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7/28/2019 Relative Clauses1
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RELATIVECLAUSES
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Relative
Clauses are
formed by
joining 2sentences:
- Peter is the student+ Hecomes from Glasgow:
Peter is the student WHOcomes from Glasgow.
- The books are on the table +Theyare mine:
The books WHICH are on thetable are mine.
- Ive just met Tom + Tomseems to be a nice guy: Ivejust met Tom,WHO seems to
be a nice guy- Id love to visit London+ It is
a beautiful city:
- Id love to visit London,WHICH is a beatiful city
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Remember:
When we join 2sentences with aRelative Pronoun orAdverb, we have to omitthe noun/ pronoun/possessive that theRelative replaces (In theprevious sentences: He/
They/Tom /it)
Relative Clauses goRIGHT AFTER the Nounthey modify.
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1. Defining Relative Clauses
They define, give us essentialinformation about a generalterm or expression. DefiningRelative Clauses are not putin commas:- I talked to the man who gave
you the news.- I read the letter which camethis morning.
(Which man ? The one who gaveyou the news.)
(Which letter? the one thatarrived this morning.)
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Remember:
Use WHO to refer topeople and WHICH torefer to animals, things,
THAT can replace WHOand WHICH in DefiningRelative Clauses :Did you know the girlWHO/THAT came to the
party yesterday?The book WHICH/THATIm reading is veryinteresting.
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OMISSION OF
WHO, WHICH
AND THAT:
WHO, WHICH and THATcan be the Subject of the
Relative Clause:- Ive talked to the manWHO sold me his car.(Whoreplaces The man
and is the Subject of theClause sold me his car)
- The dog WHICH barksevery night is my
neighbours. (Whichis theSubject of the clausebarks every night)
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They can also be the Objector go after a preposition:
- I loved the film (WHICH/THAT) we saw last night.
- The man (WHO/THAT/WHO) you mentioned is awriter.
- Ive found the keys for(WHICH/THAT) I was looking.
=> I found the keys I waslooking for.
- Who was the boyto (who)you were talking? => Who wasthe boyyou were talking to?
When The Relative is theObject, it can be (and it isusually) omitted in DefiningRelative Clauses.
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Other
Relatives:WHEN (THAT)
shows Time:
- I will never forget the day + Imet my best friend that day:
Ill never forget the day
(WHEN/THAT) I met my best
friend.(WHEN can also be omitted
in Defining Relative
Clauses).
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WHERE
refers to Places:
-This is the hotel + We are
staying at the hotel next
weekend:This is the hotel WHERE we
are staying next weekend.
-The city is interesting + my
sister is living in the city:The cityWHERE my sisteris living is interesting.
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WHOSE
shows Possession and itreplaces a Possessiveadjective or an spossessive:
- The man was crying + Hishouse was on fire:
The man WHOSE housewas on fire was crying.
- Have you met the people?
+ Their son is moving toWashington: Have you metthe people WHOSE son ismoving to Washington?
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WHOM
is used instead of WHO inFormal Speech when it is
the Object of the Relative
Clause or after a
preposition:
- I couldnt talk to a friend +
I called him last night: I
couldnt talk to the friend
WHOM I called last night.
- I dont know the student +The teacher was shouting at
the student: I dont know
the student at WHOM the
teacher was shouting.
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2. Non-Defining Relative Clauses
They give us more (extra)information about a
person, animal, thing,
already identified ( by a
name, a possessive, ).
They go between
commas.
- Your brother,who gave
me the news, saw the
accident himself .
- I read Martins letter,
which was full of gossip.
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In Non-Defining RelativeClauses we cant use
THAT and we cant omitthe Relatives:
-I liked Toy Story,whichIve seen recently. (notthat, no Omission)
-Shakespeare, whom youjust mentioned, is themost famous Britishplaywright. (not that, noOmission)
-Ive found my keys, whichI had been looking for.(not that, no Omission)
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Defining
or Non-Defining?
Remember:
Defining Relative Clauses:
- Dont take commas.
- That can replace Who,Which and When.
- You can omit Who, Which,When and That when theyare not the Subject of the
Relative Clause.
Non-Defining RelativeClauses:
- Go between commas.
- You cant use That.
- You cant omit the Relatives.
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Compare:-The neighbours who
live next door are veryfriendly.
-My neighbours, wholive next door,are
- I enjoyed the film(which/that) yourecommended.
- I enjoyed Little MissSunshine, which yourecommended.