Report of the Working Group on Marijuana and driving in Maine

7/23/2019 Report of the Working Group on Marijuana and driving in Maine

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Report of the Working Group

on

Marijuana and Driving

Presented to the

Joint Standing Committee on Criminal Justice and Public Safet

December !"# $%!"

Prepared b the Department of the Secretar of State

&ureau of Motor 'ehicles



(able of Contents

)* +,ecutive Summar !

))* &ackground )nformation -

)))* .ormal Re/uest to +stablish Working Group and Related Documents 0

)'* Working Group Membership $1

'* Proposed 2egislation )mplementing Working Group Recommendations $3

')* &ibliograph of Resources 4tili5ed b the Working Group $0





+,ecutive Summar

On June 9, 2015, the Joint Standing Committee on Criminal Justice and Public Safety

requested the onorable !atthe" #unla$, Secretary of State, to con%ene a broadly

re$resentati%e "or&ing grou$ to study $reliminary non'e%identiary breath testing de%ices for

alcohol and blood tests for delta'9'tetrahydrocannabinol, (C, "hich is the $rimary

$sychoacti%e com$ound in mari)uana, relating to the o$eration of motor %ehicles* (he Secretary

of State con%ened a grou$ of sta&eholders in the fall of 2015* (he +or&ing rou$ met four

times in Se$tember and October of 2015 and corres$onded by e'mail in bet"een meetings*

(he "or&ing grou$ s$ecifically discussed and re%ie"ed an abundance of materials

regarding the effects of mari)uana on the safe o$eration of motor %ehicles, the ad%isability and

efficacy of establishing an im$airment le%el for (C, the detection times for (C in a $erson-s

blood, the use of authori.ed medical mari)uana and dri%ing, the ability of #rug /ecognition

$erts #/3 to identify $ersons im$aired by (C, other state a$$roaches to $enali.e o$eration

of motor %ehicles "hile under the influence of (C and la" enforcement use of $reliminary

non'e%identiary breath testing de%ices for alcohol to assist in the identification of intoicated

dri%ers*

6 majorit of the Working Group makes the follo7ing recommendations for

statutor changes8

• Proof that a $erson has a (C le%el of 5 nanograms or more of (C $er milliliter of

"hole blood gi%es rise to $ermissible inference that the $erson is under the influence of

intoicants*

1



• Proof that a $erson has a (C le%el of 2 nanograms or more of (C $er milliliter of

"hole blood and an alcohol le%el of 0*05 grams or more of alcohol $er 100 milliliters of

blood or 210 liters of breath gi%es rise to a $ermissible inference that the $erson is under

the influence of intoicants*

• (he )u%enile $ro%isional license issued to a $erson "ho has not yet attained 21 years of

age include the condition that the $erson not o$erate a motor %ehicle "ith a (C le%el of

more than 0*00 nanograms $er milliliter of "hole blood ece$t that, it is an affirmati%e

defense that the (C le%el resulted from mari)uana use in com$liance "ith the !aine

!edical 4se of !ari)uana ct*

• (he )u%enile $ro%isional license issued to a $erson "ho has not yet attained 21 years of

age must be sus$ended administrati%ely by the Secretary of State for a $eriod of at least

one year unless the $erson demonstrates that the (C le%el resulted from mari)uana use

in com$liance "ith the !aine !edical 4se of !ari)uana ct*

• la" enforcement officer "ho reasonably belie%es that a $erson has been o$erating a

motor %ehicle under the influence of intoicants may request that the $erson submit to a

$reliminary breath test to determine the $erson-s alcohol le%el, "hich, in addition to other

rele%ant e%idence, the officer may use to determine "hether there is $robable cause to

belie%e that $erson "as o$erating a motor %ehicle "hile under the influence of

intoicants*

(he Working Group makes the follo7ing other recommendations8

• (he number of s$ecially trained #/s be increased*

2



• (he d%anced /oadside 6m$aired #ri%ing nforcement Program /6#3 be

incor$orated into the basic la" enforcement training $rogram*

• 6ncreased $ublic education be $ro%ided concerning the dangers of dri%ing a motor

%ehicle "hile under the influence of (C*

• dditional study be conducted on im$airment le%els for (C for o$erating motor

%ehicles*

Minorit positions9recommendations8

• +or&ing rou$ member John Pelletier, re$resenting the !aine Criminal 7a"

d%isory Commission, recommends that the nanogram le%el for (C that gi%es rise

to a $ermissible inference that a $erson is under the influence should be set at 8 rather

than 5* !r* Pelletier belie%es that the science lin&ing any $articular nanogram le%el

of (C to im$aired dri%ing is uncertain* +hile some studies find a strong lin&,

others fail to demonstrate any statistical lin& bet"een (C in the blood and increased

crash ris&* (he science "ith res$ect to alcohol, on the other hand, uniformly

demonstrates a strong connection bet"een im$airment by alcohol and increased crash

ris&* 6n fact, there is a gro"ing consensus that many, if not most, $eo$le suffer

im$airment and $resent an increased crash ris& at le%els "ell belo" *0, the current

legal limit in !aine*

s such, current !aine la" errs on the high side "ith res$ect to the legal limit for

alcohol, for "hich the science is certain* !r* Pelletier belie%es that, similarly, the

nanogram le%el for (C should also err on the high side* (he science is much less

certain regarding (C than it is "ith res$ect to alcohol and, !r* Pelletier belie%es,

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this uncertainty should cause the 7egislature to act conser%ati%ely as it underta&es

regulation of (C le%els in the blood for the first time*

• /ecommendation by +ayne :oote !aine ssociation of Criminal #efense

7a"yers3, #a%id ;oyer !aine #irector of the !ari)uana Policy Pro)ect3 and ;ec&y

#e<euster #irector of Community = ducation, +ellness Connection of !aine3*

6n order to $rotect the rights of la"ful mari)uana users and a%oid false con%ictions,

any changes to the mari)uana O46 la"s must be based on science* t this time the

scientific community is di%ided regarding the le%el of (C in a $erson-s blood that

causes im$airment* !oreo%er, that scientific community is in agreement that regular

users of mari)uana are less li&ely to be im$aired at (C le%els that "ould cause

im$airment in occasional users of mari)uana* (he current state of research sho"s that

$ermitting O46 con%ictions based on a 5 nanogram le%el, "ithout other concurrent

e%idence of im$airment, "ill result in false con%ictions* (o a%oid these false

con%ictions "e recommend the 7egislature consider a standard that requires actual

e%idence of im$airment before a $erson at a le%el of 5 nanograms or abo%e can be

con%icted of O46* (hat $ro$osal is>

29' !/S ? 2@A2 A'3

2evel of (:C in 7hole blood of " nanograms or greater* Proof that a

$erson has a (C le%el of 5 nanograms or more of (C $er milliliter of

"hole blood, together "ith other e%idence of im$airment, gi%es rise to a

$ermissible inference under the !aine /ules of %idence, /ule A0A that

the $erson is under the influence of intoicants*

(he underlined $ortion reflects our $ro$osed addition*

4



Similarly, the ma)ority $ro$osal relating to the combination of alcohol and (C

should also require e%idence of im$airment before a con%iction can occur* Our

$ro$osal is>

29' !/S ? 2@A2 A';3

2evel of (:C and alcohol in combination* Proof that a $erson has a

(C le%el of 2 nanograms or more of (C $er milliliter of "hole blood and

an alcohol le%el of 0*05 grams or more of alcohol $er 100 milliliters of

blood or 210 liters of breath, together "ith other e%idence of im$airment,

gi%es rise to a $ermissible inference under the !aine /ules of %idence,

/ule A0A that the $erson is under the influence of intoicants*

6t is e$ected that $rosecutors and la" enforcement "ill ob)ect to the requirement that

e%idence of im$airment be sho"n* #uring +or&grou$ sessions $rosecutors frequently

referred to cases "here e%idence of im$airment "as una%ailable due to accident

in)uries $re%enting #/ e%aluations* stablishing the ability to con%ict based solely

on (C le%els "as seen by $rosecutors as necessary to obtain con%ictions "here they

other"ise lac&ed sufficient e%idence to con%ict someone* (he !aine ssociation of

Criminal #efense 7a"yers belie%es this dilution of $roof to be un)ust* Our society,

through the !aine and 4nited States Constitutions, demands $roof of guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt before "e can im$rison a $erson* 7a"s that circum%ent those %alues

by eliminating the need for actual e%idence of guilt must be a%oided* (he goal of

)ustice is not to obtain con%ictions at any cost, but to con%ict only "hen there is

com$elling and com$etent e%idence* llo"ing a $erson to be con%icted of im$aired

dri%ing "ithout $roof of im$airment is un)ust*

5



&ackground )nformation

Persons "ho o$erate motor %ehicles "hile under the influence of (C, delta'9'

tetrahydrocannabinol, the $rimary $sychoacti%e com$ound found in mari)uana, are a $ublic

high"ay safety concern* isting state la", according to $rosecutors, la" enforcement and

others, is inadequate to identify and $unish indi%iduals "ho dri%e "hile im$aired by (C*

(hose concerns led the Secretary of State to submit legislation to the first regular session of 128th

!aine 7egislature on $ril 1@, 2015, s$ecifically 7egislati%e #ocument Bumber 1A20, n ct

(o mend the !otor Dehicle 7a"s,E sections 10'15* (he bill $ro$osed ma&ing the o$eration of

a motor %ehicle "hile ha%ing a (C le%el of 5 nanograms or more $er milliliter of blood a

criminal offense, authori.ed the Secretary of State to sus$end administrati%ely the dri%er-s

license of a $erson "ho o$erated a motor %ehicle "ith an illegal (C le%el in the blood and

sanctioned the use of a$$ro%ed non'e%identiary $reliminary breath'testing de%ices by la"

enforcement officers in determining "hether a $erson o$erated a motor %ehicle under the

influence of intoicants*

(he bill "as referred to the Joint Standing Committee on (rans$ortation, "hich %oted to

request the Joint Standing Committee on Criminal Justice and Public Safety to re%ie" and ma&e

recommendations bac& to the (rans$ortation Committee regarding sections 10'15 of the bill* On

June 9, 2015, the Criminal Justice and Public Safety Committee requested the onorable

!atthe" #unla$, Secretary of State, to con%ene a broadly re$resentati%e "or&ing grou$ to study

$reliminary breath testing de%ices for alcohol and blood tests for (C and ma&e

recommendations to the Committee by #ecember 15, 2015*

(he Secretary of State con%ened a "or&ing grou$ com$rised of re$resentati%es from the

!aine ssociation of Criminal #efense 7a"yers, Criminal 7a" d%isory Commission, 7egali.e

6



!aine, !aine !ari)uana Policy Pro)ect, !edical !ari)uana Caregi%ers of !aine, ssociation of

Concerned ro"ers, !aine ssociation of #is$ensary O$erators, !aine Prosecutors

ssociation, !aine Sheriffs ssociation, !aine Chiefs of Police ssociation, Borthern Be"

ngland Poison Control Center, #e$artment of Public Safety and the #e$artment of the

Secretary as "ell as a #istrict ttorney and a #rug /ecognition $ert* (he "or&ing grou$ met

four times during Se$tember and October of 2015 and shared and re%ie"ed 9 articles, studies,

and re$orts concerning mari)uana and dri%ing* (he "or&ing grou$ s$ecifically re%ie"ed and

discussed scientific and non'scientific articles and studies e$erimental, e$idemiological, meta'

analysis and inter%ie"sFsur%eys3 eamining the effects of mari)uana on dri%ing, the efficacy of

establishing an im$airment le%el for (C, the ability of #rug /ecognition $erts to identify

$ersons im$aired by (C, detection times for (C in the blood and la" enforcement use of

$reliminary breath testing de%ices to assist in the identification of intoicated dri%ers* (he

"or&ing grou$ also eamined im$airment le%els established by other )urisdictions and discussed

the im$act of such le%els on authori.ed medical mari)uana users*

(he science concerning the establishment of im$airment le%els for (C is not as

conclusi%e as the science is for alcohol im$airment le%els* Primarily as the result of the state of

this science, the "or&ing grou$ "as unable to ma&e a unanimous recommendation designating a

s$ecific (C le%el establishing im$airment* o"e%er, a ma)ority of the membershi$ of the

"or&ing grou$ su$$orted ado$tion of a statute $ro%iding that $roof that a $erson has a (C le%el

of 5 nanograms or more of (C $er milliliter of "hole blood gi%es rise to a $ermissible

inference that the $erson is under the influence of mari)uana* Other members suggested that

$roof of a (C le%el of 8 nanograms "as a more a$$ro$riate le%el "arranting a $ermissible

7



inference of intoication or that $roof of a (C le%el of 5 nanograms together "ith other

e%idence of im$airment )ustified an inference a $erson "as under the influence of intoicants*

(he "or&ing grou$ reached consensus that $ersons under the age of 21 years should be

sub)ect to a license condition $roscribing the o$eration of a motor %ehicle "ith a (C le%el of

more than 0*00 nanograms in "hole blood unless the $erson demonstrates that the (C le%el

resulted from mari)uana use in com$liance "ith the !aine !edical 4se of !ari)uana* Diolation

of the condition may result in both criminal and administrati%e license sus$ension actions*

ma)ority of the "or&ing grou$ also su$$orted a la" that $ro%ides $roof that a $erson

has a (C le%el of 2 or more nanograms in "hole blood and an alcohol le%el of 0*05 grams or

more of alcohol $er 100 milliliters of blood or 210 liters of breath gi%es rise to a $ermissible

inference that the $erson is under the influence of intoicants* Other members suggested that

those (C and alcohol le%els together "ith other e%idence of im$airment gi%es rise to a

$ermissible inference of intoication*

(he "or&ing grou$ also unanimously su$$orted the use of a$$ro%ed $reliminary breath

alcohol testing de%ices by la" enforcement officers in determining "hether a $erson o$erated a

motor %ehicle under the influence of intoicants and suggested the number of s$ecially trained

#rug /ecognition $erts be increased, the /6# Program be incor$orated into the basic la"

enforcement training $rogram, increased $ublic education be $ro%ided concerning the dangers of

dri%ing under the influence of (C and an additional study be conducted on im$airment le%els

for o$erating motor %ehicles "ith (C in the blood*

8



.ormal Re/uest to +stablish Working Group and Related Documents

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Working Group Membership

Paul (* !cCarrier, President, 7egali.e !aine, :reedom !

#a%id ;oyer, Political #irector, !aine !ari)uana Policy Pro)ect, Portland !

Catherine 7e"is, Chair, ;oard of #irectors, !edical !ari)uana Caregi%ers of !aine, ugusta

!

Sgt* #onald :innegan, #rug /ecognition $ert, /oc&land Police #e$artment, /oc&land !

7t* Scott Ste"art, !aine Sheriffs- ssociation, Sagadahoc County Sheriff-s Office, ugusta !

Chief Christo$her 7e"is, !aine Chiefs of Police ssociation, South Portland !

Correna O-;rien, ssociation of Concerned ro"ers, ;angor !

eoffrey /ushlau, sq*, #istrict ttorney, #istrict D6, /oc&land !

John Pelletier, sq*, Chair, Criminal 7a" d%isory Commission, ugusta !

#r* <aren Simone, Borthern Be" ngland Poison Ctr*, Portland !

(roo$er aron (urcotte, #e$artment of Public Safety, ;ureau of State Police, ugusta !

!a)or ;rian Scott, #e$artment of Public Safety, ;ureau of State Police, ugusta !

+ayne :oote, sq*, !aine ssociation of Criminal #efense 7a"yers, ;angor !

!arianne 7ynch, ssist*, #istrict ttorney, !aine Prosecutor-s ssociation, Portland !

;ec&y #e<euster, !aine ssociation of #is$ensary O$erators, ardiner !

Scot !atto, sq*, (raffic Safety /esource Prosecutor, ;ureau of igh"ay Safety, ugusta !

!atthe" #unla$, Secretary of State, ugusta !

/obert * O-Connell, Jr*, sq*, #e$t* of the Secretary of State, ;ureau of !otor Dehicles,

ugusta !

Department of the Secretar of State Staff8

7inda rant, ;ureau of !otor Dehicles

;en)amin (uc&er, sq*, ;ureau of !otor Dehicles

7isa !oulton, ;ureau of !otor Dehicles

23



Proposed 2egislation )mplementing Working Group Recommendations

Sec* !* $0;6 MRS6 <$3%!# sub;<!$;6 is enacted to read8

!$;6* (:C* (CE means delta'9'tetrahydrocannabinol*

Sec* $* $0;6 MRS6 <$31$ is amended to read8

<$31$* 6lcohol level= (:C 2evel= confirmed positive drug or metabolite test results=

evidentiar 7eight*

Sec* 1* $0;6 MRS6 <$31$# sub;<1;6 is enacted to read8

1;6* 2evel of (:C in 7hole blood of " nanograms or greater* Proof that a $erson hasa (C le%el of 5 nanograms or more of (C $er milliliter of "hole blood gi%es rise to a

$ermissible inference under the !aine /ules of %idence, /ule A0A that the $erson is under the

influence of intoicants*

Sec* 3* $0;6 MRS6 <$31$# sub;<1;& is enacted to read8

1;&* 2evel of (:C and alcohol in combination* Proof that a $erson has a (C le%el

of 2 nanograms or more of (C $er milliliter of "hole blood and an alcohol le%el of 0*05 gramsor more of alcohol $er 100 milliliters of blood or 210 liters of breath gi%es rise to a $ermissible

inference under the !aine /ules of %idence, /ule A0A that the $erson is under the influence of

intoicants*

Sec* "* $0;6 MRS6 <$31$;6 is enacted to read8

<$31$;6* Preliminar breath testing devices

!* 4se of preliminar breath testing devices permitted* la" enforcement officer

"ho $ossesses basic certification as a full'time la" enforcement officer, $ursuant to (itle 25,

section 20@'C, subsection 1, "ho reasonably belie%es that a $erson has been o$erating a motor %ehicle under the influence of intoicants, "ithout ma&ing an arrest, may request that the $erson

submit to a $reliminary breath test to determine the $erson-s alcohol le%el, "hich, in addition to

other rele%ant e%idence, the officer may use to determine "hether there is $robable cause to

belie%e that $erson "as o$erating a motor %ehicle "hile under the influence of intoicants*

24



$* 6pproved devices= training* la" enforcement officer may only administer a

$reliminary breath test using a $reliminary breath test de%ice that has been a$$ro%ed by the Bational igh"ay (raffic Safety dministration and e%aluated by the #e$artment of ealth and

uman Ser%ices* Prior to administering a $reliminary breath test using an a$$ro%ed de%ice, an

officer must be $ro$erly trained in the use of the de%ice through a training course a$$ro%ed bythe !aine Criminal Justice cademy ;oard of (rustees*

1* 6dmissibilit of results* /esults of a test administered $ursuant to this section areadmissible in e%idence in any court or administrati%e hearing in determining $robable cause for

o$erating a motor %ehicle "hile under the influence*

3* .ailure as evidence* :ailure of a $erson to submit to a $reliminary breath test is notadmissible in e%idence on the issue of "hether a $erson "as o$erating under the influence of

intoicants* ny other e%idence bearing on the issue of "hether the $erson "as o$erating under

the influence of intoicants is admissible, e%en if a $erson fails to submit to a $reliminary breath

test or the results of such a test are not a%ailable for any reason*

"* Preliminar breath test not mandator= subse/uent test for into,icants

permitted* $reliminary breath test is not mandatory and a la" enforcement officer-s request to

submit to such a test may be declined* $erson "ho submits to a $reliminary breath test is not

relie%ed of the duty to submit to and com$lete a further test $ursuant to subcha$ter @*

Sec* -* $0;6 MRS6 <$3>$?!@ is amended to read8

!* 2icensee not et $! ears of age* license issued to a $erson "ho has not yet

attained the age of 21 years is a $ro%isional license for a $eriod of 2 years follo"ing the date of issue or until the holder attains 21 years of age, "hiche%er occurs last* (hat license remains in

force as a non$ro%isional license to the net normal e$iration date* license issued by another

)urisdiction to a $erson "ho has not yet attained the age of 21 years is a $ro%isional license for the $ur$ose of o$erating a motor %ehicle "ithin this State*

license of a $erson "ho has not yet attained 21 years of age includes the condition that the

$erson not o$erate a motor %ehicle "ith an alcohol le%el of more than 0*00 grams $er 100milliliters of blood or 210 liters of breath* +hen a $erson "ho has not yet attained 21 years of

age o$erates a motor %ehicle "ith an alcohol le%el of more than 0*00 grams $er 100 milliliters of

blood or 210 liters of breath, the $ro%isions of section 1251, subsection 1, $aragra$h ; a$$ly*

license of a $erson "ho has not yet attained 21 years of age includes the condition that the

$erson not o$erate a motor %ehicle "ith a (C le%el of more than 0*00 nanograms $er milliliter of "hole blood* +hen a $erson "ho has not yet attained 21 years of age o$erates a motor

%ehicle "ith a (C le%el of more than 0*00 nanograms $er milliliter of "hole blood, the

$ro%isions of section 1251, subsection1, $aragra$h ; a$$ly, ece$t that, it is an affirmati%e

25



defense that the (C le%el resulted from mari)uana use in com$liance "ith (itle 22, cha$ter 55'

C, (he !aine !edical 4se of !ari)uana ct*

Sec* >* $0;6 MRS6 <$3>$?1@ is amended to read8

1* Suspension for A4) conviction# certain alcohol or (:C level or operating under

the influence of drugs* (he Secretary of State shall sus$end, "ithout $reliminary hearing, a )u%enile $ro%isional license of a $erson "ho>

* /ecei%es an O46 con%ictionG

;* O$erates a motor %ehicle "ith an alcohol le%el of more than 0*00 grams $er 100

milliliters of blood or 210 liters of breathG or

C* O$erates a motor %ehicle under the influence of drugs* O$erates a motor %ehicle "itha (C le%el of more than 0*00 nanograms $er milliliter of "hole blood unless the $erson

demonstrates that the (C le%el resulted from mari)uana use in com$liance "ith (itle 22,cha$ter 55'C, (he !aine !edical 4se of !ari)uana ctG or

#* O$erates a motor %ehicle under the influence of drugs*

Sec* B* $0;6 MRS6 <$3>$?1;6@ is amended to read8

1;6* Juvenile provisional license= suspension for A4) conviction or certain alcohol

or (:C level* 4nless a longer $eriod of sus$ension a$$lies, the Secretary of State shallsus$end, "ithout $reliminary hearing, a )u%enile $ro%isional license $ursuant to subsection A for

the follo"ing $eriods>

* One year for a first offense, and

;* ("o years for a 2nd offense*

6f the Secretary of State determines that the $erson o$erated the motor %ehicle at the time of the

offense "ith a $assenger under 21 years of age, an additional sus$ension $eriod of 10 days must

be im$osed*

Sec* 0* $0;6 MRS6 <$3>$?3@ is amended to read8

3* Dut to submit to test* $erson under 21 years of age "ho o$erates a motor %ehicle

shall submit to a chemical test if there is $robable cause to belie%e that $erson has o$erated a

26



motor %ehicle "ith an alcohol le%el of more and 0*00 grams $er 100 milliliter of blood or 210

liters of breath or "ith a (C le%el of more than 0*00 nanograms $er milliliter of "hole blood or

"hile under the influence of a s$ecific category of drug, a combination of s$ecific categories of drugs or a combination of alcohol and one or more s$ecific categories of drugs* (he $ro%isions

of subcha$ter @ a$$ly, ece$t the sus$ension is>

* ighteen months for the first refusalG and

;* (hirty months for a 2nd or subsequent refusal*

6f the Secretary of State determines that the $erson o$erated the motor %ehicle at the time of the

offense "ith a $assenger under 21 years of age, an additional sus$ension $eriod of 10 days must

be im$osed*

Sec* !%* $0;6 MRS6 <$3>$?"@ is amended to read8

"* :earing= sta= issues* 6f a hearing is requested in accordance "ith section 2@A, thesus$ension under subsection A, $aragra$h ;, or C or # is stayed $ending the outcome of the

hearing* (he sco$e of a hearing must include "hether>

* (here "as $robable cause to belie%e that the $erson "as under 21 years of age and

o$erated a motor %ehicle "ith an alcohol le%el of more than 0*00 grams $er 100 milliliters

of blood or 210 liters of breath or "ith a (C le%el of more than 0*00 nanograms $er

milliliter of "hole blood or "hile under the influence of a s$ecific category of drug, acombination of s$ecific categories of drugs or a combination of alcohol and one or more

s$ecific categories of drugsG

;* (he $erson o$erated a motor %ehicle "ith an alcohol le%el of more than 0*00 grams

$er 100 milliliters of blood or 210 liters of breath or "ith a (C le%el of more than 0*00

nanograms $er milliliter of "hole blood unless the $erson demonstrates that the (Cle%el resulted from mari)uana use in com$liance "ith (itle 22, cha$ter 55'C, (he !aine

!edical 4se of !ari)uana ct or "ith a confirmed $ositi%e blood or urine test for a drug

or its metabolite and "as under the influence of the confirmed drugG and

C* (he $erson "as under 21 years of age*

Sec* !!* $0;6 MRS6 <$"%1?!@ is amended to read8

!* 6dministrative suspension= 7ork;restricted license* On recei$t of a $etition for a

"or&'restricted license from a $erson under sus$ension $ursuant to section 2@5A, section 2@5A'

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or section 2@82, subsection A, $aragra$h ;, or C or # for a first offense, the Secretary of State

may stay a sus$ension during the statutory sus$ension $eriod and issue a "or&'restricted license,

if the $etitioner sho"s by clear and con%incing e%idence that>

* s determined by the Secretary of State, a license is necessary to o$erate a motor

%ehicle>

13 ;et"een the residence and a $lace of em$loyment or in the sco$e of

em$loyment, or bothG or

23 ;et"een the residence and an educational facility attended by the $etitioner if

the sus$ension is under section 2@82, subsection A, $aragra$h ;, or C or # for a

first offenseG

;* Bo alternati%e means of trans$ortation is a%ailable, and

C* (he $etitioner has not, "ithin 10 years, been under sus$ension for an O46 offense or $ursuant to section 2@5A or 2@5A'*

28



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Group

Armentano, Paul, Pot, Psychomotor Performance, and Public Policy, NATL.

ORG. FOR THE REF. MARIJ. LAWS (20!.Armentano, Paul, Should Per Se Limits Be mposed !or "annabis#

$%uating "annabinoid Blood "oncentrations &ith 'ctual (ri)ermpairment* Practical Limitations and "oncerns, "# H$M%OL&T J. SO'.RELAT. # (20"!.

A)*r+-e, Mar, et . al , "annabis and tra+c collision risk* ndings from acase-crosso)er study of in.ured dri)ers presenting to emergencydepartments, #/ INT J. P$%. HEALTH "/# (20!.

%er-ama)1+, Mateu) M., et/ al/, mpact of Prolonged "annabinoid$0cretion in "hronic (aily "annabis Smokers1 Blood on Per Se (rugged(ri)ing La&s, #/ 'LIN. 'HEM. #/ (20"!.

%er-1au), Gnter, et . al ., $2ects of "annabis on Psychomotor Skills and(ri)ing Performance 3 a 4etaanalysis of $0perimental Studies, PRO'.INT. 'O$N'. AL'OH. &R$GS TF'. SAFET3 'ONF. 0" (//#!.

%er-1au), Gnter 4 Ral56&+eter H+l-er), 4easurement and methods todetermine dri)ing ability +n &R$GS, &RI7ING 4 TRAFFI' SAFET3 80(Jor+) '. 7er)ter, et .al ., e)., 200/!.

%onnet, $o, et/ al/, 'bstinence phenomena of chronic cannabis-addicts prospecti)ely monitored during controlled inpatient deto0ication*

"annabis &ithdra&al syndrome and its correlation &ith delta-5-tetrahydrocannabinol and 3metabolites in serum, " &R$G 4 AL'OHOL&EPEN&EN'E 9/ (20!.

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%ra)et1, Sara1, 6B 789 !act Sheet , FORENSI' TO;. (20"!.

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29



'ou>er, F+ona J. 4 %r+anna L. Peter)on, :he Pre)alence of 4ari.uana inSuspected mpaired (ri)ing "ases in Washington State, "9 J. ANAL.TO;. #8/ (20!.

'.R.S. 266"0 (20!.

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30



smokers prior to and after smoking a cannabis .oint , 0# ANAL.%IOANAL. 'HEM. // (20"!.

Groten1ermen, FranDo, et . al ., (e)eloping Science-Based Per Se Limits for(ri)ing under the n=uence of "annabis @(U"A, &$I' REP. (200#!.

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He+)1man, Ste>1en J., et/ al/, Laboratory alidation Study of (rug$)aluation and "lassication Program* 'lprazolam, d-'mphetamine,"odeine, and 4ari.uana, 22 J. ANAL. TO;. #0" (//9!.

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31



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32



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33



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34



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