Renewable Energy Systems

ECE 398RES

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

presentation by

Pat Chapman and George Gross

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

at the

PAP 2006 Annual Meeting

OUTLINE

The scope of the course

The course within the current energy/

environment context

The role of renewable sources

Course objectives and perspectives

Topical outline

The first class


We focus on the technical, economic and

environmental aspects of renewable and

alternative energy systems to obtain an

understanding of their role in meeting society’s

electricity needs

We analyze the full range of renewable energy

supplies

The course provides a basis for understanding

the distinctive scientific principles of renewable


energy and the ability to provide an assessment

of the economics and environmental impacts of

renewable energy The course covers the basics of energy produc-

tion from renewable sources, the relevant

thermodynamics background, the structure and

nature of the electric transmission grid, the

integration of renewable resources into the grid,

environmental aspects and the regulatory

environment for electricity

INCREASE IN WORLD ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

Mto

n o

il e

quiv

alen

t*

2000 – 2030 1971 – 2000 production consumption production consumption

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Source: IEA 2002

transition economies

developing countries

OECD

* 1 tonne of oil equivalent (toe) = 42 GJ (net calorific value) = 10034 Mcal

PREDOMINANCE OF OIL AND GAS

http://www.exxonmobil.com/corporate/Newsroom/Publications/eTrendsSite/chapter1.asp

OUT OF GAS

PRICE OF OIL

MAJOR CHALLENGES IN ENERGY

Energy security: fuel supply resources for the

future

Economic growth: accommodation of the

developing nations’ needs

Environmental effects: global warming and

emission control

Electricity system reliability: assurance of

integrity of electric power infrastructure

SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainable development refers to living, product-ion and consumption in a manner and at a level that meets the needs of the present without unduly impact on the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

The World Commission on Environment and Development set up by the UN issued a seminal report in 1987; the report established the concept of sustainable development

The major thrust of the report was to explicitly recognize the scale and unevenness of economic

SUSTAINABILITY

development and population growth continue to

place unprecedented pressures on the planet’s

land, water and other natural resources and

without constraints are severe enough to wipe out

regional populations and, over the long term, to

lead to global catastrophes Sustainability is a key guiding principle of policy

of many nations The applicability at international, national, state

and local levels varies widely

ROLE OF RENEWABLES IS OF GROWING IMPORTANCE

RENEWABLES’ ROLE IN THE 2004 U.S. ENERGY SUPPLY

2005 RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS AND STATE MANDATES

2005 WIND ENERGY STATUS

Alaska1

California2,096

Colorado229

Hawaii9

Iowa632

Kansas114

Massachusetts1

Michigan2

Minnesota615

Nebraska14

New Mexico267

New York48

North Dakota

66Oregon263

Pennsylvania129

Tennessee29

Texas1,293

Vermont6

Wisconsin53

Wyoming285

Washington240

South Dakota

44

West Virginia66

Arkansas0.1

Idaho0.2

Maine0.1

Montana2

New Hampshire0.1

Oklahoma176

Utah0.2

Illinois81

Ohio7

total U.S. capacity installed: 6740MWSource: American Wind Energy Association, Outlook 2005

2003 – 05 GLOBAL WIND CAPACITY

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

2003 2004 2005

MW

Source: Global Wind Energy Council

8,207

11,769

GLOBAL INSTALLED WIND POWER CAPACITY ( MW ) – REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION

Africa & The Middle East

Asia

Europe

Latin America & Caribbean

North America

Pacific Region

Source: Wind Energy Fact Sheet, American Wind Energy Association, www.awaea.org

2005 INSTALLED WIND CAPACITY

Europe 40,500 MW

68%

Americas and

Africa 10,979 MW

19%

Asia 7,135 MW

12% Australia708 MW

1%


total wind59,322 MW

2005 INSTALLED WIND CAPACITY

0 2,0004,000

6,0008,000

10,00012,000

14,00016,000

18,00020,000Austr

alia

China

Denm

ark

Indi

aUSA

Spain

Germ

any

MW


18,428 MW

10,027 MW

9,149 MW

4,430 MW

3,122 MW

1,260 MW

708 MW

THE TOP 20 STATES FOR WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL

ND TX KS SD

MT

NE W

Y OK

MN IA

CO

NM ID

MI

NY IL CA W

IM

E M

O

States

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

0.1

ann

ual

en

ergy

pot

enti

al (

bil

lion

s of

kW

hs

)

Source: Wind Energy Fact Sheet, American Wind Energy Association, www.awaea.org

DOE WIND PROGRAM GOALS

3 ¢/kWh in classes 4 and above onshore wind areas

5 ¢/kWh for off-shore regions

WIND SYSTEM CAPITAL COSTS

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1989 1991 1993 1995 1996 2000

150 kW225 kW

300 kW

500 kW 600 kW

1650 kW

capi

tal c

osts

( $

/kW

)

capital costs include turbine, tower, grid connection, site preparation controls and land

SOLAR ENERGY

U.S. SOLAR INSOLATION MAP

2004 SOLAR ENERGY STATUS

Total U.S. installed PV and

solar thermal capacity is

0.5 GW

Total world PV capacity is

4 GW with 1.8 GW being grid

connected

The nine parabolic trough plants for concentra-

ting solar power produce energy at 12 – 14 ¢/kWh

The price of power from grid-connected PV

systems is 20 – 30 ¢/kWh

PV systems at APS facility in Prescott, AZ

DOE SOLAR PROGRAM GOALS

Photovoltaics: 6 ¢/kWh by 2020

The goal of the US DOE is to install 1000 MW of

new concentrating solar power systems in the

southwestern United States by 2010 with costs of

0.07 $/kWh

Concentrating solar power/troughs: 5 ¢/kWh by

2012

FORECASTED RENEWABLE COSTS

Wind

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

PVce

nts

/ kW

h

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

40

30

20

10

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

BiomassGeothermal Solar thermal

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

cen

ts /

kWh

10

8

6

4

2

0

70

60

50

40

30

20100

15

12

9

6

3

01980 1990 2000 2010 2020

all costs are levelized in constant year 2000 dollars

Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)

KEY CHALLENGES IN RENEWABLE EXPANSION

Integration into the grid

interconnection

grid capability

reliability issues

power quality

Competitiveness of technology costs

Environmental problems

Development of storage technology

KEY CHALLENGES IN RENEWABLE EXPANSION

Government policies at the

federal

state

local

levels

Regulatory accommodation

permitting processes

back up power

“green power” differential

COURSE OBJECTIVES

Acquaint students with some basic physical

principles used in renewable energy

Stress the importance of economics and environ-

mental aspects in electricity developments

Expose students to the exciting aspects of

energy

COURSE OBJECTIVES

Expose students to some of the major

developments in renewable resources and their

integration into the power grid

Provide a basic understanding of impacts of

market forces on shaping the electricity business

Give students the opportunity to do a project in a

team environment and to make a formal presen-

tation

PERSPECTIVES

Understanding of the scientific principles

underlying renewable resources is essential

Awareness of the role that renewables can play is

important

Challenges in the integration of renewables are

major

TOPICAL OUTLINE

General overview of electricity demand, supply,

industry structure, interconnected system

operations and state of technology

Nature and role of alternative generation sources

Review of concepts in electric circuit analysis

TOPICAL OUTLINE

Engineering aspects of alternative source

generation technologies: thermodynamics

considerations; solar resource and solar array

systems; wind resource and wind generation

systems; other renewable resource technologies;

hydro, geothermal, closed system fuel cells; role

of power electronic circuits in renewable

technologies; economics of various technologies;

environmental attributes

TOPICAL OUTLINE

Engineering principles of electrical storage

technologies: electrical vs. chemical energy

storage; batteries; double-layer capacitors;

superconducting magnetic energy storage;

flywheels

The demand picture: the nature of electrical

loads; time variation, periodicity and price

dependence

TOPICAL OUTLINE

Demand management and energy conservation;

efficiency improvements; load management;

price-responsive demand; and, the role of new

technologies

Electricity markets basics

Integration of renewable generation into the grid

Regulatory policy aspects

GRADING POLICY

The course grade is based on the performance of

the student in the homework assignments, the

quizzes, the final exam and the project

Students form teams and each team undertakes

the preparation of a final project and its

presentation to the class

GRADING POLICY TABLE

component percentage

homework 15

quizzes 35

projects 15

final 35

total 100

THE FIRST CLASS

34 undergraduate students from ECE and other

engineering departments

The project was the highlight of the course for

many students

Students have become well exposed to the many

challenges in the integration of renewable

resources

Documents

Renewable Energy Systems