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Renaissance and Reformation

Chapter 12

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Economic Prosperity Life began to improve toward the end of

the Middle Ages New farming technology produced more

food There was a new emphasis on learning.

By the 15th century cities reemerge in Italy

Trade increased as a result of thecrusades A new interest in Greek and Roman

civilizations came from contact withByzantine and Muslim cultures

Increased trade led to a new middle classof wealthy merchants and artisans. Patrons provided financial support for

the artsLorenzo de Medici was a wealthy merchant

and famous patronThe Roman Catholic Church also funded

many artists work

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Middle Ages vs.

Renaissance

Focus of The Middle Ages:Religious matters and the

afterlifeWarfare and danger

New Renaissance Ideals:Artists began to focus on

secular (worldly) things inaddition to religious subjects.

Humanism:

Human experiences andachievements werecelebrated during this time

Stability and learning replacedwarfare and illiteracy.

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Italian painter andinventor known as atrue Renaissance Mandue to his many

interests

Leonardo Da Vinci

Below: Last Supper(1498)

Above: Mona Lisa(1503)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Mona_Lisa.jpeg

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MichelangeloFamous painter and

sculptor most knownfor the ceiling of theSistine chapel and thestatue of David

Ceiling of

the

SistineChapel

(1508-

1512)

David

(1501-1504)

Piet (1499)

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Raphael

Painter most known for theSchool of Athens (below, 1510-1511) and the Transfiguration(right, 1516-1520 completed afterhis death by Giulio Romano)

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Northern RenaissanceOver time the

Renaissance spreadto northern Europe.Around 1439 Johann

Gutenberg inventedthe printing press:

Increased literacySpread ideas fasterCheaper and easier

Albrecht Durer isknown as the German

LeonardoHe studied art in Italy

and took themovement back toGermany

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HumanismSir Thomas More and Erasmus

were two humanist of the NorthernRenaissanceMore focused on the government in

Utopia (1515)

Erasmus was concerned with churchreform

They wonder much to hear that gold, which in

Sir Thomas More, Utopia

War is delightful to those who

have had no experience of it.

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch author, philosopher,

& scholar (1466 - 1536)

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LiteratureWilliam Shakespeare: wrote 37 plays that

are still performed all over the world

Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote, the storyof the adventures of a foolish knight.

Machiavelli: made observations about

government and wrote The Prince The end justifies the means.

It is better to be feared than loved.

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ReformationNew ideas about

Christianity began to

spread.The Roman Catholic

Church was forced toreform.

Popes were caught upin worldly affairs, powerhungry, lavish lifestyles

They sold

indulgences(forgiveness of sin) topay for arts

Do you think that all of the clergy members

were corrupt during the Middle Ages? Is it

fair to judge an entire group because of the

actions of a few? Why or Why Not?

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Protestant Reformation

Some reformers,known as

Protestants, totally

separated from the

Catholic Church Martin Luther:

Drew up 95 Theses, a

list of arguments

against indulgencesand posted them on

Wittenberg's All Saints

church, he argued

salvation through faith

How do you think the

Roman Catholic Church

responded to Luthers

concerns? How would

things be different if they

had responded

differently?

What is the root

word of Protestant?

What do you think a

Protestant is based

on this root word?

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Protestant Reformation ContinuedJohn Calvin believed in

predestination (the ideathat God determinedlong ago who would gainsalvation.) spread new ideas

throughout Europe whichled to wars with theCatholics

Huguenot: FrenchCalvinists that foughtCatholics

John Knox: led a religiousrebellion in Scotland,overthrew the CatholicQueen and set up ScottishPresbyterian Church

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Conflict Between Popes and PrincesPeace of Augsburg:1555 allowed princes to decide

which religion would be followed in his lands. Most in

the north Lutheran, south Catholic

1. Which religion is still themost dominant in Europe?

2. Where can the Anglican

Church be found?

3. If you were a Calvinist you

might have lived in whichkingdoms?

4. How can you tell that

there were lots of religious

conflicts in E. Europe?

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Radical Reformers:Anabaptists sought radical social change and

believed that only adults could receive thesacrament of baptismThey also called for the separation of Church and

State.

How has the beliefs of the Anabaptists shaped our countryand local community?

How have they changed over time?

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English Reformation and King Henry VIII

Henry VIII of England(defender of the catholicfaith) wanted a son

His wife Catherine ofAragon only had adaughter (Mary Tudor).Divorce is forbidden in the

Catholic Church so Henryasked for an annulment.

Catherines Nephew was

the Holy Roman Emperorand had connections withthe pope so theannulment was denied

1. Why was it so importantfor Henry to have a son?

2. Explain in your ownwords why you thinkHenrys divorce wasdenied.

3. What do you think willhappen next?

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enry s rea rom ome c c ere)The Act of Supremacy

made Henry the supremehead of the Church ofEngland not the pope.He closed all catholic

churches and monasteries

Established the AnglicanChurch but kept most formsof Catholic worship and

doctrine

1. How do you think the Catholics in England responded to the Act of

Supremacy?

2. Would you have made the same decision as Henry? If not what

would you have done differently?

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"King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was

wedded: One died, one survived, two divorced, two

beheaded".

Through a series of 6 marriages Henry produced a

son and two daughters

Catherine of Aragon -> Divorced -> Mary

Anne Boleyn -> Beheaded -> Elizabeth IJane Seymour (sole true wife) -> died of puerperal fever

-> Edward VI

Other wives include: another Anne (divorce), Catherine

Howard (executed), and Catherine Parr

More accurately they were "divorced, beheaded, died,

divorced, beheaded, survived".

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Compare and Contrast

How was Henry VIIIs part in the Protestant

Reformation similar to that of Luther, Calvin, and

other reformers?

How was Henry VIIIs role in the ProtestantReformation different?

Do you think that his break from Rome was

justified? Why or Why not?

How would you feel if you were a Catholic living

in England during the time of Henry VIII?

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Henrys Heirs

Edward VI, his only son, ruled briefly from 1547-1553, he was a sickly kid and died in his teens.

Mary, Henrys first daughter, became queen in

1553 and tried to restore England to RomanCatholicism. (Bloody Mary)

Elizabeth, Henrys daughter with Anne Boleyn,finally became queen when Mary died and

restored peace to EnglandShe ruled both Protestants and Catholics with toleranceand compromise while securing England as aProtestant nation.

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Catholic Response to Reformation

Council of Trent: Group that would

determine catholicreform, reaffirmedtraditional views, tried toend abuses, worldliness,

and corruption amongthe clergy

Inquisition A church court set up to

root out heresies usingtorture, and testimony.

Ignatius of Loyola A Spanish knight that

founded the Jesuits agroup that fought againstheresy and spread theCatholic Faith

St. Teresa of Avila Established a convent of

Carmelite nuns that lived inisolation, dedicatingthemselves to prayer andmeditation, she also

reformed other convents Results of the CatholicReformation: Rome became more pious

(religious), charity andreligious art flourished, it didnot stop the Protestant

movement

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Results of the Reformation

Widespread Persecution: Witch Hunts= religious fervor led to

the accusations of many women andsome men of being witches and tensof thousands died as a result.

Jews= they were under pressure toconvert to Christianity and began tobe forced to live in Ghettos (sectionsof a city where mainly minorities liveseparated from the rest of society)

Anti-Semitism grew and some wereexpelled from Christian lands andforced them to identify themselves Ottomans and Dutch Calvinists

tolerated the Jews and took them in.

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Looking Ahead Age of Reason

People began to question what they

had always accepted to be true.The Scientific Method is used to

explain things.Church and Government officials

felt threatened by humanism andcensored many Renaissance andScientific ideas.

Exploration Rebirth in learning led to

questions about the world thatexplorers wanted to answer. Those fleeing religious

persecution in Europe went tothe Americas to start a newlife

Revolution

Humanist questions aboutgovernment, church, andsociety let to calls for reform.

Many countries experiencedRevolutionary and Civil Warsthat made up the world we livein today.

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Persuasive Poster

Create a persuasive poster for one

of the Protestant sects of

Christianity that emerged during the

Reformation.Use the following to catch the eye of the

audience and convince someone to

convert to your religion.

SloganColor Cartoon

Basic Beliefs

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YourtopiaGov: Monarchy or

DictatorshipOligarchy Aristocracy Democracy

Econ: Free Market Communist Mix Other

Culture Patriarchal Matriarchal Egalitarian Other

Religion Monotheistic Polytheistic Separate fromState

Other