper; probably from anodic protection and marine growth inhibition systems)
• Likely to be seen on many ships regardless of whether scrubbers are installed
• Arsenic, cadmium and mercury were largely below detectable limits in both sea water and overboard samples. Where reported, concentrations very low
• Nitrate levels all below 2015 EGCS Guidelines limit (concentrations of nitrite negligible).• Evidence of nitrate contribution from clean seawater - option to deduct nitrate at inlet to open loop scrubbers when
reporting, should it be needed?
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 36
Summary• Found necessary to take a practical and cost-effective approach to sampling
• Ships internationally trading and 24/365 operation
• Initially hands-on, then EGCSA ship guide to sampling with close remote support
• Main challenges for sampling - cleanliness, concentrations of some analytes extremely low (ppb), availability of suitable sampling points.
• EGCSA specification for sample points based on offshore industry methodology
• Logistics can also be a challenge – needs planning and communication
• Ongoing dialogue with laboratories regarding sample kit supply and analyses
• Recommended that any future programmes and protocols take this into account • Avoid using specialised equipment, laboratories and test methodologies, which could constraint rather
than facilitate sampling and learning
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 37
Thank you
Q&A
EGCSA Workshop London 21-22 May 2017 38
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Eugris.info. (n.d.). Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. [online] Available at: http://www.eugris.info/FurtherDescription.asp?e=6&Ca=Content_Digests&s=None&Cy=0&Co=6&Gy=114&T=Benzene,%20toluene,%20ethylbenzene,%20and%20xylene&en=
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EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 39
ReferencesIso.org. (2016). ISO 17294-2:2016 - Water quality -- Application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) -- Part 2: Determination of selected elements including uranium isotopes. [online] Available at: https://www.iso.org/standard/62962.html
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EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 40
MARK WEST
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 41
Mark West is a consultant and project manager with over 35 years experience in the marine industry; much of his work over the last 14 years has been associated with exhaust gas cleaning systems and instrumentation and technologies related to MARPOL Annex VI air pollution regulations, marine fuels and lubricants for ships.
He was BP’s representative on trials of two large seawater scrubber systems on passenger vessels, including the ferry Pride of Kent from 2003 and an industry representative on the IMO drafting groups for the first iteration of the Exhaust Gas Cleaning System Guidelines.
His work has included the EC funded DEECON project to develop an advanced scrubbing unit for SOx and particulate emission control. He has also managed ‘washwater’ sampling programmes on behalf of EGCSA for the European Sustainable Shipping Forum and has sailed on ships with scrubbers from several manufacturers for this project.
Mark has written and edited the EGCSA guide to Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems and co-authored a SNAME paper on SOx emissions. Mark has presented at EGCSA training courses and was a speaker and technology panel host at SIBCON.
Before taking up consultancy, Mark held various technical management roles in Castrol Marine lubricants and was a seagoing engineer for 11 years. He has a UK Class 1 Certificate of Competency - Chief Marine Engineer Officer.
Contact: [email protected] Tel +44 (0) 7785 916113
EGCSA Workshop Manhattan 27-28 February 2018 42
All information contained in this presentation, is for illustrative purposes only. It is non-binding and not guaranteed in any way.
The Project Business and the presenter of this material hereby exclude all liabilities to the extent permitted by law for any errorsor omissions in the presentation and for any loss, damage or expense (whether direct or indirect) suffered by a third party relyingon information contained in the presentation.
If you have any questions or need further information, please don’t hesitate to contact.
Mark West, E: [email protected] T: +44 (0) 7785 916113
