INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION

No. 23

Report of the Task Group on Reference Man

A REPORT PREPARED BY A TASK GROUP OF COMMITTEE 2 OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION

ADOPTED BY THE COMMISSION IN OCTOBER, 1974

W. S. Snyder Chairman M. J. Cook E. S. Nasset

L. R. Karhausen G. Parry Howells I. H. Tipton

PUBLISHED FOR

The International Commission on Radiological Protection

BY

PERGAMON PRESS

OXFORD · NEWYORK • TORONTO SYDNEY · BRAUNSCHWEIG

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1. General Purposes for the Re/erence Man 2. Historical Development 3. Purpose of the Present Report 4. OrganizatiOn of the Report 5. Supplementary Reports 6. Index, Data Summaries, and Appendices 7. Summary

1 ANATOMICAL V ALUES FOR REFERENCE MAN

1

1 1 2 6 6 6 7 7

I. TOTAL BODY 8

J\. Weight, Length, and Surface Area ofthe Total Body.and Regions ofthe. Total Body 8 I. Weight ( W), Length (L), and Surface Area (SA) of the Total Body during Prenatal Life 8 2. Weight ( W), Length (L), and Surface Area (SA) of the Total Body during Postnatal

Life , 10 Growth Patterns for Regions of the Total Body during Postnatal Life 20

4. Composition of the Total Body · 20 a. Prenatal 20 b. Postnatal · 23

5 •. Specific Gravity ofthe Total Body 24 Body Cell Mass (BCM) 26

a. Prenatal and Newborn 26 b. Adult 26

Total Body Water and Extracellular and Intracellwar Water 27 Total Body Water (TBW) 27

a. TBW during Prenatal Life 27 b. TBW during Postnatal Life 28

Extracellular Water (ECW) 29 a. ECW during Prenatal Life 29 b. ECW during Postnatal Life 31

· • lntracellular Water (JCW) 32 a. JCW during Prenatal Life 32 b. JCW during Postnatal Life 32 c. Distribution of ICW 32

Total Blood, Erythrocytes, Leucocytes, PJatelets, and Plasma 32 Total Blood Volume 32 Properfies of Whole Blood 33 Composition of Whole Blood 34

V

vi CONTENTS

2. Relationship between Total Blood Volume, Red Gell Volume, and Plasma Volume 35 3. Red Gells (Erythrocytes) 35 a. Properties of the Red Gells 36 b. Gomposition of Red Blood Gells 37

4. White Blood Gells (Leucocytes) and Platelets 37 5. Plasma 38

a. Volume of Plasma 38 b. Properl'ies of Plasma 39 c. Gomposition of Plasma 40

D. Body Fat, Adipose Tissue, and Lean Body Mass (LBM) 40

I. Body Fat 40 a. Body Fat during Prenatal Life 40 b. Body Fat during Postnatal Life 41

2. Adipose Tissue 43 a. Gomposition of Adipose Tissue 43 b. Weight and Distribution of Adipose Tissue 44

3. Lean Body Mass (LBM) 44

E. Reticuloenlllothelial System (RES) 45

F. Gonnective Tissue 45 I. Volume and Weight of Dense Gonnective Tissue 46 2. Distribution of Gonnective Tissue 46

II. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 46

A. Skin and Hypodermis 46

I. Thickne1~s of the Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis during Postnatal Life 47 a. Newbom 47 b. Adult 47

2. Weight of the Skin,,Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis 50 a. Prenatal 50 b. Postnatal 50

3. GomposUion of Skin 54 4. Total BJ'ood Gontent and Blood Flow of the Skin 55 5. Specific Gravity of Skin 56 6. Gellular Turnover Time for Various Regions of Skin 56 a. Observed Gell Renewal Time for the Epidermis 56 b. Galculated Gell Renewal Time for the Epidermis 57

7. Daily P1roduction of Horny Material by the Skin of an Adult 57 8. Glands of the Skin 57

a. Eccrine Sweat Glands 57 b. Apocrine Sweat Glands 57 c. Sebaceous Glands 57

&~. 9 I. Weight .of Hair of Adults 58 2. Morphological and Growth Gharacteristics of Hair 58 3. Gomposition of Hair 59 4. Specific Gravity of Hair 59

C. Nails 59

I. Weight of Nails 59 2. Dimenslons of Adult FingernaUs 59 3. Growth Rate of Nails 59 4. Gomposition of Nails 62 5. Specific Gravity of Nails 62

CONTENTS vii

III. SKELETON, CARTILAGE, NONSKELETAL DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE (TENDONS, FASCIA, PERIARTICULAR TISSUE), AND TEETH 62

A. Skeleton 62

I. Weight ofthe Skeleton 62 a. Prenatal 62 b. Postnatal 62

2. Volume of the Postnatal Skeleton 64 3. Types of Bone Tissue 66 a. Cortical, Compact, or Dense Bone 66 b. Trabecular, Cancellous, or Spongy Bone 68

4. Surfaces of Bone 69 5. Specific Gravity of Bone and Skeleton 70 a. Specific Gravity of Hydrated Cortical Bone Tissue 7l b. Specific Gravity of Hydrated Trabecu/ar Bone Tissue 71

6. Composition ofthe Skeleton 71 a. Composition pf Whole Bones with Marrow and Skeleton of the Fetus, Newborn, and

Infant 71 b. Skeletal Composition as a Function of Age 73 c. Composition of Cortical and Trabecu/ar Type Bone 74

7. Blood Content of the Skeleton 74 8. Biodynamics of Bone 74 9. Patterns of Skeletal Ossi/ication 76

79

Cartilage 79

I. Weight of Cartilage during Prenatal Life 79 2. Weight of Carti/age during Postnatal Life 80 3. Thickness of Cartilage 80 4. Composition of Cartilage 80 a. Newborn 80 b. Adult 80

Specific Gravity of Wet or Fresh Cartilage. 80

Nonskeletal Dense Connective Tissue: Tendons, Fascia, and Periarticular Tissue 81

Weight ofTendons, Fascia, and Periarticular Tissue during Postnatal Life 81 Compositi'on 81 Specific Gravity of Wet or Fresh Ligament and Tendans 81

82 Prenatal Growth of Teeth 82 Postnatal Weight of Teeth 82

a. Deciduous Teeth 83 b. Permanent Teeth 83 c. Composition of Adult Teeth 85 d. Tissue Composition 85 e. Specific Gravity of Teeth 85

IV. HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM, LYMPHATIC SYSTEM, SPLEEN, AND THYMUS 85

·• J;ilemato,poietic System 85 Prenatal Hematopoietic Tissues 86 Prenatal Hematopoietic Tissue Except Bone Marrow 86 Bone Marrow 86

Postnatal Hematopoietic Tissue-Bone Marrow 87 • • a,. Weight and Volume of Total Bone Marrow during Postnatal Life 88

viii OONTENTS

b. Distribution of Red.and Yellow Bone Marrow . 89 c. Histologie and Cytologic Structure ofTotal Bone Marrow 92

3. Functional Capacity of the Bone Marrow and its Relative Response to Stimuli 95 4. Gell Turnover Time 95

a. Erythrocytic (red cell) Series 96 b. Granulocytic Series 96 c. Thrombocytic (platelet-forming) Series 96

5. Chemical Composition of Bone Marrow 96 6. Specifi.c Gravity of Bone Marrow 97 7. Blood Content of Bone Marrow 98

B. Lymphatic System 98

I. Weight and Distribution of the Lymphocytes 98 2. Turnover Time of Lymphocytes 98 3. Circulating Lymphocytes 99 4. Weigh~ of Lymphatic Tissue 100 5. Volume of Lymphatic Tissue 101 6. Composition of Lymph Nodes 101 7. Blood Content of Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Adult Male Guinea Pigs 101 8. Volume of Interstitial Lymph Water 101

C. Spleen 102

I. Weight of the Spleen 102 a. Prenatal 102 b. Postnatal 102

2. Dimensions, Shape, and Location ofthe Spleen 103 3. Composition of Adult Spleen 104 4. Specifi.c Gravity of Spleen 104 5. Gellu/ar Components of Spleen 104 6. Quantitative Histology of the Spleen 104 7. B/ood Content ofthe'Spleen 104

D. Thymus 105

I. Weight ofthe Thymus 105 a. Prenatal 105 b. Postnatal 106

2. Dimensions of the Thymus of the Newborn 107 3. Shape and Location of Thymus 107 4. Specifi.c Gravity of Thymus 107 5. Gell Turnover Time ofthe Thymus 107 6. Composition of the Thymus 107 7. Blood Content of the Thymus 107 8. Tissue Composition of the Thymus 107 9. Circulation ofThymus Lymphocytes 108

V. SKELETAL MUSCLE SYSTEM 108

I. Weight ofthe Skeletal Museie 108 a. Prenatal 108 b. Postnatal 109

2. Distribution of Skeletal Museie Mass 109 3. Composition of Wet Skeletal Museie · 110 4. Total Blood Content and Residual Blood Content of Skeletal Museie 111 5. Development and Cellular Turnover Time of Skeletal Museie 112 6. Specifi.c Gravity of Museie 112

CONTENTS ix

VI. CARDIOV ASCULAR SYSTEM 112 112

1. Weight of Heart 113 a. Prenatal 113 b. Postnatal Weight of the Heart without the Blood in the Chambers 113

2. Dimensions ofthe Heart 115 3. Total Volume of the Heart 115 a. Newborn 115 b. Adults 115

4. lntracardiac Volume or Blood Content of the Cavities of the Heart 116 5. Thickness of Walls of Regions ofthe Heart 116 6. Composition and Properlies of Heart Tissue 116

a. Newborn and up to 7 Days of Age 116 b. Adult 116

7. Totaland Residual Blood Content ofthe Heart Tissue (Cardiac Muscle) 117 8. Tissue Growth of the Heart Museie 117

B. Blood Vessels and Contents ofBiood Vessels 117

1. Measurements of Blood Vessels and Distribution of Blood within the Blood Vessels 117 a. Newborn to One Year of Age · 117 b. Adult Arterial System 118 c. Adult Venous System 119 d. Adult Pulmonary System 120

2. Blood Pools in the Total Body 121 3. Composition of the Aorta 121 a. Newborn to 9 Years of Age 121 b. Adults 121

4. Composition of Veins for 20-29-year-old Adults 122 5. Turnover Time of Capillary-Endothelial Cells of Mice 122

'VII. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 122 122

Dimensions of the Mouth 122 2. Ce/! TurnoiJer Time of the Buccal Mucosa 122 3, Composition of Human Buccal Mucosa 123

Tongue 123

Weight of the Adult Tongue 123 Dimensions of the Tongue 123 Surface Areafor the Root (base) ofthe Tongue 123 Thickness of the Epithelium on the Dorsal Aspect of the Tongue 123 Composition of the Adult Tongue 124 Turnover Time for Cells of the Tongue 124

Weight of the Salivary Glands during Postnatal Life Dimensions for One Gland of Each Pair of the Adult Salivary Glands Specific Gravity of Salivary Glands Total Blood Content of the Adult Salivary Glands of Animals Cellular Life Span for the Adult Salivary .Glands Ducts of the Salivary Glands

Dimensions of the Pharynx in the Newborn and Infant Dimensions of the Adult Pharynx , ,

124 124

124 125 125 125 126 126

126

126 127

X CONTENTS

F. Tonsillar Ring 127

I. Palatine or Faucial Tonsils 121 a. Weight of Palatine Tonsils as a Function of Postnatal Age 127 b. Volume of Palatine Tonsils as a Function of Postnatal Age 127 c. Dimensions of Palatine Tonsil 128

2. Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoid) 128 3. Lingual Tonsil 128

G. Esophagus 129

I. Weight of the Esophagus during Postnatal Life 129 2. Length of the Esophagus during Postnatal Life 129 3. Segmental Lengths of the Adult Esophagus 130 4. Diameter and Thickness of the Esophagus during Postnatal Life 130 5. Composition of the Esophagus 130 6 Specific Grauity of the Esophagus 130 7. Turnover Time for the Mucosal Cells of the Esophagus 130 8. DNA Synthesis in the Esophagus 130

H. Stomach 130 I. Wei'ght of the Stomach during Prenatal Life 130 2. Weight of the Stomach during Postnatal Life 131 3. Shape, Size, Position, and Dimensions of the Stomach during Postnatal Life 131 4. Surface Area of the Mucosa of the Stomach 132 5. Thickness ofthe Mucosal Layer ofthe Adult Stomach 132 6. Thickness of the Wall of the Stomach for the Adult 132 7. Capacity of the Stomach 133 8. Turnover Time for Cells of the Stomach 133 9. Composition of the Adult Stomach 134

IO. Specific Grauity of the Stomach 134 Il. Total Blood Content of the Stomach 134 12. Contents of the Stomqch 134

I. Intestinal Tract 134 I. Weight of the lntestines during Prenatal Life 135 2. Weight of the lntestines during Postnatal Life 135

a. Newborn 135 b. Adult 135

3. Weight of the Contents of the Gastrointestinal Tract during Postnatal Life 136 4. Volume of the Gas Content of the Gastrointestinal Tract during Postnatal Life 137 5. Length of lntestines 137 a. Prenatal 137 b. Postnatal 138

6. Diameter of the Lumen and Thickness of the Wall of the Intestinal Tract 138 7. Surface Area of the Smalllntestine 138 a. Surface Areaas a Simple Cylinder 141 b. Surface Area in Considering the Valves of Kerckring 141 c. Surface Area in Considering the Villi 141 d. Surface Area in Considering the Microvilli 141

8. Some Quantitative Characteristics of the Epithelium of the Smalllntestine 141 a. Villus Dimensions 141 b. Volume of a Single Villus 141 c. Volume of the Epithelium of a Single Villus 141 d. Number o/ Villi 141 e. Total Volume of Epithelial Cells 141 f. Dimensions of Columnar Epithelial Cells 141 g. Number of Epithelial Cells 141 h. Total Number of Cells Produced and Lost Per Day 142

CONTENTS xi

9. Surface Area oftheLarge Intestine 142 10. Thickness of the Wall of the Intestine 142 11. Composition of the Intestine for the Full-term Newborn 142 12. Composition of the Adult Intestine 143 13. Total Blood Content of the Intestines in the Adult 143 14. Specific Gravity of Regions of the Intestine 144 ]5. Cellular Kinetics 144

144 I. Weight ofthe Liver 144

a. Prenatal 144 b. Postnatal 145

2. Dimensions ofthe Liver 146 3. Capsule of the Liver 146 4. Composition of the Liver 146 5. Blood Content of the Liver 147 6. Tissue Composition of the Liver 147 7. Tissue Growth 148

148 ]. Weight of the Gallbladder during Postnatal Life 148 2. Dimensions of the Gallbladder 148 3. Thickness of the Wall of the Gallbladder in the Adult 148 4. Shape and Location of the Gallbladder 148 5. Volume of'the Gallbladder as a Function of Age 149 6. Composition ofthe Adult Gallbladder 149 7. Bile 149

Pancreas 149 ]. Weight ofthe Pancreas 149 a. Prenatal 149 b. Postnatal 150

2. Dimensions of the Pancreas 150 3. Composition of Pancreas 150 4. Specific Gravity of the Pancreas 151

Residual Blood Content of the Pancreas 151 Histology of the Pancreatic Tissue 151

' VIII. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 151 152

Naris or Nostril 152 . Vestibule 152

· 3. Nasal Cavities 153 a. Newborn 153 b. Adult 153 c.· Nasal Septum of the Adult 153 d. Dimensions ofthe Posterior Aperture (Choana) ofthe Nose during Postnatal Life 153

~ 154 Welght of the Larynx during Postnatal Life 154 Dimensions of the Larynx during Prenatal Life 154 Dimensions of the Larynx during Postnatal Life 155 Specific Gravity and Composition of the Larynx 155

' • Doubling Time for Normal Epithelial Mucosa of the Larynx 156

Trachea 156 Dimensions of Trachea during Prenatal Life 156

xii CONTEN'FS

2. Dimensions and Weight of Trachea during Postnatal Life 3. Tracheal Glands, Mucosa, Mucus, and Cilia 4. Cartilaginous Tracheal Rings 5. Specific Gravity ofTracheal Rings 6. Composition of the Trachea

D. Lungs

1. Weight of Both Lungs 2. Dimensions ofthe Lung 3. Anatomical Volume of the Lungs

a. Newborn b. Adult

4. Volumetrie Divisions of the Lung 5. Volume of Blood in Both Lungs a. Total Blood Volume in Both Lungs b. Pulmonary Arterial Blood c. Pulmonary Venous Blood d. Pulmonary Capillary Blood

6. Specific Gravity of the Lung 7. Composition of the Lung 8. Bronchial Tree

a. Models for Bronchial Tree b. Wall Thickness of Bronchial Tree c. Dimensions of the Bronchi during Postnatal Life d. Voluine of the Airways of the Bronchial Tree e. Thickness of Epithelium of Bronchial Surfaces f. Glands, Cilia, and Mucus of the Bronchial Tree

9. Airways of the Pulmonary Region (P) a. Respiratory Bronchiales, Alveolar Ducts, Alveolar Sacs, and Atria b. Alveoli c. Thickness of the Alveolocapillary Membrane d. Lung Alveolar Secretion

10. Gell Turnover Time in the Respirqtory Tract of Animals 11. Pleura 12. Lymph Nodes

IX. UROGENITAL SYSTEM '

A. Kidneys

1. Weight of Kidneys a. Prenatal b. Postnatal

2. Description of the Whole Kidney, Capsule, Medulla, and Cortex 3. Dimensions of the Kidney, Medulla, Cortex, and Capsule 4. Volume of One Kidney during Postnatal Life

· 2. Volumetrie Composition of the Kidney 6. Volume o/Tissue Components ofthe Kidney 7. Composition of the Kidney 8. Specific Gravity of the Kidney 9. Volume of Blood in One Adult Kidney

10. Tissue Growth of the Kidney

B. Ureters 1. Dimensions of the Ureters during Postnatal Life 2. Weight of Ureters during Postnatal Life 3. Passage of Urine in the Ureters 4. Miscellaneous Data for Ureters

156 157 157 158 158

158

158 160 160 160 161 161 161 161 161 162 162 163 164 164 164 165 166 166 167 168 168 168 170 171 172 172 173 173

173 173 173 173 174 175 175 175 176 176 176 176 176 177

177 177 177 178 178

CONTENTS xiii

C. Urinary Bladder 178 1. Weight ofthe Empty Urinary Bladder during Postnatal Life 179 2. Thickness of the Wall of the Urinary Bladder 179 3. Length, Transverse Diameter, and Anteroposterior Diameter of the Urinary Bladder 179 4. Capacity of the Urinary Bladder 180 5. Shape and Position of the Urinary Bladder 180 6. Composition of Adult Urinary Bladder 180 7. Blood Content of Adult Urinary Bladder 181 8. Turnover Time for Cells of the Urinary Bladder in the Rat 181

D. Urethra 181 1. Length of the Urethra 181 2. Diameter of the Lumen of the Urethra 181 3. Thickness of the Wall of the Urethra 181 4. Weight of Urethra during Postnatal Lzfe 181 5. Composition of Urethra 182

E. Testes 182 1. Total Weight of Both Testes 182 a. Prenatal 182 b. Postnatal 182

2. Dimensions of One Testis 182 3. Volume of Both Testes 182 4. Specific Gravity ofTestes 183 5. Total Blood Content of the Testes of the Adult 184 6. Cell Turnover Time of the Testes 184 7. Spermatozoa Measurements 184 8. Spermatozoa 184 9. Semen 184

10. Composition ofTestes 184 11. Tissue Composition of Testes 184

F. Epididymis 185 1. Total Weight of Both Epididymes 185 2. VolJlme <?f One Epididymis of Adult 185

G. Prostate Gland 185 1. Weight of the Prostate Gland during Postnatal Lzfe 185 2. Dimensions of the Prostate Gland in the Adult 186 3. Shape and Location of Prostate 186 4. Specific Gravity of Prostale 186 5. Tissue Grawth of the Prostale 186 6. Composition of Adult Prostale 186

H. Seminal Vesicles 186 L Ovaries 187

1. Total Weight of Both Ovaries 187 a. Prenatal 187 b. Postnatal 187

2. Dimensions of the Ovary 187 3. Shape and Position ofthe Ovaries in the Body 188 4. Composition of the Ovary 188 5. Specific Gravity of the Ovary 188 6. Tissue Growth of the Ovary 189

a. Cell Dimensions 189 b. Number and Percentage of Ovarian Cells in the Ovaries of the Fetus and Postnatal

Fernale 189

xiv CONTENTS

c. Tissue Composition o/ the Ovary 7. Ovum Dimensions, Viability, and Transport

J. Fallopian or Uterine Tubes or Oviducts

1. Weight of Fallopian Tubes during Postnatal Life 2. Dimensions of the Fallopian Tubes during Postnatal Life

K. Uterus

1. Weight ofthe Uterus during Postnatal Life 2. Dimensions of the Uterus during Postnatal Life 3. Shape, Size, and Position of the Uterus 4. Gell Turno1Der Time o/ the Uterus 5. Blood Content of the Uterus 6. Specific Gravity of the Uterus 7. Muscu/ar Composition of the Adult Uterus 8. Compositio>n of the Adult Uterine Museie 9. Endometrium a. Thickness b. Compositlon of the Adult Endometrium

10. Menopause

L. Vagina

1. Length of ]Vagina during Postnatal Life 2. Width ofthe Adult Vagina 3. Wall Tliickness of the Adult Vagina 4. Thickness of the Mucosa of the Adult Vagina 5. Turnover Time for the Mucosal Cells of the Adult Vagina of Some Animals

M. Breast

1. Total Weight of Both Breasts during Postnatal Life 2. Dimensions of One Breast during Postnatal Life 3. Compositio>n of Fernale Breast 4. Tissue Composition o/ the Breast du.ri111f Lactation in the Goat 5. Specific Gravity of Fernale Breast · Tissue

X. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A. Thyroid Glarnd

1. Weight of the Thyroid Gland a. Prenatal b. Postnatal

2. Dimensions of the Thyroid Gland 3. Thickness o/Tissue Overlying the Thyroid 4. Follicles of the Thyroid Gland 5. Specific Gravity of the Thyroid Gland 6. Compositicm of the Thyroid 7. Tissue Composition by Volume of the Adult Thyroid 8. Total Blood Content of Thyroid

B. Parathyroid Glands

1. Weight of the Parathyroid Glands during Postnatal Life 2. Weight of the Parenchyma of the Parathyroid Glands during Postnatal Life 3. Shape of One Parathyroid Gland 4. Dimensions of One Parathyroid Gland a. Infant b. Adult

5. Composition of the Whole Parathyroid Gland of the Ox

190 190

190 191 191

191 191 191 192 192 193 193 193 193 193 193 194 194

194 194 195 195 195 195

195 195 195 196 196 196

196 196 196 196 197 199 199 199 200 200 200 200

201 201 201 201 202 202 202 202

CONTENTS XV

C. Adrenal Glands 202

I. Weight of Both Adrenal Glands during Prenatal Life 203 2. Weight of Both Adrenal Glands during Postnatal Life 203 3. Volume of One Adrenal Gland and its Medulla and Cortex 204 4. Shape of the Adrenal Glands 204 5. Dimensions of One Adrenal Gland 204 6. Capsule of the Adrenal Gland 205 7. Specific Gravity of the Adrenal Gland 205 8. Histological Structure of the Adrenal Cortex 205 9. Tissue Growth of the Adrenal Glands 205

IO. Composition of the Adrenal Gland 205 II. Total Blood Content of the Adrenal Gland 206 12. Residual Blood Content of the Adrenal Gland 206

D. Pineal Gland (Epipbysis) 206

I. Weight of Pineal Gland during Postnatal Life 206 2. Dimensions of the Pineal Gland 206 3. Specific Gravity of the Pineal Gland 207 4. Tissue Growth 207

E. Pituitary Gland (HYJ~optbysis) 207

I. Weight of the Pituitary Gland 207 a. Prenatal 207 b. Postnatal 207

2. Weight of the (:apsule of the Pituitary Gland during Postnatal Life 209 3. Divisions of the Pituitary Gland 209 4. Shape of the Pitu.itary Gland 209 5. Dimensions of the Pituitary Gland during Postnatal Life 209 6. Specific Gravity of the Pituitary Gland 209 7. Total Blood Content of the Pituitary Gland 209 8. Residual Blood Content of the Pituitary Gland 209 9. Composition of the Pituitary Pfand 209

IO. Cytological Composition of the Pituitary Gland 210 II. Mitotic Index of the Pituitary Gland 210

XI. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 210

A. Brain 211

I. Weight ofthe Brain 211 a. Prenatal 211 b. Postnatal 211

2. Relative Weight of the Major Divisions of the Brain Expressedas Percent of the Weight of the »'hole Brain 213

3. Dimensionsand Shape of the Adult Brain 213 4. Composition of the Brain 213 a. Newborn 213 b. Adult 214 c. Effect of Increasing Age 214

5. Tissue Composit'ion 214 6. Blood Content o{ the Brain for the Adult 215

Specific Gravity of the Brain 215

Spinal Cord 216

1. Weight and De!Je[opment ofthe Spinal Cord 216 a. Prenatal 216 b. Postnatal 216

xvi CONTENTS

2. Volume of the Spinal Cord and its Subdivisions a. Prenatal b. Postnatal

3. Length of the Spinal Cord and its Subdivisions a. Prenatal b. Postnatal

4. Other Dimensions of the Adult Spinal Cord 5. Specific Gravity ofthe Spinal Cord 6. Composition of the Spinal Cord 7. Blood Content of the Spinal Cord

C. Cerebrospinal Fluid 1. Volume of the Cerebraspinal Fluid during Postnatal Life 2. Composition and Properlies of Cerebraspinal Flurä 3. Renewal of Cerebraspinal Fluid

D. Meninges

XII. SPECIAL SENSE ORGANS

A. Eye 1. Weight of the Eyeball during Postnatal Life 2. Shape and Dimensions of the Eyeball during Postnatal Life 3. Specific Gravity ofthe Eyeball 4. Conjunctiva 5. Cornea of the Eye during Postnatal Life a. Weight of the Cornea b. Diameter of the Cornea c. Radius of Curvature of the Cornea d. Thickness of the Cornea e. Surface Area of the Cornea f. Shape of the Corned g. Structure of the Cornea " h. Composition of Stroma of the Cornea of the Ox i. Specific Gravity of Cornea j. Time of Gell Turnover

6. Iris of the Eye 7. Aqueous Humor of the Eye a. Volume of Aqueous Humor b. Specific Gravity of the Aqueous Humor c. Half-life of Aqueous Humor d. Composition of Aqueous Humor e. Anterior Chamber of the Eye f. Posterior Chamber of the Eye

8. Vitreous Humor of the Eye 9. Lens a. Weight and Volume of the Lens during Postnatal Life b. Dimensions of the Postnatal Lens c. Composition of the Lens d. Specific Gravity of the Lens e. Geometry of the Lens f. Gell Turnover and Mitosis g. Cataract h. Blood Content of the Lens

Depth and Size of Lens • 10. Sclera

a. Weight of Postnatal Sclera

217 ~17 217 217 217 217 218 218 218 218

219 219 219 219

219

219 219 219 219 219 220 221 221 221 221 221 221 222 222 222 222 222 223 223 223 223 223 223 223 224 224 224 224 224 225 225 226 226 226 227 227 227 227

b. Wall Thickness of Postnatal Sclera c. Composition of Sclera

11. Blood Content ofthe Eye

B. Ear

CONTENTS

1. External Acoustic Meatus (auditory canal) 2. Tympanie Membrane (also called the eardrum) a. Shape b. Dimensions of Axes c. Thickness d. Surface Area

3. Auricle or Pinna of Ear

XIII. PREGNANCY A. Duration of Pregnancy or Time of Gestation

B. Components in Gained Weight during Pregnancy

C. Total Blood Volmne, Red CeU Volmne, and Plasma Volmne during Pregnancy

D. Total Body Water, Lean Body Mass, and Total Body Fat during Pregnancy

E. Uterus during Pregnancy

1. Weight of the Uterus during Pregnancy 2. Thickness of the Uterine Wall during Pregnancy 3. Rate of Blood Flow and Amount ofBlood in the Pregnant Uterus

F. Placenta 1. Weight of the Placenta 2. Volume of the Placenta 3. Dimensions of the Placenta 4. Tissue Composition of the Placenta 5. Gross Composition of Placenta 6. Blood Content of the Placenta 7. Capillary Volume of the Placenta 8. Villous Surface Area of the Placenta 9. Th,ickness of the Maternal-Jetal Barrier

10. Capillary Surface Area of the Placenta 11. Decidual Surface Area of the Placenta 12. Specific Gravity of the Placenta

Addendum. Reference Man: Summary of Anatomical Data Weights of Organs and Tissues Other Anatomical Values

References

2 GROSS AND ELEMENTAL CONTENT OF REFERENCE MAN

xvii

227 227 227

228 228 228 228 228 228 228 228

228 228

229

229

230

231

231 231 232

232

232 232 233 233 233 233 233 233 233 234 234 234 235 235 236 237

1. Introduction 273

n. Physical Properties, Blood Content, and Gross and Eiemental Content of Reference Man 274

Addendum I. Weights of Organs and Tissues of Refer(lnce Man 325

Addendmn Il. Variation of Eiemental Concentration with Age 329

References 331

xviii CONTENTS

3 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA FOR REFERENCE MAN

A. Introducnon

B. Energy Expenditure

I. Standard Energy Expenditure 2. Relation of Energy Expenditure to Age and Sex 3. Relation of Energy Expenditure to Occupation 4. Relation of Energy Expenditure to Oxygen Gonsumpfion 5. Adjustment of Basal Metabolism for Body Size 6. Adjustment for Environmental Temperature 7. Effect of Pregnancy and Lactation

C. Respiratory Standards

I. Lung Gapacities 2. Lung Volumes and Respiration

D. Daily Dietary Intake

I~ Gonsumpfion Basedon Hausehold Surveys 2. Gonsumpfion Estimate from National Supplies

E. Principal Nutrient Content of Diet

I. Major Elements in the Diet

F. Daily Fecal Loss

G. Urine

I. Greatinine Excretion

H. Milk Consumption

I. Total Fluid Consumption

J. Model for Water Balance

I. Water Intake 2. Water Losses

K. Lactation

' L. Composition of Sweat

M. Composition of Saliva

N. Composition and Flow of Nasal Secretion

0. Summary of Model Values for Daily Balance of Elements in:,Reference~Man

I. Aluminium 2. Antimony 3. Arsenic

·4. Barium 5. Beryllium 6. Bismuth 1. Boron 8. Bromine 9. Cadmium

IO. Calcium 1I. Garbon 12. Cesium 13. Ghlorine 14. Chromium 15. Cobalt

335

338 338 339 341 342 342 342 343

343 344 346

348 348 348

348 352

352

354 354

355

357

358 359 359

360

361

364

365

365 367 368 369 370 371 371 372 372 373 374 377 378 378 380 381

16. Copper ]7. Fluorine 18. Germanium 19. Hydrogen 20. Iodine 21. lron 22. Lead 23. Lithium 24. Magnesium 25. Manganese 26. Mercury 27. Molybdenum 28. Nickel 29. Niobium 30. Nitrogen 31. Oxygen 32. Phosphorus 33. Polonium 34. Potassium 35. Radium 36. Rubidium 37. Selenium 38. Silicon 39. Si/ver 40. Sodium 41. Strontium 42. Sulfur 43. Tellurium 44. Thallium 45. Thorium 46. Tin 47. Titanium 48. Uranium 49. Vanadium 50. Zinc 51. ~irconium

CONTENTS

Addendum. Reference Man: Summary of Physiological Data References

.• • Appendix I. Specific Absorbed Fractions of Photon Energies for Reference Man

·Appendix II. List of Si:gns and Symbols Used

XIX

382 383 385 385 386 387 390 391 392 393 394 396 397 398 398 400 400 402 403 404 405 406 407 407 408 409 411 412 412 413 413 414 415 416 416 418 419 420

443 464

465 467