Renewing Renewing the Sectional the Sectional

StruggleStruggle

Overview:Overview:Controversies over slavery Controversies over slavery

in the territories along in the territories along with the influx of with the influx of

immigrants in America immigrants in America contributed to the contributed to the

splintering of old political splintering of old political parties (Whigs) and the parties (Whigs) and the

emergence of new parties emergence of new parties (Republicans / American).(Republicans / American).

Political Parties were forming and Political Parties were forming and dissolving in the 1840s and 1850sdissolving in the 1840s and 1850s

Parties (1840s Parties (1840s and 1850s)and 1850s)

Section of Section of country where country where most livedmost lived

Slavery in Slavery in exist. States?exist. States?

Slavery in Slavery in terr.?terr.?

Popular Popular sovereignty?sovereignty?

Immigration?Immigration?

WhigWhig Mainly Mainly EasternersEasterners

Split on this Split on this issueissue

NONO NONO Not a party Not a party policypolicy

DemocrDemocratat

Mixed at first, Mixed at first, mainly mainly Southerners Southerners by 1850sby 1850s

Split at first, Split at first, then then proslavery as proslavery as it became it became southernsouthern

YESYES YESYES Not a party Not a party concern at concern at this timethis time

AmericaAmericann““Know-Know-NothingNothing””

All sectionsAll sections Split (but Split (but anti-Black)anti-Black)

NOT A NOT A FOCUSFOCUS

NOT A NOT A FOCUSFOCUS

Anti-Anti-immigration immigration and anti-and anti-CatholicCatholic

Repub.Repub. North, EastNorth, East Anti-, but not Anti-, but not abolitionistabolitionist(Northern (Northern party)party)

NONO NONO Liberal PolicyLiberal Policy

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]

Nativists.

Anti-Catholics.

Anti-immigrants.

Nativists.

Anti-Catholics.

Anti-immigrants.

1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

Angered by the tactics employed by Angered by the tactics employed by defenders of slavery, anti-slavery factions defenders of slavery, anti-slavery factions

emergedemerged

ELECTION OF 1844 - “Territorial Expansion” ELECTION OF 1844 - “Territorial Expansion” OR/TX/CAOR/TX/CA

Whigs: Henry Clay vs. Democrat: James K. PolkWhigs: Henry Clay vs. Democrat: James K. PolkLiberty PartyLiberty Party

(Universal emancipation achieved gradually by law)(Universal emancipation achieved gradually by law)1844: James G. Birney1844: James G. Birney

-Drew votes from Whigs (NY)-Drew votes from Whigs (NY)

ELECTION OF 1848 - “Slavery issue” - New terr.ELECTION OF 1848 - “Slavery issue” - New terr.Whigs: Zachary Taylor “Old Rough and Ready” vs. Whigs: Zachary Taylor “Old Rough and Ready” vs.

Democrat: Lewis CassDemocrat: Lewis CassFree Soil PartyFree Soil Party

(Not abolitionist - opposed terr. expansion of (Not abolitionist - opposed terr. expansion of slavery)slavery)

1848: Martin Van Buren1848: Martin Van Buren““Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men!”Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men!”

-Drew votes from Democrats-Drew votes from Democrats

Free Soil PartyFree Soil PartyFree Soil PartyFree Soil Party

Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!

Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men! “Barnburners” – discontented northern

Democrats.

Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.

Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories!

“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.

Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.

Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories!

WHY?

WHY?

The 1848 Presidential The 1848 Presidential Election ResultsElection Results

The 1848 Presidential The 1848 Presidential Election ResultsElection Results

√

Problems of Sectional Balancein 1850

Problems of Sectional Balancein 1850 California statehood.

Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.

Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: * Personal liberty laws * Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

California statehood.

Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.

Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: * Personal liberty laws * Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

1852 Presidential 1852 Presidential ElectionElection

1852 Presidential 1852 Presidential ElectionElection

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

1852Electio

n Results

1852Electio

n Results

Whig Party splintered and Whig Party splintered and dissolved after the 1852 dissolved after the 1852

elections (slavery) elections (slavery) Whigs: Winfield Scott Whigs: Winfield Scott vs. Democrat: Franklin Piercevs. Democrat: Franklin Pierce

1. “Cotton” Whigs:1. “Cotton” Whigs: Proslavery; Moved Proslavery; Moved

to Democratic Partyto Democratic Party2. “Conscience” Whigs:2. “Conscience” Whigs: Radical Northerners, Radical Northerners,

anti-slavery; moved anti-slavery; moved to Republican Partyto Republican Party

3. “Silver Gray” Whigs:3. “Silver Gray” Whigs: Northerners Northerners

unopposed to unopposed to slavery; moved to slavery; moved to Democratic PartyDemocratic Party

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854

Northern Whigs.

Northern Democrats.

Free-Soilers.

Know-Nothings.

Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Northern Whigs.

Northern Democrats.

Free-Soilers.

Know-Nothings.

Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

RepublicansRepublicans (represented (represented Northern business Northern business interests and Western interests and Western farmers) farmers)

John C. FremontJohn C. Fremont (“Free (“Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Men, Fremont”)Men, Fremont”)

Demanded:Demanded: Admission of Admission of KS into Union as free, KS into Union as free, opposed expansion of opposed expansion of slavery into new terr., slavery into new terr., denounced the Ostend denounced the Ostend Manifesto (annex Cuba)Manifesto (annex Cuba)

DemocratsDemocrats (represented (represented Southern interests)Southern interests)

James BuchananJames Buchanan (Polk’s (Polk’s sec. of state and “never sec. of state and “never uttered a word which uttered a word which could pain the Southern could pain the Southern heart”)heart”)

Endorsed:Endorsed: “popular “popular sovereignty” (supported sovereignty” (supported Kansas-Nebraska Act), Kansas-Nebraska Act), resisting all attempts at resisting all attempts at renewing the slavery renewing the slavery question”, or Ostend question”, or Ostend ManifestoManifesto

Key issues: Kansas-Nebraska Act / “Bleeding Key issues: Kansas-Nebraska Act / “Bleeding Kansas” / extension of slaveryKansas” / extension of slavery

1856 Presidential 1856 Presidential ElectionElection

1856 Presidential 1856 Presidential ElectionElection

√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig

√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig

1856Electio

n Results

1856Electio

n Results

ELECTION OF 1860ELECTION OF 1860Democrats split by sections:Democrats split by sections:N - S. Douglas N - S. Douglas S - J. BreckinridgeS - J. BreckinridgeConstitutional Union Party:Constitutional Union Party:(Former Whigs hope to (Former Whigs hope to

preserve Union)preserve Union)Nominate J. BellNominate J. BellRepublicans:Republicans:Nominate Lincoln as a Nominate Lincoln as a

moderate compromise moderate compromise candidatecandidate

Results:Results:Sectionalism evident from Sectionalism evident from

resultsresultsLincoln wins electoral vote Lincoln wins electoral vote

(40% of popular vote)(40% of popular vote)

18601860PresidePreside

ntialntialElectioElectio

nn

18601860PresidePreside

ntialntialElectioElectio

nn

√ Abraham LincolnRepublican

√ Abraham LincolnRepublican

John BellConstitutional

Union

John BellConstitutional

Union

Stephen A. Douglas

Northern Democrat

Stephen A. Douglas

Northern Democrat

John C. BreckinridgeSouthern DemocratJohn C. BreckinridgeSouthern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860

Republican Party Platform in 1860

1. Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.

2. Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].

3. No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

4. Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

5. Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

6. Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

1. Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.

2. Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].

3. No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

4. Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

5. Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

6. Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860

Election

Results

1860

Election

Results

1. Father of “popular sovereignty” and 1. Father of “popular sovereignty” and Democratic candidate in 1848 Democratic candidate in 1848

2. Whig Mexican War veteran candidate who had 2. Whig Mexican War veteran candidate who had never held civil office. He was elected in 1848.never held civil office. He was elected in 1848.

3. Pro-southern Northern Democrat (“doughface”) 3. Pro-southern Northern Democrat (“doughface”) elected in 1852.elected in 1852.

4. “Pathfinder” and the first Republican 4. “Pathfinder” and the first Republican presidential candidate in the election of 1856.presidential candidate in the election of 1856.

5. Last Whig presidential candidate (former 5. Last Whig presidential candidate (former general) who lost in election of 1852.general) who lost in election of 1852.

6. In the 1856 election, this anti-immigrant, anti-6. In the 1856 election, this anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic third party was organized.Catholic third party was organized.

7. In the 1848 election, this third party nominated 7. In the 1848 election, this third party nominated former President Martin Van Buren to take a stand former President Martin Van Buren to take a stand against the spread of slavery into the new against the spread of slavery into the new territories.territories.

““The Frenzied 50s”The Frenzied 50s”The American tradition of compromise appeared to solve The American tradition of compromise appeared to solve

the troublesome slavery question in 1850. As the the troublesome slavery question in 1850. As the generation’s great orators and compromisers passed generation’s great orators and compromisers passed from the scene however, the emotional controversy from the scene however, the emotional controversy began to heat up. Popular sovereignty reopened the began to heat up. Popular sovereignty reopened the

opportunity for the expansion of slavery and led to civil opportunity for the expansion of slavery and led to civil conflict in KS. The slavery controversy splintered conflict in KS. The slavery controversy splintered political parties and was intensified by a series of political parties and was intensified by a series of

provocative events, including a controversial Supreme provocative events, including a controversial Supreme Court decision. The election of Republican Abraham Court decision. The election of Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1860 caused SC to secede from the Union. Lincoln in 1860 caused SC to secede from the Union.

Last minute compromise efforts before Lincoln’s Last minute compromise efforts before Lincoln’s inauguration failed.inauguration failed.

I. Economic Prosperity of the 1850s and the Fabulous 40s All sections of the country grew in various All sections of the country grew in various ways. ways.

A. A. Railroad building Railroad building

1.1. Most in NEMost in NE

2.2. First federal land grants to First federal land grants to RRs (set pattern of govt. RRs (set pattern of govt. assistance)assistance)

3.3. NW and NE connected (few NW and NE connected (few links S to N)links S to N)

B. B. Transcontinental RRTranscontinental RR

1.1. Gadsden purchase (1853)Gadsden purchase (1853)

2.2. Chosen route would Chosen route would economically benefit the economically benefit the section it passed throughsection it passed through

1.1. Market expands for NE Market expands for NE manufacturersmanufacturers

a.a. RRs for domestic RRs for domestic marketsmarkets

b.b. Faster and cheaper Faster and cheaper shipping to foreign shipping to foreign markets (steam and markets (steam and clipper ships)clipper ships)

2.2. CA gold rush added CA gold rush added capitalcapital

a.a. $50 million shipped east $50 million shipped east yearlyyearly

3. 3. Expansion of labor Expansion of labor supplysupply

a.a. NE farmers (unable to NE farmers (unable to compete with W) sent compete with W) sent workers to citiesworkers to cities

b.b. Immigrants from Immigrants from Ireland and Germany Ireland and Germany (as a result of famines (as a result of famines and unrest in Europe)and unrest in Europe)

1.1. Slavery indispensable for Slavery indispensable for South’s prosperitySouth’s prosperity

2.2. Cotton production Cotton production expansionexpansion

a.a. Price: 6 - 14 cents / lb. Price: 6 - 14 cents / lb. (1845 - 1857)(1845 - 1857)

b.b. 1860: 7/8 of world cotton 1860: 7/8 of world cotton supplysupply

3.3. Tobacco market Tobacco market expansionexpansion

a.a. 200 million - 430 million 200 million - 430 million lbs. (1850 - 1860)lbs. (1850 - 1860)

1.1. Railroad growth and Railroad growth and opening of European opening of European markets fueled growthmarkets fueled growth

2.2. RESULTS:RESULTS:a.a. Westerners became Westerners became

aware of world hostility aware of world hostility to slaveryto slavery

b.b. Westerners became more Westerners became more convinced of importance convinced of importance of NE to their prosperity of NE to their prosperity (S purchased smaller (S purchased smaller share of their produce)share of their produce)

II. Persistence of Slavery Controversy

A. A. SOUTH & SLAVERYSOUTH & SLAVERYOnly 1750 families owned over 100 Only 1750 families owned over 100

slaves in 1850, but they exerted slaves in 1850, but they exerted enormous political and social enormous political and social power in the Southpower in the South

Defenses of slavery:Defenses of slavery:1-Ordained by God, permitted in the 1-Ordained by God, permitted in the

BibleBible2-Greek and Roman cultures used 2-Greek and Roman cultures used

slaveryslavery3-Essential to southern economy3-Essential to southern economy4- Preferable to “wage slavery” in 4- Preferable to “wage slavery” in

the Norththe North5- Beneficial to African blacks 5- Beneficial to African blacks

(security and Christianity)(security and Christianity)

B. B. ABOLITIONIST RESPONSEABOLITIONIST RESPONSE

Small in #, but kept issue aliveSmall in #, but kept issue alive1. Gradualists (Theodore Weld)1. Gradualists (Theodore Weld)

-Gradual erasure of slavery by -Gradual erasure of slavery by SouthSouth-Financial compensation to -Financial compensation to ownersowners

2. Militants (W.L. Garrison)2. Militants (W.L. Garrison)-No compromise possible-No compromise possible-Immediate emancipation w/o -Immediate emancipation w/o compensationcompensation

Organized abolitionists:Organized abolitionists:-Underground RR; petitioned -Underground RR; petitioned

Congress (despite “gag rule”); Congress (despite “gag rule”); entered politics (third parties)entered politics (third parties)

C. Compromise of 1850C. Compromise of 1850Angered extremists on both sidesAngered extremists on both sides

1.1. CA admitted as free stateCA admitted as free state2.2. Assumption of TX debt by Assumption of TX debt by

natl. govt.natl. govt.3.3. No slave trade in DCNo slave trade in DC4.4. Territories (Mexican Territories (Mexican

Cession) to have no Cession) to have no slavery restrictionsslavery restrictions

5.5. Strict fugitive slave lawStrict fugitive slave lawLast of the compromisers:Last of the compromisers:1.1. JCC: States’ rightsJCC: States’ rights

2.2. DW: Preserve UnionDW: Preserve Union3.3. HC: CompromiseHC: Compromise

1 - Slavery1 - SlaveryMoral issue in North vs. Defense & Moral issue in North vs. Defense &

Expansion in the SouthExpansion in the South2 - Constitutional Disputes2 - Constitutional Disputes

Nature of federal Union vs. States’ rightsNature of federal Union vs. States’ rights3 - Economic Differences (tariffs, banking, 3 - Economic Differences (tariffs, banking,

internal improvements)internal improvements)Industrializing North vs. Agricultural SouthIndustrializing North vs. Agricultural South

4 - Political blunders and extremism4 - Political blunders and extremismCompromise?; Abolition and Extension of Compromise?; Abolition and Extension of

slavery?slavery?

10 - Compromise of 10 - Compromise of 18501850

9 - Uncle Tom’s Cabin 9 - Uncle Tom’s Cabin published (1852)published (1852)

8 - Kansas-Nebraska 8 - Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) / Repubs.Act (1854) / Repubs.

7 - “Bleeding Kansas” 7 - “Bleeding Kansas” (1854 - 1860) / (1854 - 1860) / Sumner Caned (1856)Sumner Caned (1856)

6 - Dred Scott decision 6 - Dred Scott decision (1857)(1857)

5 - Financial Crash of 5 - Financial Crash of 18571857

HarrietBeecherStowe

1811 - 1896

HarrietBeecherStowe

1811 - 1896

So this is the lady who started the Civil War.

-- Abraham Lincoln

So this is the lady who started the Civil War.

-- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852 Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.

2 million in a decade!

Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.

2 million in a decade!

“The Crime Against Kansas”

“The Crime Against Kansas”

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

What caused thePanic of 1857??

What caused thePanic of 1857??

What were itsaffects on the

nation?

What were itsaffects on the

nation?

4 - Lincoln-Douglas 4 - Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)debates (1858)

3 - John Brown’s 3 - John Brown’s Raid (1859)Raid (1859)

2 - Election of 18602 - Election of 18601 - Secession (1860) 1 - Secession (1860)

and Sumter (April and Sumter (April 1861)1861)

Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine

Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine

PopularSovereignty

?

PopularSovereignty

?

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate)

Debates, 1858

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate)

Debates, 1858

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Lincoln won with a plurality (Nov. 1860) of pop. votes but an electoral majority in the 4-man race

Reasons for Southern Reasons for Southern SecessionSecession

1. Emotional1. Emotional““The North wants to establish The North wants to establish

black rule in the South. black rule in the South. Their goal is not equality, Their goal is not equality,

but the reversal of roles for but the reversal of roles for the races.”the races.”

2. Economic2. Economic““The policies of a Republican The policies of a Republican

president (protective tariffs, president (protective tariffs, free homesteads in the free homesteads in the

West, etc.) will prevent the West, etc.) will prevent the South from prosperingSouth from prospering

Confederacy formedConfederacy formed1. Ordinance of Secession

adopted by SC (Dec. 1860)

2. 6 other “Deep South” states left by Feb. (1861)

3. TX secession came through voter referendum (Houston opposed)

4. 4 “Upper South” states (VA, TN, AR, NC) rejected secession until after Lincoln’s inauguration & the firing on Ft. Sumter

1. Most opposed forcing the South to return to the Union

2. “Lameduck” James Buchanan believed the Constitution did not deny Southern right to secede (did not act)

3. Sen. J.J. Crittenden (KY) Compromise proposed-Restore the Missouri Compromise line-Rejected by Lincoln

Crittenden Compromise:

A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity

Crittenden Compromise:

A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity

Senator John J. Crittenden

(Know-Nothing-KY)

Senator John J. Crittenden

(Know-Nothing-KY)

The new Lincoln administration faced the problems The new Lincoln administration faced the problems of suppressing secession, of retaining the border of suppressing secession, of retaining the border states, and of protecting federal property in the states, and of protecting federal property in the

South.South.1st Inaugural 1st Inaugural

Address:Address:-Union was -Union was

“perpetual”“perpetual”1.1. Promised not to Promised not to

interfere with slavery interfere with slavery in the States where it in the States where it exists”exists”

2.2. Denied secession’s Denied secession’s legalitylegality

3.3. Vowed to preserve the Vowed to preserve the Union in the face of Union in the face of “insurrection”“insurrection”

Choices of loyalty divided many familiesChoices of loyalty divided many families

DE had few slaves, but MD’s DE had few slaves, but MD’s secession could surround D.C.secession could surround D.C.-Lincoln imposed martial law -Lincoln imposed martial law and a pro-Union election resultand a pro-Union election result

MO bitterly divided and became a MO bitterly divided and became a battleground (AR border battleground (AR border particularly)particularly)

KY attempted neutrality KY attempted neutrality (Lincoln/Davis birthplace), but (Lincoln/Davis birthplace), but Confederate armed Confederate armed intervention led to Union intervention led to Union countermeasurescountermeasures

WV “mountain whites” broke away WV “mountain whites” broke away from VA (1861) through voter from VA (1861) through voter referendumreferendum

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

As states’ seceded, they seized federal arsenals, mints, and other As states’ seceded, they seized federal arsenals, mints, and other public property within their borderspublic property within their borders

Forts in the South (FL & SC) Forts in the South (FL & SC) were still in federal were still in federal hands. Lincoln hands. Lincoln dispatched a relief ship dispatched a relief ship with supplies for Sumter.with supplies for Sumter.

1 - On Confed. Govt. orders, 1 - On Confed. Govt. orders, Gen. Beauregard Gen. Beauregard delivered an ultimatum delivered an ultimatum and opened fire on and opened fire on Sumter Sumter

2 - Lincoln called up militia 2 - Lincoln called up militia to suppress the rebellion to suppress the rebellion and proclaimed a and proclaimed a blockade of rebel ports blockade of rebel ports in the Southin the South