1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

'Emergency Brake Reverse' is a replica of a security system for a

vehicle in which it works to stop the vehicle if there are objects or vehicles

behind. The aim is to prevent the violation or accident. The frame structure is

constructed of steel. This system is an increase in the braking system. This

system can also be used on automatic transmission vehicles. Components

involved are sensors, power window motor, PIC micro-controllers, switches,

brake pedal, cable, control unit, buzzer, and plywood.

1.2 Problem Statement

a) Minor accidents often occur when reverse.

b) The driver forgot to pull handbrake when the car is on hilly roads.

c) Avoid collision.

d) Reduce accidents.

1.3 Objective

Produce a safety system to stop the vehicle in reverse to avoid a collision or

accident.

2

1.4 Scope

a) To produce a prototype.

b) Increase the security system.

c) Used to stop the vehicle.

d) Used in vehicle automatic shifters.

3

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Before starting a project, various aspects should be taken into consideration so

that the project is running smoothly without any interruption. This study is based on

accidents that often occur on the users of vehicles. This study was carried out starting

from the design to the identification of problems that may be encountered. Therefore,

careful planning and systematic will be arranged to get the best results. All of this was

the result of the ideas discussed in the group. Then, created a design project.

2.2 Preliminary ideas

Review of existing components markets and how to use it. Complete details

and limitations are used for projects that will be produced.

i. Function - can do brake operation to achieve the objectives.

ii. Components - use of existing components and modify easily transferred.

iii. Construction - the construction of a relatively simple process.

iv. Durability - can withstand the brake pedal speed production.

iv. Security - not harmful to consumers.

After the problem is clearly identified, as much as possible the information

obtained as a result of the observations, problems experienced, analysts, trial and

related resources. Based on the information gathered, the ideas in the form of

preliminary sketches. Conducted ideas, suggestions will be selected to be analyzed

and refined further before making a prototype designed for.

2.3 Design Concept

4

Selection of an appropriate design is essential. Various aspects should be taken

into account. Selection should be in accordance with the project of use and

functionality. Selection of design prototypes factors are as follows:

i. Form of structural members because it represents the power structure.

ii. Good structural shape and fit to give maximum strength and stability of the

components during operation.

iii. Components selected must be appropriate and not too onerous.

iv. Selection of a strong connection to connection and long-lasting results.

iv. Safety features should be in good condition.

2.4 Base Selection

Site is rectangular in shape more balanced and stable. It is suitable for use on

the project components to accommodate the load. The site for this prototype is

rectangular shaped which aims to support and strengthen the stability of the product.

2.5 Selection Framework Project

Selection of an appropriate project framework is very important to produce the

basis for ensuring that the prototype is strong and stable. It is very important to

produce solid construction and quality.

5

2.6 Accident History

About 30 percent of all accidents occur when vehicles moving in reverse.

Based on the high frequency of accidents and the fact that all accidents are often

unavoidable support, emphasis must be placed on safe procedures. The accident

occurred when the vehicle is going in the back is costly to the company. Element of

risk resulting in bodily injury happened when supporting any vehicle. This is a key

factor when considering why the cost is so high accident support.

Figure 2.6: The accident happened at the back

There are many dangers that need to be considered when reverse parking:

a) Inadequate view on both sides.

b) Objects directly behind the vehicle when it started back.

c) The object moves into the path of the vehicle.

d) Blind spot created by vehicles.

2.7 Components Selected

6

2.7 The components we chose:

No. Component Explanation

1

Iron

i. Used to make body.

2

Reverse Parking Sensor

i. Used to detect objects

behind the vehicle.

3

Power window motor

i. Power window motor is

used to move the cable and

the brake pedal.

ii. This motor has a diffusion.

7

No. Component Explanation

4

Pic Microcontroller

i. That cans are electronic

circuits be programmed to

carry out a range of Vast

Tasks.

ii. Used to program to be

timers or to control a

production line and much

more.

5

Brake pedal

i. Force from driver to brake

system to stop the car.

8

No. Component Explanation

6

Battery

i. Power sources to move the

power window motor.

ii. 12 volt battery.

7

Switch on/off

i. A switch simply opens a

circuit.

ii. Stopping the flow of

electricity.

iii. Has normally open and

normally close.

9

No. Component Explanation

8

Strip Board

i. Is a widely-used type of

electronics prototyping

board.

9

Voltage regulator

i. Is designed to

automatically maintain a

constant voltage level.

10

Transistor

i. Is a semiconductor

device used to amplify

and switch electronic

signals and electrical

power.

ii. It is composed of

semiconductor material

with at least three

terminals for

connection to an

external circuit.

10

No. Component Explanation

11 Resistor

i. Is a passive two-

terminal electrical

component that

implements electrical

resistance as a circuit

element.

ii. The current through a

resistor is in direct

proportion to the

voltage across the

resistor's terminals.

No. Component Explanation

12

Medium range infrared sensor

i. Small LED as indicator for

detection status.

ii. Obstacle detection up to

10cm.

11

13

Plywood

i. It is flexible, inexpensive,

workable, re-usable, and

can usually be locally

manufactured.

ii. Is a manufactured wood

panel made from thin sheets

of wood veneer.

14

Ic Wire

i. Is the primary method of

making interconnections

between an integrated

circuit (IC) and a printed

circuit board (PCB) during

semiconductor device

fabrication.

No. Component Explanation

15

i. Can be use such as

mechanism actuator to pull

pedal brake in auto reverse

brake project.

12

Cable brake

16

Bread board

i. Is commonly used to refer to

solderless breadboard

(plugboard).

17

Usb Pic Programmer

i. To program the circuit.

2.8 Bolt And Nut

Bolt is a tightening device categorized by helix ridge, known as an external

thread, around a cylinder. Some bolt threads designed to match the thread mate, known

as threads, usually in the form of nuts. Other bolt threads are designed to cut a helical

13

groove in a softer material such as wood. Normal function of the bolt is to hold objects

and placing objects.

Figure 2.8: Bolt

Bolts usually have a head, which is usually found at the end of the bolt that

allows it to be rotated or driven. Tools commonly used to rotate the bolt includes a

screwdriver or spanner. The head is usually larger than the body screws, which prevent

the screw from the driven too deep than long bolts.

2.9 Nut

Nut is a type of thread fastening holes. Nat usually used against the bolt to bind

together the stack. Two couples are placed together by a combination of friction on

both threads. In applications where vibration or rotation may cause the nut open,

locking mechanisms apply: adhesive (adhesive), safety pins, or oval-shaped threads.

Figure 2.9: Nut

14

Nut graded by the strength of the bolt, for example, the nut with the ISO class

10 capable supporting bolt with 9.10 without the ISO class off. Similarly, nuts are

SAE Grade 5 bolts capable of supporting a load of SAE Grade 5, and so on.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This prototype Emergency Reverse Brake system was created to show how it

could work in a vehicle. The main purpose is to avoid violations or accidents from the

rear. This situation often occurs when the conditions in the reverse situation. The

selection of the components involved are selected to suit the size of the prototype

design so that it does not interfere with the space.

15

3.1.1 Project Flow Chart

Figure 3.1.1 : Flow Chart Project

3.2 Selection of components

After paper work is done for the implement design framework of this project

by selecting the type of main components to build a prototype projects have been

START

Literature Review

Product Design

Problem Statement

Selection of Components

Detailed Design

Mechanical Components

Test

Finishing

END

Analysis and Results

16

made. Appropriate types of components have been selected to obtain a strong project

and tools that can work well for this project. Below are the components that will be

used for this project:

3.3 Reverse Sensor Types

Parking sensors are generally divided into two categories: Ultrasonic Parking

Sensors and Electromagnetic Parking Sensors.

3.3.1 Ultrasonic Parking Sensor (AutoSonar)

AutoSonar system is a safety device that accurately detects all objects,

children, toys, pets, and others that are behind your vehicle when you reverse. Sound

'beep' and the LCD display in the car warns the driver of dangers and prevent potential

accidents. But, the most important thing is that by installing this system, you can

prevent injuries to adults or worse children. These statistics confirm the increase in

this type of accident. According to the Department of Transportation, 27% of all

accidents occur in the back. Further research showed that 70% of these accidents can

be avoided with the use of collision avoidance systems as AutoSonar.

How to work

The system is activated automatically when you enter the gear 'R'. Sensors

located at the rear of the vehicle to send and receive ultrasonic radio waves, which

bounce off obstacles and alert the control unit. There is a buzzer that gradually

increase in frequency of vehicles approaching object. A continuous tone indicates that

the vehicle is 0.35m from obstacles.

17

Figure 3.3.1 : Ultrasonic parking sensors

3.3.2 Electromagnetic Parking Sensor

These rely on the vehicle moving slowly and smoothly towards the object to

be avoided. Once detected the obstacle, if the vehicle momentarily stops on its

approach, the sensor continues to give signal of presence of the obstacle. If the

vehicle then resumes its maneuver the alarm signal becomes more and more

impressive as the obstacle approaches. Electromagnetic parking sensors are often

sold as not requiring any holes to be drilled offering a unique design that discretely

mounts on the inner side of the bumper preserving the 'new factory look' of your

vehicle. This type of parking sensor system is also highly recommended for vehicles

fitted with externally mounted wheels or accessories - a spare wheel on the back of a

4x4, for example, or a cycle rack. These can cause false triggering or inaccurate

warnings when used with ultrasonic systems. Electromagnetic systems ignore fixed

items that are already present and look for changes to the surrounding area.

How to work

Indicates object distance with different beeping frequencies. The sensor

antenna activates 3 types of acoustic signals during approaching an obstacle at

different distances.

Zone 1: A long interval sound of Beep approximately between 0.7-0.5m

Zone 2: A short interval sound of Beep approximately between 0.5-0.3m

Zone 3: A continuous sound of Beep approximately between 0.3-0m

18

Simple and concealed installation. The sensor antenna is entirely installed inside

the bumper without any drilling work.

Maintenance free, no cleaning or washing is required.

Fit for any car, truck, RV or mini-van. Peel & Stick Antenna foil tape sensor for

vehicles bumpers.

Wires to Reverse Lamp (12 Volts DC)

High output Piezo buzzer alert you with a beeping sound

Detects object at 3 feet or less Detection in all directions without dead angle.

Minimize bumper damage. Totally built-in installation without impair overall

appearance.

Figure 3.3.2 : Electromagnetic parking sensors

3.4 Motor

3.4.1 Power Window Motor

Most consumers prefer cars with power windows. Power window motors are

mechanisms installed inside of the car door which control the function of the window

glass enabling them to go up and down. The motor power window in a car is the

control that allows someone in a car to roll the window up or down. This function

can be accomplished in one of two ways. In early model cars, the window in a car or

truck was rolled up and down manually, by use of a turn-handle that connected to

various gears within the door of the car. Now, however, it is far more common to

19

see car windows that operate with a switch or a button. These power window

regulators operate under electrical power.

How it work

With inset of motor and gear reduction

The linkage has a long arm, which attaches to a bar that holds the bottom of

the window. The end of the arm can slide in a groove in the bar as the window rises.

On the other end of the bar is a large plate that has gear teeth cut into it, and the

motor turns a gear that engages these teeth.

The same linkage is often used on cars with manual windows, but instead of a motor

turning the gear, the crank handle turns it. In the next section we'll learn about some

of the neat features some power windows have, including the child lockout and

automatic-up.

Figure 3.4.1 : Power window motor

3.4.2 Motor wiper

The wipers combine two mechanical technologies to perform their task:-

i) A combination electric motor and worm gear reduction provides power to the

wipers.

20

ii) A neat linkage converts the rotational output of the motor into the back-and-

forth motion of the wipers.

How it work

Motor and Gear Reduction

It takes a lot of force to accelerate the wiper blades back and forth across the

windshield so quickly. In order to generate this type of force, a worm gear is used on

the output of a small electric motor.

The worm gear reduction can multiply the torque of the motor by about 50 times,

while slowing the output speed of the electric motor by 50 times as well. The output

of the gear reduction operates a linkage that moves the wipers back and forth. Inside

the motor/gear assembly is an electronic circuit that senses when the wipers are in

their down position. The circuit maintains power to the wipers until they are parked

at the bottom of the windshield, then cuts the power to the motor. This circuit also

parks the wipers between wipes when they are on their intermittent setting.

Figure 3.4.2 : Wiper Motor

3.5 Pic Microcontroller

PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by

Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General

Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral

21

Interface Controller". PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists

alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of

application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial

programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability. They are also

commonly used in educational programming as they often come with the easy to use

'pic logicator' software.

Function

PIC microcontrollers (Programmable Interface Controllers), are electronic

circuits that can be programmed to carry out a vast range of tasks. They can be

programmed to be timers or to control a production line and much more. They are

found in most electronic devices such as alarm systems, computer control systems,

phones, in fact almost any electronic device. Many types of PIC microcontrollers

exist, although the best are probably found in the GENIE range of programmable

microcontrollers.

Figure 3.5 : Pic Microcontroller

3.6 Battery

3.6.1 Car Batteries

22

Figure 3.6.1 : Car batteries

An automotive battery is a type of rechargeable battery that supplies electric

energy to an automobile. Usually this refers to an SLI battery (starting, lighting,

ignition) to power the starter motor, the lights, and the ignition system of a vehicle’s

engine. Automotive SLI batteries are usually lead-acid type, and are made of six

galvanic cells in series to provide a 12 volt system. Each cell provides 2.1 volts for a

total of 12.6 volt at full charge. Heavy vehicles such as highway trucks or tractors,

often equipped with diesel engines, may have two batteries in series for a 24 volt

system, or may have parallel strings of batteries.

Function

i) A car battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the

engine.

ii) A car battery supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicle's electrical

load exceeds the supply from the charging system.

iii) A car battery acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system. The battery

evens out voltage spikes and prevents them from damaging other components

in the electrical system.

3.6.2 Motorcycle Batteries

23

Figure 3.6.2 : Motorcycle batteries

Motorcycle batteries vary by engine size on any particular motorcycle.

Motorcycle engines range in size and are measure by cc. A small engine could be a

100cc for example, where as a larger engine size can be 1200cc. The higher the

number, the more powerful the engine. All motorcycle batteries are lead acid

batteries. There are completely recyclable and should never be thrown away with

regular waste. Motorcycles are easy to check charge with a voltmeter.

Function

A motorcycle battery has three main functions:

i) It enables the engine to start with the electrical starter.

ii) It works as an extra power supply when your bike needs it.

iii) It works as an absorber for high surges of electricity.

24

3.7 Project planning

Month Dis 2012 Jan 2013 Feb 2013 Mar 2013

No

.

Weekly

Activity

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

1 Discussion

topics project

2 Determine the

project title

3 Initial sketch

4 Final drawings

5 Analysis and

research

projects

25

6 Selection of

project

7 Initial

installation

8 Initial testing

and identify

problems

9 Improvements

10 Installation

and final

testing

11 Achieving the

objectives and

final

preparations

12 End

Table 3.7 : Project planning

3.8 Project Costs

No. Type of material Quantity Price Per Unit Total

1 PIC 2 RM 30.00 RM 60.00

2 Strip board 2 RM 5.00 RM 10.00

3 Project board tester 1 RM 15.00 RM 15.00

4 Motor Power Window 1 RM 45.00 RM 45.00

5 Brake Pedal 1 set RM 30.00 RM 30.00

6 Reverse Sensor 1 RM 120.00 RM 120.00

7 Medium range infrared sensor 1 RM 15.00 RM 15.00

8 Iron 1 set RM 30.00 RM 30.00

26

9 Bolt and Nut 1 set RM 10.50 RM 10.50

10 Spray can 1 can RM 6.00 RM 6.00

11 Cable 2 ft. RM5.00 RM5.00

12 Plywood 5 ft. RM25.00 RM25.00

13 Bracket 2 ft. RM4.00 RM4.00

14 Perspect 1 set RM12.00 RM12.00

15 Electronic component 1 set RM40.00 RM40.00

16 Other RM25.00 RM25.00

TOTAL RM 452.50

Table 3.8 : Project cost

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

Analysts and make learning process for a project that is produced is very

important to know and evaluate the effectiveness of the project. Ability to achieve

the objectives of the project can be proved by tests performed.

4.1.1 Car Reverse System

A sensor is placed on the rear bumper of the car, which is capable of both

emitting and detecting ultrasound. As it pulses, a computer measures the time it takes

27

for the sound of it emits to be heard again. Parking sensors operate at a close range

and some sensors have a minimum operating range. When the user set distance

threshold is passed, the sensor will emit an audible sound alerting the driver that is

getting close to an object.

The distance threshold is useful for those who may want to leave more room

behind their vehicles, and those who like to squeeze in as tight as possible. Some

more expensive models may also have an extra unit inside the car which can also

visually alert the driver.

Figure 4.1.1: Component of car reverse system

4.1.2 Limitations

The ultrasonic parking sensor is considered the cheapest form of a parking

sensors, thus it comes with several problem with other technologies address. The first

is that it can miss small objects or objects which lay below the sensors cone-shaped

operating range and sometime requires multiple sensors to be attached to the bumper

to get full coverage on both side car. The sensors can also be mistriggered on steep

slopes when the ground itself is “seen” by the system and wrongly considered to be

an obstacle.

Dimension of Reverse Sensor

28

Figure 4.1.2: Reverse sensor dimension

Figure 4.1.3: Reverse sensor installation

4.2 Distance that Reverse Sensor Detect

Usually reverse sensor that have been install in the car can detect distance

while reversing a car. The limit distance that reverse sensor can detect is from 160 to

0 cm. This table below show how the reverse sensor detect distance and make buzzer

voice.

29

Table 4.2: Distance detect by sensor to operate

4.3 Motor Power Window

Power window are mechanisms installed inside of the car door which control

the function of the window glass enabling them to go up and down. When the power

window motor fails the window ceases to operate in whatever position it was in

30

when the power window motor failed. It can be a security concern if the window is

open when the motor fails.

Figure 4.3: Power Window Motor

Figure 4.3.1: Component inside motor power window

4.4 Specification Power Window Motor

4.4.1 No load specification

31

The no load speed or speed when no torque is applied to the motor shaft is 95

rotation per minute (rpm) and the no load current is less than 1.5 amperes.

4.4.2 Basic specification

The power window motor has four mounting hole positions. There is a

working voltage of 12 volts DC current. The unit is waterproof and ISO 9001 certified.

Rated torque is 3 N.m (30 Kg.cm) and it rated speed is 65 rpm (55-75).Besides that

the stall current is 28 A and stall torque is 25 Kg. The noise of the power window

motor is 55 DB.

Table 4.4.3: Example table of power window motor operation

4.5 Performance Curve of Power Window Motor

32

Figure 4.5: Example of performance curve of power window motor

4.6 Dimension of Power Window Motor

33

Figure 4.6: Dimension of Power Window Motor

34

4.7 Pedal Brake

The brake pedal is a simple class 2 layer attached to the master cylinder

piston by a rod. As force is applied to the brake pedal, it is multiplied through

leverage.

For example:

The brake pedal has a ratio of 3 to 1.The force is multiplied by 3, i.e, a force

of 100 psi becomes 300 psi at the master cylinder.

Figure 4.5.1: Car pedal brake

Conclusion

The force of the pads clamping on the rotor, or shoes pressing against the

drum, now can convert the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle into heat energy. As

the kinetic energy is converted, less and less of it is available for conversion and the

vehicle slows and eventually stops.

35

Analysis Data

4.8 Force

4.8.1 Definition

In physics, a force is any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change,

either concerning its movement, direction, or geometrical construction. It is measured with

the SI unit of newton and represented by the symbol F. In other words, a force is that which

can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from

a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate, or which can cause a flexible object to deform. Force can

also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or pull. A force has

both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity.

The original form of Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is

equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time.[1] If the mass of the object is

constant, this law implies that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net

force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional

the mass of the object. As a formula, this is expressed as:

Figure 4.8.1: Forces are also described as a push or pull on an object. They

can be due to phenomena such as gravity, magnetism, or anything that might cause a

mass to accelerate.

36

4.8.2 Car pedal brake ratio

In a sitting position (diagram below), the average driver can comfortably

generate 70 lbs. of force on the rubber pad at the end of the brake pedal. The brake

pedal is nothing more than a mechanical lever that amplifies the force of the driver.

This is where the pedal ratio comes into play. Pedal ratio is the overall pedal length or

distance from the pedal pivot to the centre of the pedal pad divided by the distance

from to the pivot point to where the push rod connects.

The optimal pedal ratio is 6.2:1 on a disc/drum vehicle without vacuum or other assist

method. This means that the 70 lbs. the driver has applied now is amplified to 434 lbs.

(6.2 x 70 lbs.) of output force. The problem is that the travel of the pedal is rather long

due to the placement pivot point and master cylinder connection.

Figure 4.8.2.: Diagram of sitting position

37

4.8.3 Brake Boosters

A booster increases the force of the pedal so lower mechanical pedal ratio can

be used. A lower ratio can give shortened pedal travel and better modulation. Most

vacuum boosted vehicles will have a 3.2:1 to 4:1 mechanical pedal ratio. The size of

the booster’s diaphragm and amount of vacuum generated by the engine, will

determine how much force can be generated. Most engines will generate around -8 psi

of vacuum (do not confuse with inches of HG or Mercury). If a hypothetical booster

with 7-inch diaphragm is subjected to -8 psi of engine vacuum, it will produce more

than 300 lbs. of addition force. Here is the math:

π(3.14) X radius(3.5)2 = 38.46 sq/inches of diaphragm surface area X 8 psi

(negative pressure becomes positive force)= 307.72 lbs of output force

To keep things simple, let’s return to our manual brake example. The rod coming from

the firewall has 434 lbs. of output force. When the force is applied to the back of the

master cylinder, the force is transferred into the brake fluid.

The formula for pressure is force divided by the surface area.

If the master cylinder has a 1-inch bore, the piston’s surface area is .78 square

inches. If you divide the output force of 434 lbs. by the surface area of the piston, you

would get 556 psi(434 lbs. divided by .78 inches) at the ports of the master cylinder.

Not bad for a 70 lbs. of human effort. If you reduce the surface area of the piston you,

will get more pressure.

This is because the surface area is smaller, but the output force from the pedal stays

the same. If you used a master cylinder with a bore of .75 inches that has a piston that

has .44 inches of piston surface area, you would get 986 psi at the ports for the master

cylinder (434 lbs. divided by .44 inches).

4.9 Torque

Torque, moment or moment of force, is the tendency of a force to rotate an

object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can

be thought of as a twist to an object. Mathematically, torque is defined as the cross

product of the lever-arm distance and force, which tends to produce rotation. Loosely

speaking, torque is a measure of the turning force on an object such as a bolt or

38

a flywheel. For example, pushing or pulling the handle of a wrench connected to a nut

or bolt produces a torque (turning force) that loosens or tightens the nut or bolt.

The symbol for torque is typically τ, the Greek letter tau. When it is called

moment, it is commonly denoted M. The magnitude of torque depends on three

quantities: the force applied, the length of the lever arm connecting the axis to the

point of force application, and the angle between the force vector and the lever arm.

In symbols:

Where

τ is the torque vector and τ is the magnitude of the torque,

r is the displacement vector (a vector from the point from which torque is

measured to the point where force is applied), and r is the length (or

magnitude) of the lever arm vector,

F is the force vector, and F is the magnitude of the force,

× denotes the cross product,

θ is the angle between the force vector and the lever arm vector.

The length of the lever arm is particularly important; choosing this length

appropriately lies behind the operation of levers, pulleys, gears, and most other simple

machines involving a mechanical advantage. The SI unit for torque is the newton

metre (N·m). For more on the units of torque.

Figure 4.9: Example of Torque

The torque (T) required is:

To select the proper motor, we must consider the “worst case scenario”, where the robot is not

only on an incline, but accelerating up it.

39

Note now that all forces (F) are along the x and y axes. We balance the forces in the

x-direction:

Inserting the equation for torque above, and the equation for mgx, we obtain:

Rearrange the equation to isolate T:

This torque value represents the total torque required to accelerate the robot up an

incline. However, this value must be divided by the total number (N) of drive wheels

to obtain the torque needed for each drive motor. Note that we do not consider the

total number of passive wheels as they have no effect on the torque required to move

the object aside from adding weight.

40

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

Generated from the project, hoped that this will show and demonstrate a new

system was introduced. The prototype was created to show that the system design to

avoid violations of the right to withdraw from the current back to reduce the rate of

accidents often occur among drivers less attentive while driving a vehicle.

Planning costs incurred is one aspect that is quite important in this project. As

a result of the planning and implementation of projects correctly and systematically

minimize the cost of the project without defacing project produced. Studies of

purchased components can reduce production costs by purchasing capital goods and

components that are correct and accurate.

Workshop work involved in this project is the production of welding, drilling,

measuring, grinding and cutting. In this work, the machines used are as welding

machines, drilling machines, grinding machines, metal cutting machines, tools and

other workshop. Almost all of these projects involve the use of iron.

Analysis and findings that have been conducted show that this ideal

Emergency Brake Reverse applied to vehicles to improve safety.

Overall, many aspects of which have been collected from the projects that have

been implemented. In addition, it is hoped that this project will meet the needs of the

automotive field (PSMZA). With production of Emergency Brake Reverse could help

in some way to develop technology in the automotive field in the future.

41

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Since this project capable of commercialized to the market then some

suggestions made for improvement of the market place, the improvements that should

be done is:

1) Using a better drive mechanism

Mechanism to pull the brake pedal needs to be more neat and safe. It should

be designed so that if anything goes wrong in the system, it will not have a

problem to be serviced or replaced.

2) Creating a special type of motor that is smaller and stronger

In further increase the current strength of the braking process, the type of

power window motor cannot provide a guaranteed strength. Therefore, a

special motor should be built to be the driving force for this system. The

construction should be small and strong to pull the brake pedal.

5.3 Reference

5.3.1 Rujukan Daripada Buku

Panduan Penulisan Laporan Projek Pelajar Semester Akhir, Politeknik

Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin,2013.

5.3.2 Rujukan Daripada Internet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force

http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4564441_parking-sensors-work.html

http://www.ehow.com/facts_7435345_active-brake-assist-mean.html

http://www.motorauthority.com

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5.4 Appendix

Figure 5.4: Programming using MPLab software