Renewable Energy: The Favorable

Option for Future Electricity

Production for the Arab Countries

W. E. Alnaser*Physics Department, College of Science, University of Bahrain,

Kingdom of Bahrain

walnaser@uob.edu.bh

*Professor of applied Physics, Chairman of ISES Arab Section, Germany and advisor for

World Renewable Energy Network, UK.

The Effect of Climate Change in Bahrain

Precipitation +10%

Temperature +4C

No food

No drinkable

Water

No Electricity security

Disappearance of artificial islands broke people

Eating BugsLoss of 17% of our land 125 km2

.. أكل الجراد ليس في المملكة وحدها

لاير 1000مصدر للبروتين وعالج و

!ثمن الكيس

:فريق التحرير–تواصل

العالمفيالجرادمننوعألف20.000

البروتينمن%62علىيحتويالجراد

للتسمممتناولهيعرضالجرادرش

رادللجاآلكلةالعربيةالدولأبرزواليمنالمملكة

Renewable Energy (RE) utility, market,

investment and industry is accelerating

extraordinary.

Reports on 2015 and 2016 contains

outstanding statistics which proofs that

the world is more attracted to produce

electricity and heating and cooling from

RE compared to other clean energy

sources such as Nuclear Energy.

Tracking of Airborne Radionuclide from the Damaged Fukushima Dai-Ichi

Nuclear Reactors by European NetworksO. Masson†*,et al Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011, 45 (18), pp 7670–7677

Renewable Energy has no risk , except Hydro power but it is much less than Nuclear!

Remember Fukushima accident on 11 March 2011

Renewable Source Integration

Power from

renewable energy

increases up to 20%

in 2035

Wind Farms

Solar Farms

Hydro

power

plants

Rooftop

Solar

Plug-in

Electric

Vehicles

Challenges of interfacing renewable sources: ✓Penetration of Renewables may destabilize the grids (>20%)✓Renewable energy usually is intermittent

Require advanced energy management and approaches at the grid operators !!

World electricity power consumption

A comparison of direct greenhouse-gas emissions (red bars) and full-life-cycle emissions (bluebars) produced by different energy technologies. Although biomass is essentially a carbon-based fuel, and thus generates large quantities of carbon dioxide when it is burned, it alsoabsorbs carbon as it grows. After including the environmental impacts of mining, extractionand enrichment, the greenhouse-gas emissions from the full nuclear fuel cycle are revealed tobe on a par with those of sources like wind and solar power, while all three are much less thanthose of fossil fuels. (Source: Annex III: Technology-cost and performance parameters. InClimate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to theFifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.)

RE becomes now a cost- competitive to

fossil fuels in many markets and the

power generated in 2015 and 2016 saw

verge increase.

The capacity of RE electricity

(including Hydro) in 2015 had reached

1,849 GW (while in 2014 it was 1,710

GW ); hydropower 1,062 GW, bio-power

106 GW , Geothermal 13.2 GW, Solar

PV 227 GW, CSP 4.8 GW and Wind

power 433 GW.

The capacity of electricity from Solar

Heat (CSP) had increased 38 GW in

2015.

Furthermore, 23.7% of world total electricity

capacity (7,802 GW) was from RE and the use of

RE in transportation had reached 4% of car

fuels on the road.

The global investment in RE was USD 286 billion while it

was USD 273 billion in 2014. In 2015, about 147 GW of

RE electricity was added, which is a record in a year!

2015حجم اإلستثمار والنمو في الطاقة المتجددة في بعض الدول في

The global number of Jobs in RE had reached 8.1

million (direct and indirect).

Comparison of Area Required for a 100 MW power plant operated by different technologies . The Units is in km2/MW

Assumptions:

To produce 3,200 MW Nuclear power we need an area of 5.96 km2 .

To produce 3,200 MW Solar PV (efficiency 19% ) we need area of 871 km2 .

To produce 3,200 MW windturbines (capacity factor of0.30) we need land area of

2,481 km2 .

http://www.cleanenergyinsight.org/energy-insights/what-does-renewable-energy-look-like/

Luckily, 173 countries had set policy targets for RE,

110 countries set feed in tariff policies. Surprisingly,

Morocco had become the world number one in

investing in Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) in 2015!

Many Arab Countries set a policy for the share ofelectricity generation from RE sources which indicatesthat they leaning toward RE for Electricity production;these are the followings:

Algeria (27% by 2030),Bahrain (5% by 2030), Iraq (10%by 2030),Jordon 15% by 2015),Kuwait( 10% by 2030),Libya (7% by 2020), Morocco (52% by 2039), Qatar (2%by 2020),Sudan( 20% by 2030) , Tunisia (11% by 2016),,United Arab Emirates ( 7% by 2020 and for Dubai 15% by2030) , Lebanon ( 12% by 2020) , Egypt (20% by 2020) ,Yemen (15% by 2025) , Mauritius (35% by 2025) andDjibouti (35% by 2035).

Last year 2016 three major projects where

conducted in three Arab Countries:

1.Morocco (Noor Project- Phase 1; 160 MW CSP

electricity; Part of 580 MW CSP by 2030).

2.United Arab Emirates (MRA Solar Park in Dubai,

200 MW PV electricity; 1000 MW by 2020) .

3. Kuwait (Shagaya R E complex; 10 MW wind and

10 MW PV electricity; Part of 2000 MW by 2030).

مشروع نور في المملكة :

500المغربية إلنتاج

ميجاوات من حرارة

ة الشمس بالتعاون مع شرك

أكوا باور السعودية و

. شركاء آخرين

Noor Project- Phase 1;

160 MW CSP electricity;

Part of 500 MW CSP by

2030.

UAE RE Project 200 MW Solar

Mohamed Ben Rashid Al Maktom Solar Park

وبذذذ لي سذذذيكون للذذذيط الطاقذذذة المتجذذذددة فذذذي

مشذذروع الشذذ ايا للطاقذذة المتجذذددة فذذي دولذذة

:على النحو التالي2030الكويت في عام

ة الفوطاضذذذذ ي) كهربذذذذاخ اللاليذذذذا الشمسذذذذية

PV)713 ( 36يشكل ) ميجاوات%

.

ا المرايذذ) كهربذذاخ اعشذذعة الشمسذذية المركبذذة

%( 37يشذذكل ) ميجذذاوات 750( الم عذذرة

.

كهربذذذذذذذذذذذاخ أبذذذذذذذذذذذراج تركيذذذذذذذذذذذز الحذذذذذذذذذذذرارة

.%(20يشكل ) ميجاوات 400

كهربذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذاخ الريذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذا

.%(7يشكل ) ميجاوات 142

ALSHAGAYA RE PROJECT IN KUWAIT 2,000 MW

The Arab Countries (22 Countries with 422 million

habitant) are located as part of Western Asia, North

Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean

(longitude from 60 E to 15 W and latitude from 9 S

to 38 N) and covers a combined area of 13 million km²

and its topography qualify it to use all sources of RE

but wind and Solar are more favorable.

Shifting Sands: The Middle East’s Thrust for Sustainability

Canada's Energy Future 2016: Energy Supply and Demand Projections to 2040

نمو ج لسياسة ناجحة في تأمين الطاقة لألجيال مع مراعاة البي ة و اإلبداع و البحث والتطوير

في ( مليون وظيفة8.1)التوظيف في الطاقة المتجددة 2015

Average annual wind speed in m/s at height 80m

وفرة طاقة الريا في العالم العربي

Gross Hydropower Potentials in EU-MENA adapted

وفرة الطاقة الما ية في العالم العربي

Productivity of biomass Map

وفرة طاقة الكتلة الحيوية في العالم العربي

Annual Direct Normal Irradiance of the year 2002

وفرة الطاقة الشمسية في العالم العربي

Trans-Mediterranean High Voltage Direct Current Electricity

Grid:Interstate Highways for Renewable Electricity

سبل التكامل بين الدول اعوروبية و الدول العربية فيتوفير كهرباخ الطاقة المتجددة و ن لها

Hydro Geo Bio CSP Wind PV Wa/Ti

Country

Full

Load

h/y

Temperature at

5km depth

Full

Load

h/y

Direct

Normal

Irradiance

kWh/m2/y

Full

Load

h/y

Global

Horizontal

Irradiance

kWh/m2/y

Full

Load

hrs

h/y

Bahrain 1000 100 3500 2050 1360 2160 4000

Kuwait 0 100 3500 2100 1605 1900 4000

Oman 0 100 3500 2200 2463 2050 4000

Qatar 0 100 3500 2200 1421 2140 4000

K.S.A. 0 275 3500 2500 1789 2130 4000

U.A.E 0 100 3500 2200 1789 2360 4000

Table5: The Performance of renewable energy Indicators in the GCC countries. It

represents the average renewable energy yield with which the national potential could be exploited [20-21]

Renewable Energy Potential in the GCC Countries

سنوي

Annual

ديسمبر

DEC.

نوفمبر

NOV.

أكتوبر

OCT.

سبتمبر

SEP.

أغسطس

AUG.

يوليو

JUL.

يونيو

JUN

مايو

MAY

أبريل

APR.

مارس

MAR.

فبراير

FEB

يناير

JAN.

9.56.27.89.511.012.212.912.811.09.47.97.06.3AMMANعمـان

9.46.88.19.510.511.612.111.910.28.98.17.97.2AQUABAالعقبة

9.88.39.910.210.510.310.511.211.49.88.68.78.5ABU DHABIأبو ظبي

9.67.89.29.710.210.410.611.511.39.79.08.07.6SARJAHالشارقة

9.27.38.79.810.410.710.711.39.98.57.77.97.3BAHRAINالبحرين

7.54.15.56.58.510.711.310.38.87.46.75.94.8TUNISتونس

7.75.05.66.88.710.411.110.19.17.76.75.95.2ALGERالجزائر

8.15.86.17.48.910.311.010.29.58.47.56.66.0ORANوهران

8.78.69.79.59.08.68.19.29.78.98.17.57.4DJIBOUTIجيبوتـي

9.27.58.49.310.210.610.810.99.48.78.38.47.9RIADHالرياض

9.17.98.29.19.010.210.510.69.99.19.08.07.2MADINAالمدينة

9.610.010.49.88.88.88.48.99.810.59.910.310.1KHARTOUMالخرطوم

7.69.38.27.97.57.06.37.17.66.76.78.58.9JUBAجوبـأ

8.65.16.38.810.211.311.912.010.38.67.36.65.2DAMASدمشق

9.16.17.39.010.611.812.012.310.38.87.97.46.4BAGHDADبغـداد

8.54.86.38.510.611.912.412.310.18.06.75.84.7MOSULالموصل

9.58.79.810.29.99.38.410.911.19.98.68.88.4SUR(OMAN)صور

7.99.510.010.16.01.41.76.610.910.29.69.39.4SALALAHصالله

7.95.17.18.59.210.110.39.38.38.07.45.95.4GHAZZAغـزة

9.47.79.39.910.210.710.511.510.59.07.88.18.0DOHAالدوحة

8.96.06.68.09.811.111.810.89.18.78.07.36.2TRIPOLIطرابلس

9.37.08.09.410.111.011.511.810.69.48.47.87.0CAIROالقاهرة

10.79.510.010.310.711.712.312.210.910.710.010.19.7ASWANأسوان

8.05.86.37.58.99.610.09.59.48.87.56.65.7CASABLANCAكازابالنكا

8.67.17.17.89.110.411.110.59.38.48.07.47.1MARRAKECHمراكش

8.98.28.58.68.58.88.89.29.79.89.48.98.2NOUAK CHOTTنواكشوط

9.39.610.610.69.57.67.879.610.17.78.49.610.4SANA’Aصنعاء

Sunshine Duration in Several Arab Locations

سنوي

Annual

ديسمبر

DEC.

نوفمبر

NOV.

أكتوبر

OCT.

سبتمبر

SEP.

أغسطس

AUG.

يوليو

JUL.

يونيو

JUN

مايو

MAY

أبريل

APR.

مارس

MA

R.

ر فبراي

FEB

يناير

JAN.

1.71.21.31.51.51.61.71.82.82.22.11.61.2AMMANعمـان

.1.71.21.31.51.61.61.71.82.32.71.81.51.2AQUABA Aالعقبة

1.81.21.11.31.52.32.52.22.12.02.01.81.3ABU DHABIأبو ظبي

1.61.01.11.31.51.72.02.02.12.11.61.51.2BAHRAINالبحرين

1.71.01.21.61.71.92.12.32.62.21.81.41.2TUNISتونس

1.70.81.11.41.82.02.22.42.32.01.71.30.9ALGERالجزائر

1.70.91.01.51.72.12.32.32.22.11.71.31.0WAHRANوهران

1.91.51.61.92.02.12.12.12.22.01.91.61.5KARTOOMلخرطوم

1.51.01.21.21.41.51.62.01.91.91.71.41.2DAMASدمشق

1.71.11.31.61.92.12.32.42.42.21.91.31.2BAQDADبغـداد

1.61.01.21.62.02.32.52.62.52.21.81.31.0MUSELالموصل

2.01.51.61.82.12.32.42.42.32.22.11.61.5MASCATمسقط

1.61.11.21.81.71.71.91.92.02.01.11.31.1QUDISالقدس

2.31.61.72.12.52.82.92.82.82.72.51.81.7DOHAالدوحة

1.61.01.21.21.21.52.21.72.72.11.91.21.1KUWAITالكويت

1.71.01.21.51.82.12.22.32.32.11.71.21.1TARBULOSطرابلس

1.81.11.31.61.92.12.32.32.32.11.81.31.1SIRTEسـرت

1.81.21.31.51.82.12.12.22.42.41.91.61.3CAIROالقاهرة

1.81.11.21.51.92.02.12.12.62.42.01.51.2ASWANأسوان

1.81.01.11.51.82.42.52.42.32.11.71.41.0KAZBLANKAالدار البيضاء

1.71.21.31.61.81.81.82.12.22.11.81.51.2MARRAKECHمراكش

2.11.81.92.12.32.32.32.42.42.32.21.91.8SANA’Aصنعاء

2.11.71.82.02.32.32.22.32.32.32.11.91.8MOCHAموخـا

Measured Diffused Solar Radiation in some Arab Locations in kWh/m2/day

المعدل المحطةالسنوي

أغسططططططططططسبتمبرأكتوبرنوفمبرديسمبرس

STATIONينايرفبرايرمارسأبريلمايويونيويوليو

ANNUAL

MEAN

DEC.NOV.OCT.SEP.AUG.JUL.JUNMAYAPR.MARFEB.JAN.

5.92.65.76.46.27.97.78.15.55.34.75.25.5AL-KASEEMالقصيم

-5.92.16.46.87.47.16.58.26.74.64.65.0ALاألحساء EHSAA

وادي الدواسر

6.53.37.87.97.36.05.57.56.3WADI EL-

DWASER

6.32.86.97.47.98.07.28.56.25.14.55.36.2Riyadhالرياض

5.93.85.75.36.97.77.18.36.16.35.44.53.7KUWAITالكويت

4.83.13.64.55.46.06.46.65.55.14.43.63.3CAIROالقاهرة

7.46.67.47.07.18.08.08.86.68.17.27.66.8ASWANأسوان

Measured Direct Solar Radiation in someArab Locations in kWh/m2/day

CountryHydro

km2

Geo

km2

CSP

km2

Bio

km2

Wind

km2

PV

km2

Total

km2

Country

km2

Area

Used

%

Bahrain 0 0 21 0 2 2 25 707 3.5

Kuwait 0 0 78 0 0 18 96 17818 0.5

Oman 0 0 133 0 244 29 405 212457 0.2

Qatar 0 0 17 0 0 7 24 11437 0.2

K.S.A 0 71 810 6 559 97 1543 2240000 0.1

U.A.E 0 0 60 1 0 21 82 77700 0.1

Area required for renewable energy electricity generation in 2050

Fig 14: We need an area of 350 km2 from the land of GCC

countries, to install CSP (efficiency of 50% and solar

radiation of 500 W/m2 and 9 daily average sunshine hours)

,to produce annually 287,342 GWh - which is equal to total electricity consumed in 2009 in GCC countries.

Fig. 17 :Installing off-shore 5 MW wind turbines, with 60 m blade size on the GCC coast (11,000 wind turbines installed on the east coast of the GCC - length of 2221 km) making

nearly 5 rows - each row separated by 1 km from the other and 5 km deep in the Arabian Gulf - will fulfill the electricity need for all GCC countries (287 TWh, annually) -

assuming that these wind turbines will operate at full capacity only 60% annually.

Alnaser N W (2010) , PhD Thesis, University of Reading, UK

! استغالل مياه البحر للتبريد

From a Desert to an Oasis; Using RE!

Water Availability Per Capita In ESCAWA Countries(In m3/Capita/Year)

Water Scarcity Threshold (1000m3/Capita/Year)

السنة/ مكعبمتر1000الما يالف رلط

Water Scarcity Threshold (1000m3/Capita/Year)

السنة/ الفرد/مكعبمتر200المطلقالما يالف رلط

Absolute Water Scarcity Threshold (200m3/Capita/Year)

نصيب الفرد من الماء في دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي

طريقة استغالل المركزات الشمسية لتحلية المياه

We need an area of 10x10 km to install concentrating solar thermal collector to produce 1 billion m3 of desalinated water per year (10 m3 of water per m2 of collector area per year). This will be at a cost of 6 cents / kWh. We need an area of 3.5% of Bahrain land to fulfill the electricity need ,2.2% for Kuwait,0.2% Oman,0.1% Saudi Arbia,0.1 % UAE and 0.2 % in Qatar in year 2050 from renewable energy resources .

Wind Turbines

Jojoba Plants

Converting Formula 1 Circuit to a Sustainable Smart Green Circuit.

Solar Roofs for Air Conditioning should be

a target as 70% of domestic Electricity

goes to ACs.

1 km

Wind TurbinePhotovoltaic

Suspended Town

T=35ºC

T=25ºC

1 km

V=5m/s

V=11m/s

Innovative Sustainable Construction Design

Facing The Global Warming by N W Alnaser, UoB.

Solar Street Lights