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LSS 2503Types of cultures
Relationship orientated cultures
Universalist v Particularist cultures
In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established which can be applied to everybody on any given situation.
Example: UK
LSS 2503
In the particularist culture relationships and circumstances in any given situation decide what is right. The spirit of the law is more important than the letter of the law.
Example: China
LSS 2503
Achievement v Ascription cultures
Achievement oriented culturesIndividuals get their status from what they have achieved themselves rather than their position in society
Examples: Austria, Switzerland, UK
LSS 2503
Ascription orientated cultures
People get their status from their position in society and this is linked to family name, connections, wealth, and age.
Examples: Indonesia, Venezuela
LSS 2503
Affective cultures and Neutral cultures
Affective cultures
Openly express their emotions Use physical gestures Encourage physical contact Focus on the person, not their position
Example: Italians
LSS 2503
Neutral cultures Do not show emotions Avoid physical contact Difficult to read Try and remain calm ‘Position’ of a person most important, not
the person themselves
Example: Japanese
LSS 2503
Individualism versus collectivism
Individualism is a culture where the individual is the basis of society: individual rights are valued above the collective rights of a group
Example: USA
LSS 2503
Individualism versus collectivism
Collectivism is a culture where the ‘group’ is the basis of the society: collective rights of the whole group are more important than individual rights.
Example: The USSR
LSS 2503
Specific and diffuse cultures
Specific and diffuse cultures measure how far people get involved with public and private places
LSS 2503
Specific culturesIndividuals are open to sharing their public space but guard carefully their private space. Public and private lives are kept separate as much as possible.
Examples: Austria, Switzerland, UK, USA
LSS 2503
Diffuse culturesIndividuals guard their public and private lives carefully as the two are often closely related.
Examples: China, Spain, Venezuela
LSS 2503
Time Oriented CulturesMonochronic v Polychronic
cultures
Monochronic culturesOn thing is done at a time in an orderly fashion. There is a time and place for everything and interruptions are not well – received.
Example: Germany
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Polychronic Cultures
Multiple tasks can be done at the same time. A meeting can have an open door with phones ringing at the same time. Interruptions are not a problem.
Example: France
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Monochronic cultures Schedules more important than interpersonal relations Appointment time inflexible One task at a time
Examples: Germany, Switzerland
Polychronic cultures Interpersonal relations more important than schedules Appointment times flexible Many tasks handled at same time
Examples: Latin America, Arab culture
LSS 2503
Time oriented cultures Past
Present
Future
LSS 2503
Time oriented cultures
Past oriented societies are concerned with traditional values and ways of doing things. They are slow to change anything with links to the past.
Examples: China, the UK and Japan
LSS 2503
Time oriented cultures
Present oriented societies prefer to live in the present with short-term benefits. The past has gone and the future is uncertain.
Examples can be found in Latin America and some African countries
LSS 2503
Time oriented cultures
Future oriented societies believe they can understand and shape the future. They look for long-term benefits.
Examples: Brazil, USA
LSS 2503
Communication oriented cultures
Human interaction can be divided into two communication systems:
Low context High context
LSS 2503
Low context
In low context communication systems intention or meaning is best expressedthrough clear messages ( spoken or written)
LSS 2503
High context
In high context communication systems intention or meaning is best expressed through the context and non-verbal channels such as pauses, silence, and tone of voice.
LSS 2503
Low context High context Individual values v Group values Self-face concerns v Mutual –face Linear logic v Spiral logic Direct style v Indirect style Person-orientedv Status oriented Self-enhancement v Self- effacement Speaker oriented v Listener oriented Verbal based v Context based
LSS 2503