Renewables and natural gas

Renewables and natural gas2008.9.7 in Groningen

Netherlands

Renewables and Natural Gas

in the industrial sector

SG5.1 Tatsuo Kume

Aksel Hauge Pedersen

Guy Verkest

SG5.1

2008.9.7


Netherlands

What is Renewable energy?

• Definition

Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources

・Solar Power

・Wind Power

・Hydro-power – including Micro Hydro-power

・Geothermal heat

・Tidal Power

・Biomass -including Biofuels

Biofuels ・Bio-ethanol

・Bio-diesel oil

・Bio-gas

・Ambient air. –including Geothermal (Heat Pump)


Netherlands

GHP 4kW

GHP 25kW

EHP 4.5kW

Heat pump water

heater

Heat pumpBiomass

Biogas

Biomass

Wood chip fired

Boiler280t/h

Steam Turbine

Hydropower GeothermalWind power Solar power

EHP

GHP


Netherlands

Annual Growth of Renewables Supply from 1971 to 2004

2.2% 2.3% 2.1%2.6%

8.2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

TPES Renew ables CRW Hydro Other**

an

nu

al

gro

wth

ra

te

7.5%

28 .1%

48.1%

0.3%

G e o t h e rm a l S o la r W in d T id e , o t h e r

Fuel Shares of World Total Primary Energy Supply,2004

Geothermal

0.414%

Solar 0.039%

Wind 0.064%

Tide, 0.0004%Nuclear

6.5%

Renewable Combustibles

and Waste

10.4%

Hydro

2.2%

Other

0.5%

Non-Renew. Waste

0.2%

Oil

34.3%

Coal

25.1%

Gas

20.9%

Renewables

13.1%

Renewables occupied 13.1% of the world TPES in 2004.

Out of renewables, traditional biomass such as renewable combustibles and waste

occupied ~80%, the hydro power 16.7%, wind power only 0.5%, and solar power 0.3%.

Wind power + Solar power is still less than 0.1% of TPES in2004.

However recent growth rates of these two are far much higher than other renewables.

Source: IEA renewable energy policy analysis by Samantha Ölz 2006

Geothermal Solar Wind

An

nu

al

gro

wth

ra

te

0%

12%

TPES OthersHydroAll RENs

8.2%

CRW

Hydro

CRW


Netherlands

** Other: Geothermal, Wind, Solar, Tide

Fuel Shares of World Electricity Generation, 2004

Other**

0.8%

Hydro

16.1%

Non-Renew .

Waste

0.3%Gas

19.6%

Coal

39.8%

Oil

6.7%

Renew able

Combustible

s and Waste

1.0%

Nuclear

15.7%

Renew ables

17.9%

Wind power and solar power occupied less than 1% of all

Power generation in the world in 2004.



Netherlands

World renewable energy consumption by sector, 2004

Industry Sector 11.3%Other Transformation

and Energy Sectors

5.6%

Other Sectors 3.3%

Electricity Plants

21.9%

Residential,

Commercial and

Public Sectors 57.9%


This graph shows

most renewables are use in the residential, commercial and public sectors.

in industrial sector, about 11% of renewables are used.

Most of them are the combustible renewables such as Biomass like wood chips,

black liquor, garbage, and industrial wastes.

Recently in some countries in EU , thanks to assistance and the subsidy of

the government, industrial customers have been introducing boilers and

CHPs with biogas and biomass fuels combined with NG.


Netherlands

Regional shares 2004

Hydro

Combustible

Renewables

and Waste

Others (or

“New”)

OECD

OECD

OECD

Former USSROECD Africa Latin America Non-OECD Asia

China Non-OECD Europe

OECD

OECD

Middle East

45.1%

3.1%21.0%

6.8%

12.6%

8.8%0.6%2.0%

66.1%

26.0%

1.8%

1.4%0.6%

3.5%

24.2%

7.6%

33.0%

0.7%0.5%

0.1%

14.6%19.2%

Geothermal

0.414%

Solar 0.039%

Wind 0.064%

Tide, 0.0004%

Nuclear

6.5%

Renewable Combustibles

and Waste

10.4%

Hydro

2.2%

Other

0.5%

Non-Renew. Waste

0.2%

Oil

34.3%

Coal

25.1%

Gas

20.9%

Renewables

13.1%CRW

Hydro

Others

OECD

OECD

OECD


Netherlands

Renewables in Industrial sector• General description

・Traditionally in biomass processing factory, such as food processing or wood processing factory have disposed a large amount of biomass wastes such as food residue and wood chips when the product was processed, these wastes was used as the energy source of the factory.

・ In the political and economical aspect, recently, in the OECD countries, some percentage of renewable energy use is imposed by government, and also the subsidy for renewable energy introduction is set by government.

・ In the technological aspect , a lot of splendid technologies for renewables have been developed. For example, the cost of the highly efficient solar panel which can be installed on the roofs and walls of the factory has been lowered. As for biogas, several kinds of highly efficient biogas engines have been developed, and the cost of refining equipment of biogas has been lowered.

・ Some industrial customers have begun to sell surplus electricity or surplus steam generated

by renewables.

・ Normally industrial customers use huge amount of energy and need stable and high quality energy. Example Currency , Voltage of Electricity. Pressure, Temperature of Steam

In this aspect, it is very difficult to manage to supply stable energy by only renewables. So natural gas plays an important role as a complement energy.


Netherlands

Category : Machinery

World largest PV system installed factory

Power storage

Increasing cases of setting up photovoltaic power generation on the roof tops of assembly plants such

as machine shops since the roofs of such factories are wide and flat. But it cannot supply much energy

in a year (~1000 hours in generation time) , and not to be able to install only a PV panel of the ability of

1Kw at 10m2. Renewables occupies only 5.5% in capacity and 0.7% in total electric consumption.

Example:

Roof top type Thin-film, see-through type

Total 129kWTotal 5150kW

Fuel cellsCHP

Percentage of Renewables less than 1%

10,000kW

PV generation systemSuperconducting

Magnetic typeMolten-carbonate

type

250kw 4Units

Natural gas fired

Gas engine type

2880kw 9Units

Fuelcell

1.1％

CapacityTotal

Electricity

Consumption

PV

CHP

PV

CHP

UtilityUtility

Fuelcell

0.7％

25.4％

3.3％

66.6％

756Gwh/y92,040kW

65.1％

28.2％

5.5％

Key data of the plant

PV power 5,210kW(Total space 47,700m2)

CHP 11,520kW(at No1 Plant) 14,400kW (at No2 Plant)

Fuel Cell 1,000kWEnergy storage SystemSuperconducting Magnetic 10,000kW

Capacitor 10,000kWx2units

2,721,600GJ/y


Netherlands

Example:

Gas engine

Percentage of Renewables 5-10%Category : Food processing brewery

UASB reactor

Gas engine

2087kW

JenbacherTotal

5,550,090GJ/y

Utility

Power

30.5％

Heavy

Oil6.2％

Natural

gas

57.3％

Power bybiogas

Steam by biogas

6％


Company A Beer company group 14 Plants

total

Product Beer 2,407000kl/y

Whisky , other Beverage etc

Waste water 16,916,000m3 /y 14total

Amount of biogas 13,931,000 Nm3/y

Gas engine Jenbacher 2087kW etc.

Food processing companies such as brewery exhaust large amount of effluent that contains a high concentration organic compound. Conventionally the effluent is treated by an activated sludge treatment method. Recently from the viewpoint of energy conservation, many breweries have adopted the anaerobic fermentation method. In the long run, large amount of biogas has been generated, and used for power generation by co-generation system, which covers 5%-30% of the power of the entire factory.And Percentage of renewables in total energy consumption of the factory is about 5-10%.

Activated sludge

process equipment


Netherlands

Bark residue

Example:

Steam turbineSaw dust

Percentage of Renewables 100% or more

3000-4800kcal/kg dry-base

Wood chip-fired

Steam boiler

Category : Sawmill Plant

When the product wood is processed from the raw material wood, a large amount of wastes such as bark, plane rubbish,

and sawdust are exhausted in the lumbering factory. These wastes are used as a fuel for the steam turbine.

Generally this steam turbine covers all necessary electric powers and steams of the factory, and the surplus electricity is

sold to the electric power company.

Also surplus steam is returned to water by the condenser to improve power generating efficiency.


Company ATreated raw material 1.8 million m3/y

( 05-0.8 million ton/y )

Product lumber ( 0.3-0.5million ton/y )

Product Wood chips ( 0.15-0.32 million ton/y )

Bark & Saw dust (0. 05-0.08 million ton/y )

Steam Boiler 40t/h (steam 300℃ 30Mpa )

Fuel Saw dust ,Bark Wood chip

total 240t/day

Power generation Steam turbine 5,300kW

Steam is used for the lumber dryer

Saw mill factory Material lumber

Total

788,747GJ/y

Steam ownuse

Power ownuse 2.6％

Power to sell

SteamUnused

14.9％

67.9％

14.6％

All are renewable energy


Netherlands

Category : Paper mill

Black Liquor

The paper mill industry consumes the large quantity of energy.

This industry overwhelmingly uses the largest amount of renewable energy for all industrial sectors at the

same time. If paper is made from the wood chip, about 2/3 of the necessary energy can be covered with

black liquor that is the by-product of the pulp. In the case paper is made from recycled paper, a lot of

additional fossil fuels are necessary. To decrease CO2 emission, the natural gas plays an important role.

Paper mill plants use a lot of water, so some of them have a hydro power plant by themselves.

Example:

Hydro Power PlantBlack liquor

concentrator

Percentage of Renewables 30-66%

3000-3600kcal/kg


Company A Renewable ratio 66%Product Paper from all pure pulp

Production 1,215,000 ton/y

Black Liquor 3000 ton/d dry -base

oil conservation 320,000kl /y

Black liquor–fired Steam boiler 600ton/h

Steam temp. 505 ℃ Pressure 10.3 Mpa

Steam turbine total capacity 120,000kw

(85,000+35,000)


Company B 9Plants average

Renewable ratio 38%Product Paper for news paper etc

Production Total 4,957,381 ton/y

Hydro power Plant 5,2050kW 5plants

RPF-fired Steam boiler 260ton/h etc

Some plants are located near big cities, main material is used paper, in this case, main fuel is fossil fuel and waste such as paper sludge and RPF.

Black Liquor-fired

Steam boiler

Fossil

Fuel total

35.5％

Renewables

38.2％

Utility

Power

13.9％

Waste

RPF etc

12.4％

Total

3,411,268kL

Renewables

67％

Utility Power

7％

HeavyOil

18％

NaturalGas8％

Total

475,000kL

【Crude Oil equivalent】

18,382,500GJ/y

132,015,956GJ/y 9Plants total


Netherlands

Flow of sewage treatment

Aeration tank

Dewaterer

Anaerobic digesterIncinerator

Energy consumption rate in

sewage treatment plants

Sludge

Biogas engine

Biogas

Hot water

Biogas

A lot of biomass energy gathers into the sewage treatment plants

(STP). STP use a lot of electricity and heat energy especially for

aeration and incineration. STP began to use biogas as the fuel for

warming the anaerobic digester, incineration, and co-generation

system by biogas engine.

Recently, utilization of sludge as fuel is beginning.

Category : Sewage treatment plant Percentage of Renewables about5-10%

total

416,640GJ/y

Renewables

(Biogas)

5％

Utility

Power

Heavy

Oil

14.3％

Natural

Gas

16％

64.7％

Example: Sewage Treatment Plant

Processing quantity of sewage: 238mil ton/Y


Netherlands

Category: Incineration Plant Percentage of Renewables more than 40%

A lot of renewable energy derives from this incineration plant.

Waste heat of incineration is used for power generation by the steam turbine. In this case, if steam

turbine uses only flue gas from incineration plant ,about 60-70% percentage of the power is derived

from renewables. (30-40% of components of garbage are plastics ,not renewables.) But the

generation efficiency is relatively low ,about 15-20%, because flue gas of incineration plant contains

acid gas such as HCl , and the steam temperature is limited less than 300ºC.

In some EU nations and in Japan, to improve this efficiency , steam is reheated with the high

temperature flue gas from gas-fired turbine, and steam temperature is raised up to about 350ºC. As a

result the efficiency of steam turbine improves into 20-25%, leading total efficiency improvement. In

this case , the contribution of renewables in generated power is about 40%-50%,and the renewable

percentage becomes lower, but total power from renewables will increases. So this system

contributes to CO2 reduction. About 2/3 of generated power is sold to the power utilities.

Example： Key data of the plant

Garbage：460t/ day

Calorific value of garbage

2300kcal/kg

Out put of steam turbine：12,400kW

Break down

Renewable ：7,050kW

Others ：3,020kW

Flue gas of gas turbine ：2,330kW

Out put of gas turbine ：4,100kW

Total power ：16,500kW

Gas-turbine combined

incineration system

Day/Night

ratio 3.5：S/T

：G/T

： power to

sell

（Time）

Power generation by Garbage Incineration

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

00 5 10 15 20 23

Boiler GT

Generated

Power&

Sold

Power

（kWh）

Incinerator GeneratorST

Natural

gas

Steam2.2Mpa×378℃

CondenserDeaerator 144℃

2.7Mpa

300℃

358℃

113℃ 67℃

4,100kW

super heater

Superheater

12,400kW

Steam

163℃

293,878GJ/y


Netherlands

Example: Canned fruit and Juice

Gas engine

Percentage of Renewables 3-15%Category : Food processing in Spain

UASB reactorKey data of the plant Nufuri Spain

Company A fruit processing & juice manufacturing

Product canned Fruit Juice etc

Waste water 2040000m3 /y Fruit residue 100t/d

Amount of biogas 10,200,000 Nm3/y

Biogas engine Jenbacher 2500kW⋇2units

Natural gas engine Jenbacher 2700kW⋇3units

Solar power 80000kW

Canned food of fruit and juice manufacturing company in Spain. All power is covered in the self power

generation , and the surplus electricity is sold to the electric power company. In this case, waste heat

is fully used to the process, subsidy is paid about 3.5 eurocent/kwh for NG-fired CHP system, and about

6.5eurocent/kwh for biogas fired CHP.

Activate sludge

Treatment reactor

Naturalgas

86.5％

Biogas

10.6％

Soler

Power

2.9％

total

275GJ/y

13.5％

V=7000m3

Ｔ=38℃　　　18day

Aerobic Fermentor

約300m3/ｈ

Anaerobic Fermentor

Microbial desulphurization

Ｈ₂S：8000ppm Ｈ₂S：150ppm

GasHolder

1500m3/ｈ

Sludge

Hot water from GE 95℃＋Steam

Biogas+NG2500kW

Biogas+NG2500kW

NG2700kW

NG2700kW

NG2700kW

Waste heatBoiler

Primary Sludgedryer

Biomassfired biler

Biogas

Biogas

NaturalGas

Branchof fruit

Residueof fruit

WasteWater

Anaerobic fermentor

（UASB）

Sludge Dryer

Documents

Renewables and natural gas