Renewable Energy: The Wind-Hydrogen Option for Remote Communities in IndiaRenewable Energy: The Wind-Hydrogen Option for Remote Communities in India

Presented by:

Dr. G. S. GrewalElectrical Research and Development Association (ERDA)

ERDA Road, GIDC MakarpuraVadodara – 390 010

Presented at

Transmission, Distribution & Metering India

(Enabling Smart Grid & Smart Metering)

November 11, 2010

New Delhi

Energy Statistics For India (2005-06)

Coal Production : 401.5 Million Tonnes Power Generation : 617.5 Billion kWh Thermal Generation : 514.4 Billion kWh Hydel Generation : 101.3 Billion kWh Crude Oil Production : 32.2 Million Tonnes Crude Oil Import : 99.4 Million Tonnes

Consumption of Petroleum Products : 111.9 Million Tonnes Natural Gas Production : 32.2 Billion Nm3

Fire Wood, & Dung Cake :300 Million Tonnes

Energy Reserves : A Comparison

Type India World %

Oil (MT) 800 138,300 0.58

Gas (MTOE) 700 139,700 0.5

Coal (MT) 69947 1,031,610 6.78

Hydro (MTOE) 30 218 13.76

Nuclear 2 596 0.34

MT - MILLION TONS

MTOE – MILLION TONS OIL EQUIVALENT

Power Scenario in India

Sector Installed Capacity

(April 30, 2006) Percentage

MW %

Hydro 32,326 26

Thermal 82,425 66.3

Nuclear 3,360 2.7

Wind/Renewable 6,191 5

Total 124,302 100

Captive: Grid Connected

14,636 12%

Electricity Generation In India

Sector Million kWh (2005-2006)

%

Hydro 101,325 16.5

Thermal

(Including Wind)

497,044 80.5

Nuclear 17,248 2.8

Import From Bhutan 1,764 0.2

Total 617,362 100

Captive 74,130 12 %

Renewable 6,200 1 %

India- Primary Energy Pie Chart

Sector Wise Consumption: India (2004-05)

Sector Million kWh %

Total 381,964 100%

Industrial 133,293 34%

Domestic 96,018 25%

Commercial 30,598 8%

Agriculture 89,876 24%

Traction 9,763 3%

Others 22,416 6%

T&D Losses & Auxiliary Consumption

GROSS GENERATION

2004-05

587,366 MILLION kWh

TOTAL CONSUMPTION 381,964 MILLION kWh

DIFFERENCE 205,402 MILLION kWh

AUXILIARY CONSUMPTION 8%

T&D LOSSES 32%

ANNUAL LOSSES OF ELECTRICITY BOARDS

Rs. 20,000 CRORES

USA 13,241 kWh

AUSTRALIA 11,205 kWh

UK 6,631 kWh

SOUTH AFRICA 4,313 kWh

CHINA 1,139 kWh

Per Capita Energy Consumption: Some Nations

WORLD AVERAGE ≈ 4000 kWh

Per Capita Energy Consumption: Global Metric

1950 15.55 kWh1985-86 178.00 kWh1989-90 236.00 kWh1993-94 310.00 kWh1994-95 320.00 kWh2001-02 401.00 kWh2004-05 606.00 kWh

Per capita electrical power consumption level is still very low.

Indian Energy Scene

Per Capita Energy ConsumptionPer Capita Energy ConsumptionIndiaIndia

PRESENT LEVEL: 640 kWh

Per Capita Energy ConsumptionPer Capita Energy ConsumptionIndiaIndia

PRESENT LEVEL: 640 kWh

TARGET: MISSION 2012: 1000 kWh

Per Capita Energy ConsumptionPer Capita Energy ConsumptionIndiaIndia

PRESENT LEVEL: 640 kWh

TARGET: MISSION 2012: 1000 kWh

PRESENT LEVEL FOR GUJARAT:

1320 kWh

INDIA NEEDS TO CONSUMECONSUME

MORE ENERGY

Bottom LineBottom Line

EnergyEnergy IntensityIntensity

Energy Cost As a Percentage of Manufacturing Cost

Energy Costs In Indian Industry Energy Costs In Indian Industry ( As % age of Manufacturing Cost )( As % age of Manufacturing Cost )

CEMENT : 34.9 % ALUMINIUM : 34.2 % GLASS : 32.5 % CHEMICAL : 23.9 % PAPER : 22.8 % FERTILIZERS : 18.3 % IRON & STEEL : 15.8 % FOUNDRIES : 10.5 % TEXTILES : 8.6 % ELECT. ENGG. : 3.2 %

Energy Energy EfficiencyEfficiency

Energy Costs In Indian Industry Energy Costs In Indian Industry ( As % age of Manufacturing Cost )( As % age of Manufacturing Cost )

Industry Unit India Developed

Nations

IRON & STEEL Gcal/tonne 8 - 9.5 4 – 6

CEMENT Gcal/tonne 1 – 4.4 0.6 – 0.9

ALUMINIUM MWh/tonne 16 – 20 13 – 15

PULP & PAPER kg Steam / kg 12 – 15 5 - 8

Energy Intensities In Selected Industries Energy Intensities In Selected Industries ( Gcal / tonne )( Gcal / tonne )

STEEL CEMENT ALUMINIUM FERTILIZER

INDIA 9.50 2.00 33.00 11.25 ITALY 4.03 0.89 ------ 9.92 JAPAN 4.18 1.20 13.90 ------- SWEDEN 5.02 1.40 16.50 ------- U.K. 6.07 1.30 21.10 12.23 U.S.A 6.06 0.95 9.50 11.32 GERMANY 5.21 0.82 14.90 ------- India over LOWEST 57.6% 59.0% 71.2% 11.8% India over HIGHEST 36.1% 30.0% 36.1% -8.7%

High Power Cost High Power Cost Makes Our Industry Makes Our Industry

NoncompetitiveNoncompetitive

COMPARISON OF POWER COST IN FEW COUNTRIES

0

0.05

0.1

KOREA USA CHINA INDIA

POW

ER C

OST

(In

US$

/kW

h)KOREA 0.058

USA 0.060

CHINA 0.062

INDIA 0.095

Some Facts of Grid Connected Thermal Some Facts of Grid Connected Thermal Generation-IGeneration-I

85% Generation is Thermal Efficiency : 30% 1 kWh : 3 Units Coal/Gas/Oil T & D Losses : 30% - 35% 1 kWh to user : 4 to 5 Units Coal

/Gas /Oil Capital Costs : 4 to 5 Rs. Crore/MW Add T&D - Rs. 60,000 to 70,000/kW

Lead time for setting up a power station is 5 to 10 years.

Electricity cannot be stored. 1 kWh generation leads to generation of 1 kg

of C02.

Environmental pollution due to thermal power plants is a serious problem.

Some Facts of Grid Connected Thermal Some Facts of Grid Connected Thermal Generation-IIGeneration-II

Carbon EmissionsCarbon Emissions

Fuel kg. CO2 / kWh

Coal 0.9-1.2

Oil 0.75-0.8

Gas (Open Cycle) 0.58-0.6

Combined Cycle 0.43

Hydro, Wind, Solar, Nuclear

Negligible

Total Global Emissions : : 6.5 Billion mT Carbon: 23 Billion mT CO2

The World’s Energy Resources Are Limited!

Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources

SolaSolarr

WinWindd

BioBio

GeoGeo

TidalTidal

Sources Of EnergySources Of Energy

NON-CONVENTIONAL / RENEWABLE /

ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY WIND POWER GEOTHERMAL BIOMASS TIDAL POWER and

Sources Of EnergySources Of Energy

NON-CONVENTIONAL / RENEWABLE /

ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY WIND POWER GEOTHERMAL BIOMASS TIDAL POWER and ENERGY CONSERVATIONENERGY CONSERVATION

SECTOR CAPITAL COST (MINR / MW)

COST OF GENERATION (Rs. / kWh)

Small Hydro 25 to 100 2.00 to 3.50Wind Energy 50 to 70 2.25 to 2.75Biomass Power 35 to 45 2.00 to 3.00Bagasse Co-generation 30 to 40 2.00 to 3.00Biomass Gasification 20 to 30 2.25 to 2.75Solar PV 250 to 300 9.00 to 20.00

Economics of Renewable Energy Economics of Renewable Energy

SECTOR POTENTIALWind Energy 45,000 MWSmall Hydro (upto 25 MW) 15,000 MWBio Energy 19,500 MWSolar Energy 20 MW/Sq kmBiogas Plants 12 Million Nos.Improved Wood Stoves 120 Million Nos.

Potential of Renewable Energy TechnologiesPotential of Renewable Energy Technologies in Indiain India

SECTOR POTENTIAL

REALISATION (As on 31st March

2007)

Wind Energy 45,000 MW 7094 MW

Small Hydro (upto 25 MW) 15,000 MW 1976 MW

Bio Energy 19,500 MW 1141 MW

Solar Energy 20 MW/Sq km 2.93 MW

Biogas Plants 12 Million Nos. 3.89 Million Nos.

RealizationRealization ofof Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Technologies in IndiaTechnologies in India

Summary of Present Energy Scene: IndiaSummary of Present Energy Scene: India

• India meets about 30% of its energy need through imports and likely to increase in future.

• To sustained growth of 8%, India would need to grow electrical supply by 5-7 times.

• Coal shall remain primary energy source till 2031.

• About 15% of villages are not electrified.

• Concerns for the threat to climate change.

• Peak shortage upto 25%, (India average-11%).

• MOP target of adding 100,000 MW generation capacity by 2012.

• Not much change in rural household energy consumption in last decade.

Integrated Energy Policy- Planning Commission, Dec 2005Integrated Energy Policy- Planning Commission, Dec 2005

What is the role of renewable energy?

How to increase India’s known energy resources?

How to ensure energy security?

How to encourage clean energy system?

How to deal with persistent power shortages?

How to provide clean cooking energy for all?

How to provide access to electricity to all households?

Integrated Energy Policy - Planning Commission, Dec 2005Integrated Energy Policy - Planning Commission, Dec 2005

Pressing ProblemPressing Problem

A Small Step in Providing a Sustainable A Small Step in Providing a Sustainable Solution: A National Effort at ERDASolution: A National Effort at ERDA

• Development of Wind Hydrogen Based Cooking System for Remote Coastal Communities in India

• Essential ingredients of the System are as Below: Wind Energy Based

Electricity Generation. Electricity is Used to Run a

Water Electrolyser to Generate Hydrogen.

Hydrogen is Stored and Supplied via Pipeline to

Coastal Community Kitchens.

Wind Hydrogen Based Cooking SystemWind Hydrogen Based Cooking System

Hydrogen pipeline

storage Electrolyser

Hydrogen

Wind turbine

Wind Hydrogen Based Cooking System Wind Hydrogen Based Cooking System

• Clean fuel for cooking.

• Stand alone - No other source required.

• Negligible maintenance and recurring cost (economical).

• Indigenous technology - needs validation, field trail.

Why Hydrogen Can be Fuel India-I Why Hydrogen Can be Fuel India-I

Universal fuel, can provide energy security.

Available in unlimited quantity.

Can be produced from sunlight, wind, bio mass etc.

Wide applications –transport, power generation, cooking, etc.

Stored energy that can be used later on demand.

Non toxic, clean /non polluting. Will reduce global warming.

Energy source for 21Energy source for 21stst century century

Why Hydrogen Can be Fuel India-IIWhy Hydrogen Can be Fuel India-II

Highest energy content per unit mass (120 MJ/kg). Combustion energy cycles based on H2 higher

efficiency than gasoline cycles (25 %). Dynamics of combustion for H2 superior

compared to gasoline and natural gas.

Higher flame speed in air(2.65 m/sec). Higher diffusivity in air (D=0.61 cm2/sec). Lower ignition energy (0.02 mWs). H2 based fuel cells have efficiencies >60%.

Energy DensitiesEnergy Densities

Fuel Energy per unit mass (MJ/kg)

Liquid•Gasoline

•LPG•LNG

•Methanol

47.4

48.8

50.0

22.3

Gaseous•Natural gas•Hydrogen

50.0

141.9

A Comparative Data Sheet of Fuels A Comparative Data Sheet of Fuels

Properties H2 CH4 PETROL

Lower heating value (kWh/kg) 33.33 13.9 12.4

Self ignition temperature(0C) 585 540 228-501

Flame temperature(0C) 2045 1875 2200

Ignition limits in air (vol%) 4 - 75 5.3-15 1.0-7.6

Minimal ignition energy (mWs) 0.02 0.29 0.24

Flame propagation in air (m/s) 2.65 0.4 0.4

Toxicity No No High

Diffusion coefficient in air (cm2/s) 0.61 0.16 0.05

Areas of ConcernAreas of Concern

Generation (Economics)

Storage (Safety)

Application

ElectrolysisElectrolysis

Production of Hydrogen From H2O 1). Cost of Producing H2 Using Electrolysis in the Thermodynamic Limit

H2O(l) = H2(g) + ½ O2(g) at P = 0.1 MPa, T = 298 K

E = V F Z : H2 = 2H+ + 2e-

= 1.229 x 96500 x 2 = 237.2 kJ/mole = 0.065 kWh/mole = 0.065 x (1000/2) = 32 kWh/kg of H2 II). Cost of Producing H2 Using Electrolysis in a Real Cell

= 1.5 x E =48 kWh/kg of H2

At Rs5/unit, the electrolysis cost then becomes Rc = 48 x 5 = Rs. 240 / kg of H2

H2 Economics For IC Engines: Why Green

Hydrogen is Required Current Petrol Cost in India = Rs. 55/ltr = Rs. 55,000/m3

Density of Petrol = 865 kg/m3

Hence Unit Rate of Petrol = Rs 64.00 /kg. Now H2 Has Three Times the Calorific Value of Petrol

(11,8000 kJ/kg Against About 40,000 kJ/kg for Petrol) Hence Cost Equivalent for H2=Rs. 80/one kg.

Equivalent of Petrol Bottom Line : If One Uses Just the Electricity

Consumption Cost in Production of H2, Grid Electricity Costs Are Still Not Comparable With the Prevailing Cost Of Petrol. Hence Renewable Production of Hydrogen is Required.

Hydrogen Storage Technologies

Gaseous

Liquid

Solid State Metal Hydrides

Slush (a mixture of solid and liquid Hydrogen)

Storage - HydrogenStorage - Hydrogen

• Compressed gas storage tank• Higher cost of tank and process plant• Technology available

• Liquid Hydrogen• Lower volume• Larger energy input

• Chemical Hydrides• Hydrogen adsorbed• Technology still under development

Some Pure Magnesium Facts

Magnesium hydrides as MgH2

Has a storage capacity of 7.6% mass

Energy density of 2.33 kWh / kg

[120 x 103 x 0.076] = 9120 kJ

Comparative RequirementsAlloy system/fuel Mass

requirements(kgs)Volume requirements(lit)

MgH2 175 73

Mg2NiH4 315 83

FeTiH2 435 80

LaNi5H6 440 64

H2 gas 395 375

Liquid hydrogen 140 86

Gasoline 50 50

Volume of 4 kg of Hydrogen Compacted in Various Ways

Mg2NiH4 LaNi5H6 H2(Liquid) H2(200 bar)

Wind Power: Some FactsWind Power: Some Facts

Wind power- Inconsistent, Incoherent with demand

About 25%- Utilisation factor

Negligible maintenance and recurring cost.

India ranks 4th in wind generating capacity (5,500 MW- India, 59,000 MW- Global).

Wind power potential- 45,000 MW

Wind Potential: State-WiseWind Potential: State-Wise

State Gross Potential ,

(MW)

Installed Capacity,

(MW)

Total Power Generation ,

(MW)

Penetration (Percentage of Total Power Generated),

(%)

Andhra 9,063 121 11,325 1.07

Gujarat 7,362 338 9,848 3.4

Karnataka 7,161 584 7,784 7.5

Maharashtra 4,519 1,001 16,156 6.2

Tamil Nadu 4,159 2,893 12,330 23.5

Total 46,492 5,340 81,476 6.5

Wind Map of India

Types of Wind MillsTypes of Wind Mills

Wind Mill and Its InternalsWind Mill and Its Internals

The Flow Field Around a Wind MillThe Flow Field Around a Wind Mill

The Power Output - Wind Speed RelationshipThe Power Output - Wind Speed Relationship

AerofoilofDiameterSwept

WindofVelocityV

AirofDensity

RotorofAreaSweptA

tCoefficienPowerC

Where

VCVACPo

W

WW

A

P

P

APAPP

:

393.05.0 323

Power Coefficient Versus Tip SpeedPower Coefficient Versus Tip Speed

SpeedWind

SpeedTip

V

U

W

t

Rotor Diameter for 50 Household CommunityRotor Diameter for 50 Household Community

mVC

Por

eRadiusasObtainBladWeoftCoefficienPowerandsmofSpeedWindagAssu

kWWRRatingMillWind

asRatingMillWindComputeWeyElectricittoEnergyMillWind

ofEfficencyConversionAndDayaHoursFortyAvailabiliWindgAssu

daykWhNmkWhDayPerquirementEnergyElectrical

NmHouseholdsForquirementHydrogenDaily

hrNmnConsumptioBurner

DailyHoursNeedsCookingHouseHoldIndianTypical

WAPblade 65.2

10208.1393.0

104

2

1

393.02

1

:,30.0/10min

498.380.0

158.47

,

:,

%8015min

/8.47/78.410Re

1055004.050Re

./04.0

5

3

3

3

3

3

3

Techno-Economics for 50 Household CommunityTechno-Economics for 50 Household Community

monthsPaybackSimple

INRMonthPerIncomeTotal

monthINRHoseholdPeresChFuel

INREquipmentofCostFixedTotal

INRsAccessorie

INRNmerElectrolys

INRkWMillWind

70000,10

000,700

000,1050200

/200arg

000,700

000,100

000,100)1(

000,500)4(

3

Rotor Diameter for 500 Household CommunityRotor Diameter for 500 Household Community

mVC

Por

asRadiusBladeObtainWeoftCoefficienPowerandsmofSpeedWindagAssu

kWWRRatingMillWind

asRatingMillWindComputeWeyElectricittoEnergyMillWind

ofEfficencyConversionAndDayaHoursFortyAvailabiliWindgAssu

daykWhNmkWhDayPerquirementEnergyElectrical

NmHouseholdsForquirementHydrogenDaily

hrNmnConsumptioBurner

DailyHoursNeedsCookingHouseHoldIndianTypical

WAPblade 37.8

10208.13.0393.0

1040

2

1

393.02

1

:,30.0/10min

408.3980.015

478,

:,

%8015min

/478/78.4100Re

100550004.0500Re

./04.0

5

3

3

3

3

3

3

Techno-Economics for 500 Household Techno-Economics for 500 Household CommunityCommunity

monthsPaybackSimple

INRMonthPerIncomeTotal

monthINRHoseholdPeresChFuel

INREquipmentofCostFixedTotal

INRsAccessorie

INRNmerElectrolys

INRkWMillWind

40000,100

000,000,4

000,100500200

/200arg

000,000,4

000,400

000,600)10(

000,000,3)40(

3

Wind - Hydrogen Cooking System : Relative CostsWind - Hydrogen Cooking System : Relative Costs

Capital item Status of Technology Capital cost

Wind turbine Proven, available 30 %

Electrolyser Expensive, available 35 %

Hydrogen storage Pressure vessel, available 10 %

Burner Developed 5%

Accessories Available 20 %

Hydrogen fueled Burner: Developments at ERDAHydrogen fueled Burner: Developments at ERDA

• Developed hydrogen fuelled Burner.

• Modified Gas injection and entire burner to run on hydrogen.

• Measured fuel efficiency: Observed 40%.

• Target fuel efficiency > 45%

Hydrogen fuelled stove developed at ERDA

Temperature-Time ProfilesTemperature-Time Profiles

010

2030

405060

7080

90100

0 10 20 30 40 50Time (min)

Te

mp

era

ture

(oC

)

LPG+Designed burner Hydrogen+Designed burner

Note: LPG & Hydrogen Burner Profiles are IdenticalNote: LPG & Hydrogen Burner Profiles are IdenticalEfficiency: HEfficiency: H22 = 40% (at 0.04 Nm = 40% (at 0.04 Nm3/hr.); LPG = 20 %/hr.); LPG = 20 %

Line Diagram of a More Elaborate

Wind – Hydrogen Power System

Power Usage Patterns of

Typical Village Communities in India

Load –Time Power Usage Pattern of Typical Village Communities in India

Typical Wind and Hydrogen Based Electricity Generation Pattern

National StatusNational Status

Area Achievement Remark

Generation- Electrolysis of water

PM Membrane based electrolyser -Demonstrated up to 0.5 Nm3/ hrAlkaline electrolyser-Commercial model 10 Nm3/ hr

Expensive

Successful but expensive

Storage Carbon nanotubeCylinder

Metal hydride

---?

Up to 10 – 20 kgf/cm2

7% by weight

• Wind—Hydrogen Systems Can be Economically Deployed for Meeting Electric Power and Fuel (Cooking Gas) Needs of Remote (Isolated) Communities in India.

• Hydrogen is an Infinitely Abundant, Alternate, Green Fuel for Energy Security, if Generated From Water.

• Wind-Hydrogen Systems Can Effectively Utilize India’s Nascent Wind Energy Potential Due to its Long Coast Line With High Wind Velocities.

• Indigenous Wind-Hydrogen Technology is in an Advanced Stage of Readiness for Deployment in the Nation.

ConclusionsConclusions

Thank You

MTD