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Abstract— Moringa oleifera is a multipurpose tree with
most of its parts being useful for a number of applications.
This study is carried out to investigate the potential of
Moringa oleifera press cake (MOPC) to be used as biosorbent
for Cu (II) ions from water system as a natural,
environmentally friendly biosorbent. Copper and other heavy
metals present in water are harmful and poisonous and need
to be removed from water; using natural biosorbent is one of
the solutions. The synthetic water with 200 NTU was used in
this study to monitor the biosorbent efficiency. The stock
solution of copper with different concentration were added to
synthetic water and different dosages of press cake was added
and the copper concentration before and after addition of the
biosorbent was measured using atomic absorption
spectrometry (AAS). The residual turbidity was measured as
using jar test and reported. The results showed that the
Moringa oleifera press cake is reducing the copper
concentration up to 53.49%, and turbidity removal up to
75.45%. More research need to be carried out to find the
optimum conditions to remove Cu (II) from water.
Keywords—Biosorbent, Copper (II), Moringa oleifera press
cake, Turbidity.
I. INTRODUCTION
Moringa oleifera is a multipurpose tree with most of its
parts being useful for a number of applications (Fig. 1). It is
generally used in a number of developing countries as a
vegetable, medical plant and a source of vegetable oil. It has
an impressive range of medicinal uses with high nutritional
value [1]. On the other hand, Moringa oleifera seeds have
been found to be a natural coagulant, flocculants, softener,
disinfectant, and sludge conditioner [2], [3], [4], heavy metal
remover in water and wastewater treatment [5], [6].
Copper is both an essential nutrient and a drinking water
contaminant. It is an important trace element required by
humans for its role in enzyme synthesis, tissue and bone
development [3]. However, excessive amounts of copper
consumed is toxic and carcinogenic and it leads to its
deposition in the liver and causes many diseases such as
Wilson disease, liver and kidney failure and finally
gastrointestinal bleeding [7].
Eman N. Ali is with the Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources
Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300
Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
Fig. 1. Moringa oleifera tree
The excessive amounts of Cu (II) in fresh water resources
and aquatic ecosystem damage the osmoregulatory
mechanism of the freshwater animals and cause mutagenesis
in humans [8]. Large quantities of copper are released to the
environment by discarding industrial waste without further
treatment [9]. According to World Health Organization
(WHO) the permissible limit of Cu (II) in water is 1.5 mg/l
[8]. According to the Ministry of Health Malaysia the
acceptable limits of Cu (II) in drinking water should be 1
mg/l [10].
Since Malaysia is widely recognized as one of the centers
of biological diversity, rich with wild plants, it will be
beneficial for the researchers to further screen the valuable
biosorbent. All of these resources could provide renewable
useful products not only for the current generation but also
for the future generations to come. Hence, this study is
initiated to target the miracle tree Moringa oleifera to be used
as a potent biosorbent for Cu (II) ions. To help in finding an
alternative methods to treat water, which could be
economically and environmental friendly techniques.
Copper and other heavy metals present in water are
harmful and poisonous and need to be removed from water;
using natural biosorbent is one of the solutions. Few studies
reported the removal of some heavy metals from water by
Moringa oleifera, however the use of Moringa oleifera press
cake adsorb Cu (II) from water still not too much targeted
and minimally used in this field, thus more research is
needed. Therefore, this project is an investigation of
removing mainly copper from water.
Copper can be produced from electronics plating, paint
manufacturing, wire drawing, copper polishing, and printing
operations. The high presence of copper can cause acute
toxicity, dizziness, diarrhea [8], [10].
Copper is an essential nutrient and a drinking water
contaminant. It is an important element required by humans
in trace amounts, used by human body for enzyme synthesis,
Removal of Copper from Water System using Moringa
oleifera Press Cake
Eman Noori Ali
International Conference on Agricultural, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ACEE-16) April 18-19, 2016 Istanbul, Turkey
http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/URUAE.AE0416214 15
tissues and bones development [3]. However, the excessive
amount of it, is toxic and carcinogenic. Deposition of copper
in body causes health problems such as Wilson disease, liver
and kidney failure and gastrointestinal bleeding [8]. The
excessive amounts of Cu (II) in fresh water resources and
aquatic ecosystem damage the osmoregulatory mechanism of
the freshwater animals. Large quantities of copper are
released by the disposal of untreated industrial waste [8].
Several conventional methods have been used to remove Cu
(II) from water. Though, the used methods have many
disadvantages. Adsorption by agricultural wastes and natural
biosorbent has more benefits than the conventional methods.
Several biosorbent have been investigated for Cu (II) removal
which include cassava waste [11], wheat shells [12], hazelnut
shells [9], cashew nut shells [13], orange peel [14],
pomegranate peel [15], Grape seeds [7], Cinnamomum
camphora leave’s [16], loquat leaves [17], and Moringa
oleifera wood [18].
Most available methods for heavy metals removal are:
Chemical coagulation, which consumes a large amount of
chemicals (High cost), and activated carbon which cannot be
regenerated, and high cost as well [19].
Inorganic coagulants for water treatment are used in a
wide-range. Aluminum sulphate and activated carbon are
examples of the inorganic coagulants and aluminum
sulphate is the most commonly used coagulant in the
developing countries [20]. However, aluminum sulphate is
reported to cause some neurological diseases for instance
pre-senile dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. The adsorption
by activated carbon is known to be the most efficient way for
removing heavy metals (removes more than 99% of certain
metal ions), but is still an uneconomical method and cannot
be recycled [21].
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Copper stock solution was purchased from Merck
(Germany), sodium bicarbonate from HmbG Chemicals
(Germany), and Kaolin was purchased from (Sigma-
Aldrich). The press cake was collected from Mitomasa Sdn.
Bhd (Fig.2). Malaysia, it is the residue of mechanical press
for Moringa oleifera seeds (oil extraction process).
Fig. 2. Moringa oleifera press cake.
A. Biosorbent Preparation
Press cake was soaked with water overnight to get the
remaining oil. And the clean press cake was used in this
experimental work. The moisture content was calculated to
get the right mass for the biosorbent added to water.
B. Preparation of Copper (II) Stock Solution
The metal solution used in this study for Cu (II) was
prepared from standard stock solution (1000 mg/l) (Merck).
Few dilutions were prepared from the stock solution to
prepare the multi dilution for calibration curve.
C. Preparation of Synthetic Water
A weight of 5 g of kaolin, laboratory grade (k7375-500G
Sigma- Aldrich), was dissolved with 500 ml of distilled
water. Sodium bicarbonate (Hamburg Chemicals) solution
with concentration of 100 mg/l was prepared by adding 100
mg of sodium bicarbonate to 1000 ml of distilled water;
Adding 500 ml of the sodium bicarbonate solution to the
kaolin. The suspension was stirred for about 1 hour at 200
rpm to achieve a uniform dispersion of kaolin particles. Then
it was left for at least 24 hours for complete hydration of the
kaolin [22]. The synthetic turbid water was used for
biosorption test on Cu (II) removal from water by Moringa
oleifera press cake. This stock was diluted a few times to get
the turbidity needed for each particular test.
D. Biosorption Batch Experiment
The jar test has been designed for use in water treatment to
evaluate coagulation- flocculation processes [23]. The
experiment carried out using Paddle Jar Test apparatus
equipped with six paddles rotating in a set of six beakers
filled with 500 ml of the synthetic water and known quantity
of Cu (II) from stock solution were added to 500 ml of
synthetic water to get the Cu (II) concentration of (1, 3, 5, and
7 ppm). A different dose of Moringa oleifera press cake of (5
to 100 mg/L) was added to the synthetic water, the sample
was mixed with biosorbent at 200 rpm for 60 minutes, the
suspension was allowed to settle for 30 minutes then the
biosorbent was filtered using Whatman filter paper No. 42.
Turbidity of the water was measured by using a 2100Q
(HACH) turbidity meter for synthetic water used in the
experiments. The initial and residual Cu (II) in the water was
analyzed using AAS at wavelength of 324.80 nm, using an
acetylene air flame. A triplicate test was performed for every
sample to get the average of reproducing results. Removal
Efficiency (RE) of Cu (II) was calculated using the equation:
RE% = [(Ci – Cf) / Ci] * 100,
Where: Ci and Cf are the initial and residual concentration of
Cu (II) in water (mg/L), respectively
E. Heavy Metals Measurement
PerkinElmer AAnalystTM 400 Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer (AAS), was used to measure the Cu (II)
concentration. Multi dilution solutions were prepared from
copper stock solution to get the calibration curve. The
concentration of copper in water samples before and after
treatment with Moringa oleifera press cake was obtained
according to the absorbance values and calibration curve.
International Conference on Agricultural, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ACEE-16) April 18-19, 2016 Istanbul, Turkey
http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/URUAE.AE0416214 16
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiments on Cu (II) removal from water showed that
Moringa oleifera press cake could remove the Cu (II) from
the water systems up to 53.49% removal efficiency. It was
reported in literature that Moringa oleifera seeds was also
used to remove the Cu (II) from water systems and to improve
the quality of drinking water. The results showed that
Moringa oleifera seeds were capable of absorbing the Cu (II)
with a percentage removal of 90 % [3]. In addition there was
another study by [24] they reported that the Moringa oleifera
cake residue could remove the Cu (II) from the waste water
with RE 98%. It was also reported by [25] that Moringa
oleifera seeds could remove the Cu (II) with 24.98 mg/l.
The removal of 1ppm Cu (II) was not good enough and up
to 11.1% and the maximum removal took place when the
dose was 80-100mg/L as shown in (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Cu (II) removal & turbidity removal for 1ppm Cu (II).
For 3ppm Cu (II), the maximum removal was 37.13%
when the dose of Moringa oleifera press cake was 100mg/L
as shown in (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Cu (II) removal & turbidity removal for for 3ppm Cu (II).
When the initial Cu (II) was 5ppm, the removal efficiency
was better with a range of 40.06 -51.50% for most of the
dosage used starting from 5mg/L to 100 mg/L (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. Cu (II) removal & turbidity removal for 5ppm Cu (II).
The same trend goes for 7ppm Cu (II), it is clear that there
is no much difference in removal efficiency when the dose of
Moringa oleifera press cake was increased from 5mg/L to
100 mg/L (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6. Cu (II) removal & turbidity removal for 7ppm Cu (II).
The turbidity was removed up to 75.45% from initial
turbidity of 200 NTU when the dose of MOPC was up to 80%
for initial Cu (II) concentration of 7ppm and a dose of MOPC
of 120mg/L. It is considered good removal efficiency in rural
areas where the water quality is not good enough for
drinking. As a conclusion, it can be reported that the press
cake of Moringa oleifera seeds can remove Cu (II) to a
certain level which is around 50% from the water systems
without performing any treatment for the press cake. The
press cake from mechanical press still contains some oil.
Although the oil was washed before the experiments were
carried out, but it is hard to remove it 100%, therefore, the
performance was not as good as the cake residue obtained
from solvent extraction method [24]. The solvent extraction
method is a very good process to remove the oil from seeds.
IV. CONCLUSION
The results of this study showed that Moringa oleifera
press cake can be used for Cu(II) removal from water systems
and as coagulant to remove turbidity from water, but more
work need to be done to improve the quality of Moringa
oleifera press cake as biosorbent and coagulant.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful to the Research and Innovation
Department at Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang,
Malaysia, for financial support under grant # RDU 140318.
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Dr. Eman N. Ali Born in Baghdad/ IRAQ on 29th
January 1958. Bachelor degree in Petroleum & Mining
Engineering/ University of Baghdad/ IRAQ (1980),
M.Sc. in Chemical Engineering from UKM/ Malaysia
(2000), and Ph.D. of Biotechnology Engineering, IIUM/
Malaysia (2010). The major field of study is
Environmental Engineering (Air pollution, water
pollution), and Moringa oleifera products.
Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Ali, Eman N.
Alfarra, Sabreen R. Mashitah, Mohd Yusoff and Rahman, Md Lutfor (2015)
Environmentally Friendly Biosorbent from Moringa oleifera leaves for Water
Treatment. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 6
(3). pp. 165-169. ISSN 2010-0264. N. A. Eman and A. A. Ahmad Adzhim
(2015). Comparison of Biodiesel Properties produced from Moringa oleifera
Seeds Oil and Palm Oil. Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol 6. No.
1, pp. 36-44. Ali, Eman N. (2014) Moringa oleifera Leaves Possible Uses as
Environmentally Friendly Material: A Review. International Journal of
Chemical, Environmental and Biological Sciences (IJCEBS), 2 (2). pp.
141-145. ISSN 2320-4079 (printed); 2320-4087 (online).
Author’s formal
photo
International Conference on Agricultural, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ACEE-16) April 18-19, 2016 Istanbul, Turkey
http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/URUAE.AE0416214 18