Report in Ce Project

7/26/2019 Report in Ce Project

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REPORT IN CEPROJECT

BASIC OF SURVEYING

JEFF D. PANIMDIM


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SURVEYING

The art and science ! "a#in$ s%ch"eas%re"ents as are necessar& tdeter"ine the re'ati(e )sitin !)ints a*(e+ n+ r *eneath thes%r!ace ! the earth+ r t esta*'ishs%ch )ints in a s)eci,ed )sitin


3/25

SURVEYING

De,nitin - O)eratin! "a#in$ s%ch"eas%re"ents thatthe re'ati(e )sitin !

(ari%s !eat%res+nat%ra' r Arti,cia' nthe s%r!ace ! theearth can *e ehi*ited

in their crrect/ri0nta' and (ertica're'atinshi).

Nr"a''&deter"inin$)sitin in

/ri0nta' )'ane isca''ed s%r(e&in$

Deter"inin$re'ati(e hei$hts r

de)th is ca''ed'e(e''in$.


4/25

S%r(e&r needs %nderstandin$ !

ri$r%s"athe"atica' tana'&se and

ad1%st

scienti,c)rinci)'es

%nder'&in$ anda2ectin$"eas%re"ents


5/25

C'assi,catin ! S%r(e&s - S%r(e&in$ isdi(ided int t3 "ain cate$ries4

P'ane s%r(e&

Gedetic S%r(e&


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BRANC/ES OF SURVEYING

P'ane s%r(e&

The s%r(e&in$ in 3hich c%r(at%re ands)herida' sha)e ! the earth is

ne$'ected and the s%r!ace ! the earthis ass%"ed t *e 5at is ca''ed )'anes%r(e&in$. In this t&)e ! s%r(e&in$ a''

trian$'es !r"ed *& 1inin$ s%r(e&'ines are cnsidered as )'ane trian$'es.It is $enera''& e")'&ed !r s"a''

s%r(e& 3r#s.


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BRANC/ES OF SURVEYING

Gedetic S%r(e&in$

In this t&)e ! s%r(e&in$ c%r(at%re ! the earth ista#en int acc%nt 3hi'e ca'c%'atin$ red%ced

'e(e's+ an$'es+ *earin$s and distances. This t&)e! s%r(e&in$ is n'& e")'&ed !r 'ar$e s%r(e&3r#s. Genera''& the s%r(e& 3r#s *e'3 678#i'"eters radi%s are treated as )'ane and

*e&nd that 'i"it it is treated as $edetic. Th%sin this t&)e ! s%r(e&in$ necessar& crrectinsare a))'ied t crrect the red%ced 'e(e's+*earin$s and ther *ser(atins.


8/25

Purpose - The "ain *1ect ! s%r(e&in$ is the)re)aratin ! "a)s r )'ans 3hich are the*asis in )'annin$ and desi$n ! en$ineerin$)r1ect s%ch as r%te 'catin ! rai'3a& 'ine+rads and 3ater s%))'& sche"e.

Basic Principles in Surveying

- R%'in$)rinci)'e ! s%r(e& is -i9 : t 3r# !r" 3h'e t )art;. Frs%r(e&in$ Esta*'ish cntr' )ints 3ith hi$h

)recisin *& %se ! Trian$%'atin and )recise'e(e''in$. Area is !%rther di(ided int trian$'e+3hich are s%r(e&ed 3ith 'ess acc%rac&.ii9 t , the )sitin ! ne3 statins *& at'east

t3 inde)endent )rcesses < B& 'inear and


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P/ASES OF SURVEYING

Fie'd =r#

4 Data )rc%re"ent )hase

O>ce =r# < data are ana'&sed

4Red%ced t %se!%' !r" *&"athe"atica' ca'c%'atins

4Ad1%sted4 Fre?%ent'& cn(erted t $ra)hica'

"de ! e)ressin


10/25

@INDS OF SURVEYS

Pr)ert& s%r(e&s

Deter"ine *%ndar& 'ines+ 'catin ! )r)ert&crners+ ac?%isitin ! data t )re)are 'ands%*di(isins

R%te s%r(e&s

Desi$nin$ and cnstr%ctin$ en$ineerin$ )r1ectsassciated 3ith trans)rtatin andc""%nicatins

Ind%stria' s%r(e&s

S%r(e&s in aircra!t and ther ind%stries 3hereacc%rate di"ensina' 'a&%ts necessar&


11/25

@INDS OF SURVEYS

T)$ra)hic s%r(e&s

C''ect ,e'd data t )re)are t)$ra)hic "a)s

/&dr$ra)hic s%r(e&s

Ma) shre'ines ! 3ater *dies+ chart *tt"areas ! strea"s+ 'a#es+ har*rs+ etc.+ "eas%re53 ! ri(ers+ assess ther iss%es re'ated tna(i$atin and 3ater res%rces

Aeria' s%r(e&s )ht$ra""etr&9Use )ht$ra)hs "%nted in s)ecia''&

desi$ned )'anes


12/25

@INDS OF SURVEYS

Mine s%r(e&s

Deter"ine )sitin ! %nder$r%nd 3r#s ands%r!ace "ines+ , )sitin and directin ! t%nne'sand sha!ts+ de,ne s%r!ace *%ndaries

Cnstr%ctin s%r(e&s

Per!r"ed d%rin$ *%i'din$ ! str%ct%re r )r1ectt , e'e(atins+ hri0nta' )sitin+ anddi"ensins

Cntr' s%r(e&s

Pr(ide *asic hri0nta' and (ertica' )sitin data!r en$ineerin$ "issin


13/25

@INDS OF SURVEYS

Fina' :As B%i't;9 s%r(e&

Tie in !eat%res that ha(e 1%st *eencnstr%cted t )r(ide ,na' recrd !cnstr%ctin and t chec# thatcnstr%ctin has )rceeded accrdin$t desi$n )'an


14/25

BASIC SURVEYMEASUREMENTS- DEFINITIONS

Directin ! $ra(it& %sed asre!erence directin

Vertica' < "eans directin ! $ra(it&

/ri0nta' < "eans directin)er)endic%'ar t $ra(it&


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SURVEY GEOGRAP/IC

REFERENCE

atit%de 9

ines r%n east43est)ara''e' t e?%atr

Ma an$'e 8

S%th 'atit%des ne$ati(e

n$it%de 9

ines r%n nrth s%th+cn(er$e at )'es

8 4 Green3ich Meas%red east and 3est 4

H8 "a an$'e

=est 'n$it%de ne$ati(e


16/25

e(e' s%r!ace $eid9

Cntin%%s s%r!ace that is at a'' )ints

)er)endic%'ar t the directin ! $ra(it&Can *e th%$ht ! as the s%r!ace !

'ar$e *d& ! 3ater at c")'ete rest%na2ected *& tides+ etc.9

E'e(atin

Vertica' distance a*(e r *e'3 a$i(en re!erence 'e(e' s%r!ace

Di2erence in e'e(atinVertica' distance *et3een t3 'e(e'

s%r!aces cntainin$ the t3 )ints


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DIRECTION

BEARINGS

Desi$nate the directin ! a'ine *& an an$'e and ?%adrant'etters. e.$. N8 E9

Bearin$s are ne(er $reater

than 8

Bearin$s are re!erenced !r"nrth r s%th and the an$'et the east r 3est !r" thenrth4s%th "eridian.

Tr%e *earin$s are *ased ntr%e nrth.

Ma$netic *earin$s are *asedn "a$netic nrth


18/25

DIRECTION

AKIMUT/S

An$'es "eas%redc'c#3ise !r" an&re!erence "eridian

A0i"%ths ran$e !r" 8t 78

A0i"%ths are re!erenced!r" nrth

Tr%e a0i"%ths are *asedn tr%e nrth

Ma$netic a0i"%ths are*ased n "a$netic nrth


19/25

ACCURACY L PRECISION

Acc%rac&

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