Renewing the Sectional Struggle Chapter 18 APUSH Slide 2 The
Popular Sovereignty Panacea 1848 Post Mexican War & Treaty of
Guadalupe HidalgoPost Mexican War & Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Northern anti-slavery advocates backed Wilmot Proviso South worried
about slavery in western areas Whig and Democratic Parties split
along North/South line Slide 3 Free Soil Party Free Soil! Free
Speech! Free Labor! Free Men! Industrialists who wanted higher
protective tariffs Barnburners discontented northern Democrats.
Anti-slavery members of the Liberty and Whig Parties. Opposition to
the extension of slavery in the new territories! (Supported Wilmot
Proviso) Industrialists who wanted higher protective tariffs
Barnburners discontented northern Democrats. Anti-slavery members
of the Liberty and Whig Parties. Opposition to the extension of
slavery in the new territories! (Supported Wilmot Proviso) WHY?
Slide 4 The 1848 Presidential Election Results Father of popular
sovereignty Hero of Buena Vista Free Soil Slide 5 GOLD! At Sutters
Mill, 1848 John A. Sutter Slide 6 California Gold Rush, 1849 49ers
Slide 7 California Gold Fever Huge numbers of people flocking to
California caused problemsHuge numbers of people flocking to
California caused problems Increase in crime When the territorial
government failed to protect its citizens, people turned to
vigilante justice Behind the scenes, President Taylor encourages
California to draft a Constitution that excludes slavery and then
apply for admission to the U.S. as a stateBehind the scenes,
President Taylor encourages California to draft a Constitution that
excludes slavery and then apply for admission to the U.S. as a
state Slide 8 Sectional Balance and the Underground Railroad Slide
9 Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850 California statehood.
Southern fire-eaters threatening secession. Underground RR &
fugitive slave issues: Personal liberty laws California statehood.
Southern fire-eaters threatening secession. Underground RR &
fugitive slave issues: Personal liberty laws Slide 10 South in 1850
SOUTH HAPPY SOUTH HAPPY Zachary Taylor as presidentZachary Taylor
as president Majority on Supreme CourtMajority on Supreme Court
Outnumbered in the HouseOutnumbered in the House Equal in the
SenateEqual in the Senate Cotton expanding- profits highCotton
expanding- profits high BUT SAD BECAUSE 15 free and 15 slave
states15 free and 15 slave states California admission is a
problemCalifornia admission is a problem New Mexico and Utah want
admission as free stateNew Mexico and Utah want admission as free
state Texas claims part of New MexicoTexas claims part of New
Mexico Northerners want to end slavery in Washington DCNortherners
want to end slavery in Washington DC Runaway slaves assisted by
Underground RRRunaway slaves assisted by Underground RR Slide 11
Impact of the Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman- rescues over 300
slavesHarriet Tubman- rescues over 300 slaves In 1850, the South
was losing roughly 1,000 slaves per year through the Underground
Railroad and runawaysIn 1850, the South was losing roughly 1,000
slaves per year through the Underground Railroad and runaways Led
the South to push for a new, and harsher Fugitive Slave LawLed the
South to push for a new, and harsher Fugitive Slave Law Northerners
refusing to follow the Constitution and the Fugitive Slave Act of
1793 Slide 12 Twilight of the Senatorial Giants Henry Clay John C
Calhoun Daniel Webster Clays last great compromise. Urged both
sides to make concessions, and the North allow a tougher
fugitive-slave law Aided by Senator Stephen A. Douglas (Illinois)
John C. Calhouns championed the South in his last great speech (two
Presidents, each with a veto, approved of Clays purpose, but said
they did not provide enough safeguards for the rights of Southern
states. Uphold Clays measures - urged concessions like the Fugitive
Slave Law. Why worry because the good Lord had decreed through
geography and climate that slavery wont last in new Mexican
territories (bankers of North liked this as they wont lose
investments in South) Websters Seventh of March Speech turned the
tide in the North toward compromise. Slide 13 Twilight of the
Senatorial Giants Daniel Webster Slavery is evil but disunion is a
worse evil. He despised abolitionists and never joined their ranks
Slide 14 Deadlock and Danger on Capitol Hill Young Guard of North
speaks in the Senate- more interested in purging and purifying the
nation than patching it up and preserving it William Seward -
strongly antislavery - appeal to a higher law than the Constitution
Zachary Taylor President Im with Seward - Im vetoing any
Compromise! Slide 15 Compromise of 1850 (over the land acquired
specifically from the Mexican War). Texas would relinquish the land
in dispute but, in compensation, be given 10 million dollars --
money it would use to pay off its debt to Mexico.Texas would
relinquish the land in dispute but, in compensation, be given 10
million dollars -- money it would use to pay off its debt to
Mexico. The territories of New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah
would be organized without mention of slavery. (The decision would
be made by the territories' inhabitants later, when they applied
for statehood.) The territories of New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and
Utah would be organized without mention of slavery. (The decision
would be made by the territories' inhabitants later, when they
applied for statehood.) Regarding Washington, the slave trade would
be abolished in the District of Columbia, although slavery would
still be permitted.Regarding Washington, the slave trade would be
abolished in the District of Columbia, although slavery would still
be permitted. Finally, California would be admitted as a free
state.Finally, California would be admitted as a free state. To
pacify slave-state politicians, who would have objected to the
imbalance created by adding another free state, the Fugitive Slave
Act was passed.To pacify slave-state politicians, who would have
objected to the imbalance created by adding another free state, the
Fugitive Slave Act was passed. Slide 16 Slide 17 Luckily. Taylor
diesTaylor dies Millard Fillmore -Millard Fillmore - (lawyer from
NY) (lawyer from NY) takes over takes over Slide 18 Millard
Fillmore Fillmore, president due to Zachary Taylors death,
supported the Compromise of 1850 and saw it as the final settlement
of the question of slaveryFillmore, president due to Zachary
Taylors death, supported the Compromise of 1850 and saw it as the
final settlement of the question of slavery Slide 19 Compromise of
1850 What are the concessions to both sides? Slide 20 Temporary
Peace Who got the best deal?Who got the best deal? Fugitive Slave
LawFugitive Slave Law Slide 21 FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT the Fugitive
Slave Act was the most controversial part of the Compromise of
1850the Fugitive Slave Act was the most controversial part of the
Compromise of 1850 It required citizens to assist in the recovery
of fugitive slaves.It required citizens to assist in the recovery
of fugitive slaves. It denied a fugitive's right to a jury trial.
(Cases would instead be handled by special commisioners --
commisioners who would be paid $5 if an alleged fugitive were
released and $10 if he or she were sent away with the claimant.)It
denied a fugitive's right to a jury trial. (Cases would instead be
handled by special commisioners -- commisioners who would be paid
$5 if an alleged fugitive were released and $10 if he or she were
sent away with the claimant.) The act called for changes in filing
for a claim, making the process easier for slaveowners.The act
called for changes in filing for a claim, making the process easier
for slaveowners. Also, according to the act, there would be more
federal officials responsible for enforcing the law.Also, according
to the act, there would be more federal officials responsible for
enforcing the law. Slide 22 Effects of Fugitive Slave Act For
slaves attempting to build lives in the North, the new law was
disaster.For slaves attempting to build lives in the North, the new
law was disaster. Many left their homes and fled to Canada. During
the next ten years, an estimated 20,000 blacks moved to the
neighboring country. For Harriet Jacobs, a fugitive living in New
York, passage of the law was "the beginning of a reign of terror to
the colored population." She stayed put, even after learning that
slave catchers were hired to track her down. Anthony Burns, a
fugitive living in Boston, was one of many who were captured and
returned to slavery. Free blacks, too, were captured and sent to
the South. With no legal right to plead their cases, they were
completely defenseless. Slide 23 FURTHER EFFECTS... Passage of the
Fugitive Slave Act made abolitionists all the more resolved to put
an end to slavery.Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act made
abolitionists all the more resolved to put an end to slavery. The
Underground Railroad became more active, reaching its peak between
1850 and 1860.The Underground Railroad became more active, reaching
its peak between 1850 and 1860. The act also brought the subject of
slavery before the nation.The act also brought the subject of
slavery before the nation. Many who had previously been ambivalent
about slavery now took a definitive stance against the institution.
Slide 24 Was the Compromise a success? The Compromise of 1850
accomplished what it set out to do -- it kept the nation united --
but the solution was only temporary. Over the following decade the
country's citizens became further divided over the issue of
slavery. The rift would continue to grow until the nation itself
divided.The Compromise of 1850 accomplished what it set out to do
-- it kept the nation united -- but the solution was only
temporary. Over the following decade the country's citizens became
further divided over the issue of slavery. The rift would continue
to grow until the nation itself divided. Slide 25 Why Not Begin The
Civil War in the 1850s? South - happy to since Northerners not
following laws (Fugitive) and promisesSouth - happy to since
Northerners not following laws (Fugitive) and promises North - time
to expand and create more wealth and populationNorth - time to
expand and create more wealth and population Time for moral
strength of the North to buildTime for moral strength of the North
to build Slide 26 Defeat and Doom for the Whigs UPCOMING ELECTION
OF 1852 Democrats - Franklin Pierce- enemyless, inconspicuous, pro-
Southern northerner. Endorsed Compromise 1850 and Fugitive Slave
LawDemocrats - Franklin Pierce- enemyless, inconspicuous, pro-
Southern northerner. Endorsed Compromise 1850 and Fugitive Slave
Law Whigs - didnt pick Webster or Fillmore. Instead went with
military guy- Gen Winfield Scott. OK with Compromise of 1850Whigs -
didnt pick Webster or Fillmore. Instead went with military guy- Gen
Winfield Scott. OK with Compromise of 1850 Whigs split and begin to
die in this election.Whigs split and begin to die in this election.
End of national parties and rise of purely sectional parties. RIP
Whig Party - kept Union together through electoral strength in
South and through leaders like Webster and Clay Henry Clay and
Daniel Webster both die during the 1852 campaign. Slide 27 1852
Presidential Election Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John
Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil Slide 28 1852 Election Results
Slide 29 Franklin Pierce Manifest Destiny Nicaragua - William
WalkerNicaragua - William Walker British challenged Monroe
DoctrineBritish challenged Monroe Doctrine Slide 30 Expansionist
Young America in the 1850s American influence in Latin America in
the 1840s and 1850s Slide 31 American Influence in Latin America
Treaty between the U.S. and New Granada (Colombia) in 1848-
Americans get the right to transit across the isthmus of Panama in
return for maintaining the neutrality of the route. 1855- first
transcontinental railroad completed Clayton-Bulwer Treaty- U.S. and
Britain agree that neither country would fortify or seek control
over any future waterway William Walker tries to gain control of
Nicaragua, but the countries of Central America ally together to
overthrow him, and he dies before a firing squad Slide 32 CUBA -
Sugar mills Ostend Manifesto - $120 million offered and if Spain
refuses then US would be justified in taking Cuba (Monroe Doctrine)
Northern free soilers furious Pierce recalls the Ostend Manifesto
Slide 33 Spreading American influence in Asia Treaty of Wanghia-
U.S. and ChinaTreaty of Wanghia- U.S. and China Most favored nation
status- U.S. gets all trading terms given to other powers
Extraterritoriality- Americans accused of crimes in China to be
tried by American officials, not Chinese courts Secured by Caleb
Cushing Trade with China greatly increases, and new opportunities
for missionaries Slide 34 Japan Japan had been largely insulated
from the outside world July 1853- Commodore Matthew Perry sails
into Edo (Tokyo) Bay Promises to return in one year to get Chinese
reply to request for free trade and friendly relations Returns in
February 1854 with more ships, gives the Japanese gifts Treaty of
Kanagawa signed on March 31, 1854 Proper treatment of shipwrecked
sailors American coaling rights in Japan Establishment of consular
(diplomatic) relations May have only been a foot in the door, but
it blasts Japanese isolation wide open Slide 35 Slide 36 Pacific
Railroad and Gadsden Purchase Transportation problems after Mexican
WarTransportation problems after Mexican War California and Oregon
isolatedCalifornia and Oregon isolated RR promoters - where run the
line? Where end it? Run it south of Mexican border?RR promoters -
where run the line? Where end it? Run it south of Mexican border?
Gadsden Purchase 1853Gadsden Purchase 1853 Where will that RR
go?Where will that RR go? Northerners argue that if running the
railroad through organized territory is the argument, why not
organize Nebraska?Northerners argue that if running the railroad
through organized territory is the argument, why not organize
Nebraska? Slide 37 Douglas and Kansas- Nebraska Slice Territory of
Nebraska into two territories, Kansas and NebraskaSlice Territory
of Nebraska into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska Decision on
slavery by popular sovereignty (assumption is that Kansas would
become slave and Nebraska freeDecision on slavery by popular
sovereignty (assumption is that Kansas would become slave and
Nebraska free Doing this would require overturning the Missouri
CompromiseDoing this would require overturning the Missouri
Compromise Why do this? Personal gain for Douglas, angling for the
presidency in 1856?Why do this? Personal gain for Douglas, angling
for the presidency in 1856? Douglas fails to see that hundreds of
thousands of northerners are going to detest Douglas position on
what they consider a moral issue.Douglas fails to see that hundreds
of thousands of northerners are going to detest Douglas position on
what they consider a moral issue. Slide 38 Kansas-Nebraska Act
Repeals the Missouri Compromise, and indirectly the Fugitive Slave
Law of 1850Repeals the Missouri Compromise, and indirectly the
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Will shatter the DemocratsWill shatter
the Democrats Leads to the emergence of the Republican PartyLeads
to the emergence of the Republican Party Dissatisfied Whigs,
Democrats who opposed Kansas-Nebraska, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings
SECTIONAL PARTIES HAVE EMERGEDSECTIONAL PARTIES HAVE EMERGED
