Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Regulatory and Governance Gaps in the
International Regime for the Conservation and
Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in Areas
beyond National Jurisdiction
IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Papers online
Marine Series No. 1
Regulatory and Governance Gaps in the International Regime for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction
Regulatory and Governance Gaps in the International Regime for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction
Kristina M. Gjerde, IUCN Global Marine Program, Warsaw, Poland
With the assistance of:
Harm Dotinga, Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea, Utrecht University, School of Law, The Netherlands
Sharelle Hart, IUCN Environmental Law Centre, Bonn, Germany
Erik Jaap Molenaar, Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea, Utrecht University, School of Law, The Netherlands
Rosemary Rayfuse, Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Robin Warner, Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, Australia
IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Papers online – Marine Series No. 1
The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) or the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, nor of the authors´ affiliated institutions.
This publication has been made possible in part by funding from the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality.
The authors would like to thank the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality and the IUCN Environmental Law Centre for their support for this paper.
Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland in collaboration with the IUCN Environmental Law Centre, Bonn, Germany
Copyright: © 2008 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.
Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.
Citation: Kristina M. Gjerde et al. (2008). Regulatory and Governance Gaps in the International Regime for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. x + 70.
ISBN: 978-2-8317-1050-1
Cover design by: IUCN Environmental Law Centre
Cover image: IUCN Photo Library © Jim Thorsell
Layout by: DCM Druck Center Meckenheim GmbH
Produced by: IUCN Environmental Law Centre
Download from: IUCN Environmental Law Centre website at www.iucn.org/law
A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available from:
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Publications Services Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0010 [email protected] www.iucn.org/publications
v
Table of Contents
Executive Summary vii 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and purpose of the study 1 1.2 Definitions of regulatory and governance gaps 1 1.3 Outline of the gap analysis 1
2 Summary Tables 3 Table 1: Summary of Regulatory and Governance Gaps at the Global Level 3 Table 2: Summary of Regulatory and Governance Gaps at the Regional Level 5
3 Complete Tables 7 Table 1: Regulatory and governance gaps at the global level 7
General 7 Existing Activities 9
Fishing 9 Shipping 11 Dumping Of Wastes And Other Matter 12 Marine Scientific Research (MSR) 13 Bioprospecting For MGR 14 Constructing Artificial Islands and Installations 15 Laying Cables And Pipelines 16 Archaeology 17 Military Activities 18 Overflight 18
New and emerging Activities 19 Table 2: Regulatory and governance gaps at the regional level 22
Arctic 22 Antarctic 22 Atlantic 23 Indian Ocean 27 Mediterranean 28 Pacific 28 All oceans (bluefin tuna) 32
Annexes 33 Annex I: Actual or potential impacts of activities (existing and emerging) on marine biodiversity in ABNJ 33
Existing activities 33 Fishing 33 Shipping 34 Dumping of wastes and other matter 34 Laying cables and pipelines 35 Marine scientific research (MSR) 35 Bio-prospecting 35
vi
Constructing artificial islands and installations 36 Military activities 36 Overflight 36 Archaeological/ salvage activities 37 Emerging Activities 37 Activities proposed to sequester CO2 37 Exploration and exploitation of seabed mineral resources 39 Energy facilities (e.g. wave, solar) 41 Open ocean aquaculture 41 Deep sea tourism (e.g. submersibles to vents, coral reefs, wrecks) 41
Annex II: Key global agreements and UN bodies relevant to marine biodiversity in ABNJ 42 Key Global Agreements 42 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982. in force 1994 42 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of UNCLOS Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (referred to as the Fish Stocks Agreement or UNFSA), 1995, in force: 2001 48 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992 50 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), 1979, in force 1983 51 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973, in force: 1975 52 International Whaling Convention (IWC), 1946, in force: 1948 53 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78), Annexes I, II, IV, V and VI, 53 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (Ballast Water Convention), 2004, not yet in force 54 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, (London Convention), 1972, in force: 1975 55 Protocol to the London Convention, 1996, in force: 2006 56 Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas (FAO Compliance Agreement), 1993, in force: 2003 56 UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention), in force: 2001 57 Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention) and its Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA Protocol), Espoo Convention in force: 1997 57 KEY UN AND OTHER BODIES 59
Annex III: List of acronyms and abbreviations used in the report 63 Endnotes 65
vii
Executive Summary
In April, 2008, the United Nations Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction (UNWG BBNJ) will convene to discuss a range of topics critical to the health of the 64% of the world ocean that lies in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). One of the key items on the agenda will be “Whether there is a regulatory or governance gap and, if so, how it should be addressed.”
This paper identifies regulatory and governance gaps at a global level (see Table 1) and at a regional level (see Table 2). The terms regulatory and governance gaps are defined in section 1.2.
Our knowledge of the marine environment and its components, including marine biodiversity, in ABNJ and the impacts of human activities thereon is limited. While fishing activities are widely recognized as the most significant threat to marine biodiversity in ABNJ, the individual and cumulative impacts of the full range of human activities is still largely unknown. The actual or potential impacts of human activities (existing and emerging) on marine biodiversity in ABNJ are summarized in Annex I.
Notwithstanding the recognized role of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) as the overarching international legal framework for human activities in or affecting ABNJ and the existence of a variety of treaties and competent international organizations regulating specific activities in ABNJ such as dumping, shipping and fishing (see Annex II), this study reveals that important regulatory and governance gaps still exist in the international regime for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in ABNJ.
Regulatory gaps identified in this study include:
• The absence of an instrument or mechanism to ensure that modern conservation principles building on the general obligations contained in treaties such as UNCLOS, the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) such as the ecosystem approach and the precautionary approach are consistently incorporated and/or applied in all existing global and regional instruments that apply to ABNJ.
• The absence of detailed international rules and standards to implement modern conservation principles for existing activities (marine scientific research (MSR), bio-prospecting, laying of cables and pipelines and construction of various types of installations); unregulated fisheries (e.g. some discrete high seas fish stocks, sharks), and new and emerging activities (e.g. ocean fertilization, climate change mitigation techniques, and potential construction and operation of floating energy and aquaculture facilities).
• The lack of regulation to manage increasing impacts from traditional uses such as shipping, MSR and military activities (e.g. underwater noise, weapons testing) in line with modern conservation principles.
• The lack of specific requirements for modern conservation tools such as environmental impact assessments (EIAs), monitoring and reporting, area-based measures, networks of representative marine protected areas (MPAs), strategic environmental assessments (SEAs),1 and marine spatial planning to apply to the full range of ocean-based human activities in or having an effect on ABNJ.
• The lack of effective compliance and enforcement mechanisms at global and regional levels for all human activities and measures.
• The absence of legally binding instruments in all ocean regions to provide integrated coverage at the regional level for fisheries and biodiversity conservation.
• The lack of rules or a process to coordinate regulation of interactions between activities occurring in the high seas water column and those
1 Strategic environmental assessment is the formalized, systematic and comprehensive process of identifying and evaluating the environmental consequences of
proposed policies, plans or programmes to ensure that they are fully included and appropriately addressed at the earliest possible stage of decision-making on a par with economic and social considerations, while environmental impact assessment is a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development (CBD COP decision VI/7).
viii
occurring on the extended continental shelf of coastal States.
Governance gaps identified in this study include:
• The absence of mechanisms to ensure coordination and cooperation within and across sectors, States and institutions.
• The lack of an institution or process to oversee and assist where necessary the application of modern conservation principles and management tools to all human activities.
• The lack of an institution or process to ensure the consistent application of modern environmental governance principles such as transparency, accountability, stakeholder participation and intergenerational and intragenerational equity (only the international regime for the mineral resources of the seabed Area has explicit provisions for equitable sharing of economic benefits).
• The absence of an institution or mechanism to assess existing and emerging uses of the oceans, in terms of the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment and conserve and manage its biodiversity.
• The absence of recognition of standing on the part of States and international organizations both on their own behalf and on behalf of the international community to pursue claims in international tribunals and other fora relating to safeguarding marine biodiversity and the environment in ABNJ.
• The lack of an institution or mechanism to ensure effective compliance and enforcement, including a legal framework for non-flag enforcement at global and regional levels, for all activities and measures to protect the international communities’ interest in safeguarding marine biodiversity and the environment in ABNJ.
• Lack of clarity on the applicable regime relating to bio-prospecting and equitable use of marine genetic resources (MGR) in ABNJ.
Lack of participation in and implementation of existing international instruments
The identified regulatory and governance gaps are compounded by:
• a lack of participation in existing global and regional treaties:
– a number of existing global and regional treaties have not yet entered into force;
– not all states are party to existing global and regional treaties and states parties normally cannot regulate non-parties or enforce measures against them.
• failures to implement and/or enforce existing global and regional treaties, as well as legally binding and non-legally binding measures adopted by competent international organizations in ABNJ. This includes:
– failure of states to adequately implement and enforce existing obligations such as the general obligations for states to cooperate in the protection and preservation of the marine environment and the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity and to adequately assess, monitor and control the activities of their nationals, or processes and activities otherwise under their jurisdiction and control in ABNJ, as exemplified in the absence of specific requirements for EIA and on-going monitoring of existing, emerging and new human activities;
– failure of flag states to implement and enforce these duties on the high seas; and
– failure of members of RFMOs and other sectoral or global agreements and arrangements to adequately implement and enforce their obligations under these agreements and arrangements.
1
1 Introduction
1.1 Background and purpose of the study
This ‘Gap Analysis’ identifies and summarizes regulatory and governance gaps in the international regime for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ. The Gap Analysis complements and should be read in conjunction with PAPER 2: Options for Addressing Regulatory and Governance Gaps in the International Regime for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (‘Options paper’), PAPER 3: Case Study on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and PAPER 4: Elements of a Possible Implementation Agreement to UNCLOS for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction. The four papers are intended to facilitate discussions at the second meeting of the UNWG BBNJ (and beyond), where one of the key items on the agenda will be “Whether there is a regulatory or governance gap, and if so, how it should be addressed.”
1.2 Definitions of regulatory and governance gaps
The terms regulatory and governance gaps are understood to mean the following:
Regulatory gaps: substantive and/or geographical gaps in the international legal framework, i.e. issues which are currently unregulated or insufficiently regulated at a global, regional or sub-regional level.
Governance gaps: gaps in the international institutional framework, including the absence of institutions or mechanisms at a global, regional or sub-regional level and inconsistent mandates of existing organizations and mechanisms.
Issues can fall under both ‘gap’ categories. For example the absence of a Regional Fisheries Management Organization (RFMO) results in the lack of a competent organization (governance gap) that can regulate fisheries in the region (regulatory gap).
1.3 Outline of the gap analysis
Section 2 contains two tables summarizing the main regulatory and governance gaps at the global level (Table 1) and at the regional level (Table 2). The complete tables are contained in Section 3. The three Annexes provide information on actual or potential impacts of activities (existing and emerging) on marine biodiversity in ABNJ (Annex I) and key existing international instruments and organisations (Annex II). Annex III contains a list of acronyms and abbreviations used in the report.
3
2 S
umm
ary
Tab
les
Tab
le 1
: Su
mm
ary
of
Reg
ula
tory
and
Go
vern
ance
Gap
s at
th
e G
lob
al L
evel
Act
ivit
y R
egul
ator
y ga
ps
Gov
erna
nce
gaps
Gen
eral
M
oder
n co
nser
vati
on p
rinc
iple
s* a
nd m
anag
emen
t too
ls**
are
not
co
nsis
tent
ly in
corp
orat
ed a
nd/o
r ap
plie
d in
all
rele
vant
exi
stin
g in
stru
men
ts.
Lack
of s
peci
fic r
equi
rem
ents
for
EIA
, mon
itor
ing
and
repo
rtin
g, a
rea-
base
d m
easu
res
and
othe
r m
oder
n co
nser
vati
on to
ols
to th
e fu
ll ra
nge
of o
cean
-ba
sed
hum
an a
ctiv
itie
s in
AB
NJ.
Lack
of r
ules
or
a pr
oces
s to
coo
rdin
ate
regu
lati
on o
f int
erac
tions
bet
wee
n ac
tivi
ties
occ
urri
ng w
ithin
the
hig
h se
as w
ater
col
umn
and
on th
e ex
tend
ed
cont
inen
tal s
helf
of c
oast
al s
tate
s.
Lack
of e
ffec
tive
com
plia
nce
and
enfo
rcem
ent m
echa
nism
s.
Lack
of m
echa
nism
s to
ens
ure
coor
dina
tion
and
coop
erat
ion
wit
hin
and
acro
ss s
ecto
rs, S
tate
s an
d in
stit
utio
ns.
Lack
of a
res
pons
ible
bod
y to
ens
ure:
• th
e co
nsis
tent
and
coh
eren
t app
licat
ion
of
cons
erva
tion
pri
ncip
les
and
tool
s an
d m
oder
n go
vern
ance
nor
ms*
** ;
• as
sess
men
t of c
onsi
sten
cy o
f exi
stin
g an
d em
ergi
ng
uses
of t
he o
cean
s w
ith th
ese
norm
s.
Lack
of s
tand
ing
of S
tate
s and
inte
rnat
iona
l or
gani
sati
ons
for
com
mun
ity
inte
rest
s.
Lack
of i
nsti
tutio
ns o
r m
echa
nism
s to
ens
ure
effe
ctiv
e co
mpl
ianc
e an
d en
forc
emen
t.
Lack
of c
lari
ty o
n th
e ap
plic
able
reg
ime
rela
ting
to
MG
R in
AB
NJ.
4
Act
ivit
y R
egul
ator
y ga
ps
Gov
erna
nce
gaps
Exi
stin
g A
ctiv
itie
s La
ck o
f det
aile
d in
tern
atio
nal r
ules
and
sta
ndar
ds fo
r ce
rtai
n ac
tivi
ties
in
AB
NJ
such
as:
• M
SR;
• bi
o-pr
ospe
ctin
g;
• la
ying
of c
able
s an
d pi
pelin
es;
• co
nstr
ucti
on o
f var
ious
type
s of
inst
alla
tion
s.
Unr
egul
ated
fish
erie
s su
ch a
s so
me
disc
rete
hig
h se
as fi
sh s
tock
s or
sha
rks.
Insu
ffic
ient
reg
ulat
ion
of in
crea
sing
impa
cts
from
act
ivit
ies
such
as
ship
ping
an
d m
ilita
ry a
ctiv
itie
s.
Lack
of a
reg
ulat
ory
body
for
the
acti
vitie
s in
AB
NJ
liste
d un
der
regu
lato
ry g
aps.
Exi
stin
g in
stit
utio
ns w
ith
inco
nsis
tent
or
insu
ffic
ient
m
anda
tes.
New
and
E
mer
ging
A
ctiv
itie
s
Lack
of d
etai
led
inte
rnat
iona
l rul
es a
nd s
tand
ards
for
new
and
em
ergi
ng
acti
viti
es s
uch
as c
limat
e ch
ange
miti
gatio
n te
chni
ques
and
pot
entia
l co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd o
pera
tion
of fl
oati
ng e
nerg
y an
d aq
uacu
lture
faci
litie
s.
Lack
of a
reg
ime
for
asse
ssm
ent o
f cum
ulat
ive
impa
cts
over
tim
e an
d ac
ross
al
l the
diff
eren
t sec
tors
.
Lack
of s
peci
fic r
equi
rem
ents
for
EIA
, pre
vent
ion
or m
inim
izat
ion
of a
dver
se
impa
cts
or c
onfli
cts
with
oth
er a
ctiv
itie
s, o
r on
goin
g m
onito
ring
of e
ffec
ts.
Lack
of a
res
pons
ible
bod
y fo
r re
view
ing,
ass
essi
ng o
r re
gula
ting
new
and
em
ergi
ng a
ctiv
ities
in A
BN
J.
* M
oder
n co
nser
vatio
n pr
inci
ples
incl
ude:
the
eco
syst
em a
ppro
ach,
the
prec
autio
nary
app
roac
h, u
ser/
pollu
ter
pays
pri
ncip
le, s
take
hold
er c
onsu
ltatio
n, u
se o
f bes
t ava
ilabl
e sc
ient
ific
info
rmat
ion,
app
licat
ion
of b
est p
ract
ices
and
bes
t av
aila
ble
tech
nolo
gies
, int
egra
ted
and
adap
tive
man
agem
ent.
**
M
oder
n co
nser
vatio
n to
ols
incl
ude:
EIA
s, S
EA
s, c
umul
ativ
e im
pact
ass
essm
ents
, mar
ine
spat
ial p
lann
ing
and
repr
esen
tati
ve M
PA n
etw
orks
. **
* M
oder
n go
vern
ance
nor
ms
incl
ude:
reg
ular
rev
iew
of
a tr
eaty
’s e
ffec
tive
ness
; tra
nspa
renc
y in
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g pr
oces
ses
and
acce
ss t
o in
form
atio
n; a
ccou
ntab
ility
(pe
rfor
man
ce r
evie
w)
of in
stitu
tions
and
Sta
tes;
mec
hani
sms
(suc
h as
an
ombu
dsm
an) o
r pr
oced
ures
to r
ecei
ve c
ompl
aint
s fr
om c
ivil
soci
ety
grou
ps o
r af
fect
ed p
opul
atio
ns; s
take
hold
er p
arti
cipa
tion
; and
equ
itab
le u
se o
f res
ourc
es (
intr
agen
erat
iona
l and
inte
rgen
erat
iona
l equ
ity)
.
5
Summary tables
Tab
le 2
: Su
mm
ary
of
Reg
ula
tory
and
Go
vern
ance
Gap
s at
th
e R
egio
nal L
evel
Reg
ion
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Gen
eral
In
man
y oc
ean
regi
ons,
AB
NJ
are
not c
over
ed b
y re
gion
al s
eas
agre
emen
ts a
nd/o
r R
FMO
s or
arr
ange
men
ts.
Cov
erag
e of
AB
NJ
by R
FMO
s do
es n
ot a
lway
s m
ean
cove
rage
of a
ll ty
pes
of fi
sher
ies
and/
or th
at b
iodi
vers
ity
conc
erns
are
take
n in
to
acco
unt.
Exi
stin
g re
gion
al s
eas
agre
emen
ts a
pplic
able
to A
BN
J do
es n
ot a
lway
s im
ply
cove
rage
by
regi
onal
reg
ulat
ion
of a
ll ap
prop
riat
e ty
pes
of
acti
viti
es.
In m
any
ocea
n re
gion
s, A
BN
J ha
ve:
• N
o re
gula
tory
inst
itut
ions
for
com
preh
ensi
ve o
cean
s m
anag
emen
t, b
iodi
vers
ity
cons
erva
tion
and
/or
fishe
ries
man
agem
ent;
• In
stit
utio
ns w
ith
inco
nsis
tent
man
date
s;
• In
suff
icie
nt c
oord
inat
ion
and
shar
ing
of
data
/inf
orm
atio
n.
Ant
arct
ic
No
maj
or g
aps.
N
o m
ajor
gap
s.
Arc
tic
No
lega
lly b
indi
ng in
stru
men
t for
fish
erie
s m
anag
emen
t or
biod
iver
sity
con
serv
atio
n (e
xcep
t Nor
th E
ast A
tlant
ic s
ecto
r).
Arc
tic
Cou
ncil
has
no r
egul
ator
y co
mpe
tenc
e.
Atl
anti
c O
cean
N
o le
gally
bin
ding
inst
rum
ent f
or b
iodi
vers
ity
cons
erva
tion
(ex
cept
in
the
Nor
th E
ast A
tlant
ic a
nd s
mal
l are
as o
f hig
h se
as in
Car
ibbe
an
regi
on).
No
lega
lly b
indi
ng in
stru
men
t for
fish
erie
s m
anag
emen
t (ex
cept
tu
na/t
una-
like
fishe
ries
) in
Eas
t Cen
tral
, Wes
t Cen
tral
and
Sou
th-
Wes
t Atla
ntic
.
No
regi
onal
reg
ulat
ory
inst
itut
ion
for
biod
iver
sity
co
nser
vati
on in
:
• N
orth
-Wes
t Atla
ntic
;
• C
entr
al A
tlant
ic;
• So
uth
Atla
ntic
.
No
RFM
O o
r ar
rang
emen
t (ex
cept
tuna
/tun
a-lik
e fis
heri
es)
in E
ast C
entr
al, W
est C
entr
al a
nd S
outh
-W
est A
tlant
ic.
Indi
an O
cean
N
o le
gally
bin
ding
inst
rum
ent f
or b
iodi
vers
ity
cons
erva
tion
.
No
lega
lly b
indi
ng in
stru
men
t for
fish
erie
s m
anag
emen
t (ex
cept
tuna
or
tuna
-lik
e sp
ecie
s) in
:
• th
e N
orth
ern
Indi
an O
cean
(i.e
. reg
ion
not e
ncom
pass
ed b
y SI
OFA
).
No
regi
onal
reg
ulat
ory
inst
itut
ion
for
biod
iver
sity
co
nser
vati
on.
No
RFM
O o
r ar
rang
emen
t in
Nor
ther
n In
dian
Oce
an
for
othe
r th
an tu
na o
r tu
na-l
ike
spec
ies)
.
6
Reg
ion
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Med
iter
rane
an
No
maj
or g
aps.
N
o m
ajor
gap
s.
Pac
ific
N
o le
gally
bin
ding
inst
rum
ent f
or b
iodi
vers
ity
cons
erva
tion
(ex
cept
sm
all h
igh
seas
enc
lave
s co
vere
d by
Nou
mea
Con
vent
ion)
.
No
lega
lly b
indi
ng in
stru
men
t for
fish
erie
s m
anag
emen
t in:
• C
entr
al a
nd N
orth
Eas
tern
Pac
ific
(exc
ept I
AT
TC
Con
vent
ion
for
tuna
);
• W
este
rn C
entr
al P
acifi
c fo
r no
n-hi
ghly
mig
rato
ry fi
sh s
tock
s.
No
regi
onal
reg
ulat
ory
inst
itut
ion
for
biod
iver
sity
co
nser
vati
on (
exce
pt fo
r sm
all h
igh
seas
enc
lave
s co
vere
d by
Nou
mea
Con
vent
ion)
.
No
RFM
O o
r ar
rang
emen
t in:
• C
entr
al a
nd N
orth
Eas
tern
Pac
ific
(exc
ept I
AT
TC
fo
r tu
na);
• W
este
rn C
entr
al P
acifi
c: fo
r no
n-hi
ghly
mig
rato
ry
fish
stoc
ks.
7
3 C
om
ple
te T
able
s
Tab
le 1
: Reg
ula
tory
an
d g
ove
rnan
ce g
aps
at t
he
glo
bal
leve
l
Act
ivit
y E
xist
ing
inst
rum
ents
and
or
gani
zati
ons
(see
also
Ann
ex I
I)
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Gen
eral
K
ey t
reat
ies
• U
NC
LOS
• C
BD
(art
s. 1-
7, 1
4, 2
2)(i
nclu
ding
mee
ting
of
part
ies)
Key
sof
t la
w in
stru
men
ts
• A
gend
a 21
• R
io D
ecla
rati
on
• W
SSD
Joh
anne
sbur
g Pl
an O
f Im
plem
enta
tion
Rel
evan
t or
gani
zati
ons
• U
N G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
• U
NIC
POLO
S
• Se
ctor
al b
odie
s su
ch a
s FA
O, I
MO
, ISA
, IW
C
• Sc
ient
ific
bodi
es s
uch
as U
NE
SCO
/IO
C
Subs
tant
ive
gaps
No
deta
iled
requ
irem
ents
for
cons
erva
tion
and
su
stai
nabl
e us
e of
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
, or
reso
urce
s (o
ther
than
min
eral
s an
d fis
h) o
f the
Are
a1
No
gene
ral m
anda
te o
r re
quir
emen
t for
co
oper
atio
n fo
r th
e pr
otec
tion
of ‘
vuln
erab
le
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms’,
2 eco
logi
cally
and
bio
logi
cally
si
gnifi
cant
are
as, o
r ne
twor
ks o
f rep
rese
ntat
ive
MPA
s.
Insu
ffic
ient
con
serv
atio
n st
anda
rds
for
livin
g re
sour
ces
as th
ey:
• A
re b
ased
on
outd
ated
con
cept
of ‘
max
imum
su
stai
nabl
e yi
eld’
for
targ
et fi
sh s
tock
s, a
nd
‘seri
ousl
y th
reat
ened
rep
rodu
ctiv
e st
atus
’ for
as
soci
ated
and
dep
ende
nt s
peci
es;
• Fo
cus
mos
tly o
n re
gula
ting
dire
ct e
xplo
itat
ion
(i.e
., fis
hing
) ra
ther
than
oth
er u
ses
that
may
ha
ve a
dver
se im
pact
s.
Lack
inst
itutio
ns to
ena
ble
cons
iste
nt a
pplic
atio
n of
:
Mod
ern
cons
erva
tion
pri
ncip
les
such
as:
• th
e ec
osys
tem
app
roac
h
• th
e pr
ecau
tion
ary
appr
oach
• us
er/p
ollu
ter
pays
pri
ncip
le
• st
akeh
olde
r co
nsul
tati
on
• us
e of
bes
t av
aila
ble
scie
ntifi
c in
form
atio
n
• ap
plic
atio
n of
bes
t pr
acti
ces
and
best
ava
ilabl
e te
chno
logi
es
• in
tegr
ated
and
ada
ptiv
e m
anag
emen
t
Mod
ern
cons
erva
tion
tool
s su
ch a
s:
• SE
As
• cu
mul
ativ
e im
pact
ass
essm
ents
• m
arin
e sp
atia
l pla
nnin
g
• re
pres
enta
tive
MPA
net
wor
ks
8
Act
ivit
y E
xist
ing
inst
rum
ents
and
or
gani
zati
ons
(see
also
Ann
ex I
I)
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Gen
eral
(c
onti
nued
)
No
spec
ific
requ
irem
ents
for
EIA
or m
onito
ring
of:
• se
abed
act
ivit
ies o
ther
than
min
ing,
(e.
g. c
able
an
d pi
pelin
es, s
eabe
d in
stal
lati
ons,
MSR
, bi
opro
spec
ting,
sea
-bas
ed to
uris
m)
• hi
gh s
eas
acti
viti
es o
ther
than
dum
ping
and
so
me
fishi
ng (e
.g.,
ship
ping
, MSR
, flo
atin
g in
stal
latio
ns (
e.g.
, wav
e, n
ucle
ar, C
O2 m
ixer
s)
• im
pact
s of
hig
h se
as fi
shin
g ac
tivi
ties
on o
uter
co
ntin
enta
l she
lves
of c
oast
al n
atio
ns (
e.g.
dee
p se
a fis
hing
impa
cts
on s
eden
tary
spe
cies
and
re
sour
ces,
vul
nera
ble
bent
hic
ecos
yste
ms)
• im
pact
s of
out
er c
ontin
enta
l she
lf ac
tivi
ties
on
high
sea
s (e
.g. s
eism
ic te
stin
g no
ise)
• m
ilita
ry a
ctiv
ities
• ne
w o
r em
ergi
ng u
ses
of th
e se
as
Mar
ine
gene
tic
reso
urce
s (M
GR
)
• U
NC
LOS
does
not
spe
cific
ally
cov
er g
enet
ic
reso
urce
s in
AB
NJ;
• Si
gnifi
cant
deb
ate
whe
ther
com
mon
her
itag
e of
m
anki
nd (
CH
OM
) ap
plie
s to
MG
R in
the
Are
a.
Mod
ern
gove
rnan
ce n
orm
s3 suc
h as
:
• R
egul
ar r
evie
w o
f UN
CLO
S’s
effe
ctiv
enes
s
• T
rans
pare
ncy
in d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
proc
esse
s an
d ac
cess
to in
form
atio
n
• A
ccou
ntab
ility
(pe
rfor
man
ce r
evie
w)
of
inst
itut
ions
and
Sta
tes4
• M
echa
nism
(su
ch a
s an
om
buds
man
) or
pr
oced
ure
to r
ecei
ve c
ompl
aint
s fr
om c
ivil
soci
ety
grou
ps o
r af
fect
ed p
opul
atio
ns
• St
akeh
olde
r pa
rtic
ipat
ion
• E
quit
able
use
of r
esou
rces
(int
rage
nera
tion
al a
nd
inte
rgen
erat
iona
l equ
ity)
oth
er th
an A
rea
reso
urce
s5
Lack
res
pons
ible
bod
ies
at t
he r
egio
nal l
evel
in
man
y oc
ean
regi
ons:
• fo
r bi
odiv
ersi
ty c
onse
rvat
ion
or c
ompr
ehen
sive
oc
eans
man
agem
ent6
Lack
of e
ffec
tive
com
plia
nce
and
enfo
rcem
ent
mec
hani
sms
• N
o co
oper
ativ
e in
spec
tion,
mon
itori
ng a
nd
cont
rol p
roce
dure
s fo
r ac
tivit
ies
othe
r th
an
fishi
ng a
nd s
hipp
ing
in s
ome
regi
ons;
• N
o co
oper
ativ
e su
rvei
llanc
e, in
spec
tion
and
enfo
rcem
ent m
echa
nism
s, o
ther
than
on
a ca
se-
by-c
ase
basi
s.
9
Complete tables
Exi
stin
g A
cti
viti
es
Act
ivit
y E
xist
ing
inst
rum
ents
and
or
gani
zati
ons
(see
also
Ann
ex I
I)
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Fish
ing
UN
CLO
S, e
sp. P
arts
VII
an
d X
II
• Fl
ag s
tate
dut
ies:
art
s.
art.
91(1
), 9
4
• C
onse
rvat
ion
of h
igh
seas
livi
ng r
esou
rces
: ar
ts. 1
16-1
20
• G
ener
al e
nvir
onm
enta
l ob
ligat
ions
: art
s. 1
92,
194,
195
, 196
. 197
, 20
4-20
6.
Oth
er I
nstr
umen
ts
(inc
ludi
ng m
eeti
ng o
f pa
rtie
s w
here
app
licab
le)
• U
NFS
A
• FA
O C
ompl
ianc
e A
gree
men
t
• R
egio
nal f
ishe
ries
m
anag
emen
t co
nven
-tio
ns (s
ee T
able
2)
• C
BD
, CM
S, C
ITE
S
• U
NG
A R
esol
utio
ns
UN
FSA
• A
pplie
s on
ly to
hig
hly
mig
rato
ry a
nd s
trad
dlin
g fis
h st
ocks
, but
not
spe
cific
ally
to d
iscr
ete
high
se
as fi
sh s
tock
s
• D
oes
not e
xplic
itly
requ
ire
Part
ies
to r
efor
m
RFM
Os
to e
nsur
e co
nfor
mit
y w
ith U
NFS
A.
Com
plia
nce
Agr
eem
ent
• So
me
cons
ider
it n
ot to
be
stri
ctly
app
licab
le to
un
regu
late
d fis
heri
es in
are
as w
here
no
RFM
O;7
• E
xem
ptio
n fo
r ve
ssel
s un
der
24m
sub
ject
to
abus
e.
Insu
ffic
ient
reg
ulat
ion
Man
y R
FMO
s ar
e:
• N
ot r
egul
atin
g al
l act
ive
fishe
ries
with
in th
eir
rem
it (
e.g.
sha
rks)
• N
ot a
sses
sing
or
min
imiz
ing
the
impa
cts
of
fishi
ng (
e.g.
byc
atch
, vul
nera
ble
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms,
dis
card
ed a
nd a
band
oned
fish
ing
gear
, dis
char
ges)
.
Inst
itut
iona
l gap
s
No
form
al m
echa
nism
or
resp
onsi
ble
body
for:
• O
ngoi
ng c
oord
inat
ion
and
info
rmat
ion
shar
ing
amon
g R
FMO
s
• R
evie
w o
f fla
g St
ate,
por
t Sta
te o
r R
FMO
pe
rfor
man
ce
• M
onit
orin
g an
d co
ntro
l of t
rade
at
a gl
obal
leve
l8
• O
ngoi
ng c
oord
inat
ion
and
coop
erat
ion
wit
h re
gion
al o
cean
s m
anag
emen
t org
aniz
atio
ns
RFM
O g
over
nanc
e in
som
e re
gion
s ha
s no
t be
en
upda
ted
to in
clud
e:
• M
oder
n co
nser
vati
on p
rinc
iple
s (e
.g.
prec
auti
onar
y ap
proa
ch, e
cosy
stem
app
roac
h)
– So
me
RFM
Os
cont
inue
to fo
cus
on o
ptim
um
use
of ta
rget
spe
cies
;(e.
g. I
CC
AT
), a
nd d
o no
t ad
dres
s co
nser
vati
on o
r sa
fegu
ardi
ng m
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s (s
ee T
able
2)
• M
oder
n co
nser
vati
on to
ols
( e.
g. E
IAs,
SE
As,
re
pres
enta
tive
MPA
net
wor
ks)
• M
oder
n go
vern
ance
nor
ms,
e.g
. –
Exe
rcis
e of
opt
out
rig
hts
at ti
mes
in
cons
iste
nt w
ith d
uty
to c
oope
rate
and
to
cons
erve
9 –
Dec
isio
n-m
akin
g of
ten
does
not
ref
lect
eq
uita
ble
conc
erns
–
Oft
en o
nero
us r
ules
for
NG
O p
arti
cipa
tion
.
10
Act
ivit
y E
xist
ing
inst
rum
ents
and
or
gani
zati
ons
(see
also
Ann
ex I
I)
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Fish
ing
(c
onti
nued
) R
elev
ant
orga
niza
tion
s:
• U
NG
A
• R
FMO
s (s
ee T
able
2)
• FA
O
• A
dvis
ory
bodi
es, e
.g.,
ICE
S, W
EC
AF,
C
EC
AF
Port
Sta
te c
ontr
ol
• N
o un
iform
lega
lly b
indi
ng g
loba
l min
imum
st
anda
rds
for
port
sta
te c
ontr
ol to
com
bat I
UU
fis
hing
(ye
t)
Geo
grap
hic
gaps
• N
ot a
ll A
BN
J ar
e co
vere
d by
RFM
Os
or
Arr
ange
men
ts. T
he F
AO
fish
ery
advi
sory
bod
ies
in th
e C
entr
al A
tlant
ic a
re n
ot m
anda
ted
to
adop
t leg
ally
bin
ding
con
serv
atio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t mea
sure
s.
The
abo
ve m
eans
, int
er a
lia, t
hat s
trad
dlin
g an
d di
scre
te h
igh
seas
fish
sto
cks
are
not u
nder
re
gula
tion
by
RFM
Os
or (
inte
rim
) ar
rang
emen
ts
in:
• C
entr
al a
nd p
erha
ps a
lso
the
Nor
th E
ast P
acifi
c
• C
entr
al a
nd S
outh
wes
t Atla
ntic
• N
orth
ern
Indi
an O
cean
• A
rcti
c O
cean
, exc
ept f
or th
e A
tlant
ic s
ecto
r
Lack
of P
arti
cipa
tion
UN
FSA
• 67
par
ties
• M
ajor
fish
ing
stat
es s
till n
ot p
arty
(e
.g. C
hina
, Rep
ublic
of K
orea
)
• M
ajor
pow
er b
lock
s st
ill n
ot p
arty
(e
.g. m
ost L
atin
Am
eric
an s
tate
s)
Com
plia
nce
Agr
eem
ent
• O
nly
36 P
arti
es; n
ote,
how
ever
, tha
t the
EC
pa
rtic
ipat
es o
n be
half
of it
s 25
Mem
ber
Stat
es,
whi
ch m
akes
par
tici
patio
n fa
irly
sim
ilar
to
UN
FSA
In R
FMO
s
• So
me
high
sea
s fis
hing
Sta
tes
delib
erat
ely
fail
to
join
• H
igh
seas
fish
ing
Stat
es s
eeki
ng to
join
so
met
imes
not
allo
wed
full
mem
bers
hip,
or
an
equi
tabl
e al
loca
tion
of fi
shin
g op
port
uniti
es
• Fi
shin
g en
titie
s so
met
imes
not
allo
wed
to jo
in
11
Complete tables
Act
ivit
y E
xist
ing
inst
rum
ents
and
or
gani
zati
ons
(see
also
Ann
ex I
I)
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Ship
ping
U
NC
LOS,
esp
. Par
ts V
II
and
XII
• Fl
ag s
tate
dut
ies:
art
s.
91(1
), 9
4
• Pr
escr
ipti
ve a
nd
enfo
rcem
ent
juri
sdic
tion
: art
s. 2
11,
217-
220
• G
ener
al e
nvir
onm
enta
l ob
ligat
ions
: art
s. 1
92,
194,
195
, 196
. 197
, 20
4-20
6.
Oth
er c
onve
ntio
ns:
• M
AR
POL
73/7
8 an
d A
nnex
es
• SO
LAS
• B
alla
st W
ater
M
anag
emen
t C
onve
ntio
n
Rel
evan
t or
gani
zati
ons:
• IM
O
Subs
tant
ive
gaps
No
lega
lly b
indi
ng r
egul
atio
ns fo
r
• N
oise
, gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
s or
alie
n in
vasi
ve s
peci
es fr
om h
ull s
pace
s;
• A
sses
sing
flag
Sta
te o
r po
rt S
tate
per
form
ance
;10
• R
equi
ring
por
t Sta
tes
to p
rovi
de a
dequ
ate
port
re
cept
ion
faci
litie
s;11
• E
IA a
nd li
fe c
ycle
ass
essm
ent o
f shi
p co
nstr
ucti
on, d
esig
n an
d eq
uipm
ent s
tand
ards
to
pro
mot
e cl
ean
ship
s an
d cl
ean
seas
.
Insu
ffic
ient
reg
ulat
ions
for
• M
arin
e de
bris
trac
king
and
ret
riev
al;
• O
il di
scha
rge
cont
rol a
nd m
onito
ring
;
• U
se o
f evi
denc
e fr
om a
eria
l sur
veill
ance
;
• E
nsui
ng r
apid
app
licat
ion
of n
ew te
chno
logi
es
(exi
stin
g sh
ips
are
ofte
n ‘g
rand
fath
ered
’ );
• D
esig
natin
g ba
llast
wat
er c
ontr
ol a
reas
in A
BN
J.12
Geo
grap
hic
gaps
• D
isch
arge
req
uire
men
ts b
ased
on
dist
ance
from
la
nd d
o no
t pro
tect
are
as in
AB
NJ;
13
• Po
rt S
tate
s m
ay, b
ut a
re n
ot r
equi
red
to,
inve
stig
ate
and
pros
ecut
e ve
ssel
dis
char
ge
viol
atio
ns th
at ta
ke p
lace
on
the
high
sea
s.14
• P
orts
of c
onve
nien
ce m
ay b
e w
eak
link.
Inst
itut
iona
l gap
s
No
form
al m
echa
nism
for:
• C
oord
inat
ing
and
harm
oniz
ing
regi
onal
por
t St
ate
cont
rol r
egim
es;
• C
oope
rati
ve m
onit
orin
g or
enf
orce
men
t w
ith
resp
ect t
o no
n-co
mpl
ianc
e w
ith
disc
harg
e re
quir
emen
ts;
• E
nsur
ing
acco
unta
bilit
y fo
r fa
ilure
to im
plem
ent
flag
stat
e du
ties
.
IMO
gov
erna
nce
has
not b
een
upda
ted
to e
nabl
e co
nsis
tent
app
licat
ion
of:
• M
oder
n co
nser
vati
on p
rinc
iple
s, e
.g.
– Pr
ecau
tion
ary
appr
oach
not
yet
form
ally
in
corp
orat
ed in
to I
MO
sta
ndar
d se
ttin
g or
de
cisi
on m
akin
g pr
oced
ures
• M
oder
n co
nser
vati
on to
ols,
e.g
. –
Lim
ited
pro
visi
ons
for
prot
ectio
n of
‘n
etw
orks
of r
epre
sent
ativ
e m
arin
e pr
otec
ted
area
s.15
• M
oder
n go
vern
ance
nor
ms,
e.g
. –
Equ
ity—
deci
sion
mak
ing
proc
edur
es a
nd
requ
irem
ents
for
entr
y in
to fo
rce
of n
ew
inst
rum
ents
may
ena
ble
maj
or fl
ag S
tate
s to
bl
ock
‘gre
ener
’ reg
ulat
ion.
12
Act
ivit
y E
xist
ing
inst
rum
ents
and
or
gani
zati
ons
(see
also
Ann
ex I
I)
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Dum
ping
Of
Was
tes
And
O
ther
Mat
ter
UN
CLO
S
Part
s V
II, e
spec
ially
Fla
g st
ate
duti
es: a
rt. 9
4
• Pa
rt X
II, i
nclu
ding
ge
nera
l obl
igat
ions
ar
ts. 1
92, 1
94, 1
95,
196,
204
-206
.
• Pr
escr
ipti
ve a
nd
enfo
rcem
ent
juri
sdic
tion
: art
s. 2
10,
216
Oth
er C
onve
ntio
ns
• Lo
ndon
Con
vent
ion
1972
• Lo
ndon
Pro
toco
l 199
6
Rel
evan
t or
gani
zati
ons/
MO
Ps:
• M
OP
Lond
on
Con
vent
ion
&
Prot
ocol
• So
me
regi
onal
oce
ans
man
agem
ent
orga
niza
tion
s (
see
Tab
le 2
)
• U
NFC
C/K
yoto
Pr
otoc
ol r
e: C
O2
stor
age?
• K
yoto
Pro
toco
l re:
ca
rbon
cre
dits
?
Subs
tant
ive
gaps
Insu
ffic
ient
reg
ulat
ion
of:
• O
cean
fert
iliza
tion
(pl
acem
ent o
f mat
ter
(e.g
. ir
on)
for
the
purp
oses
of s
tim
ulat
ing
phyt
opla
nkto
n bl
oom
s sh
ould
be
subj
ect t
o th
e pe
rmitt
ing
requ
irem
ents
for
dum
ping
und
er
UN
CLO
S an
d th
e Lo
ndon
Con
vent
ion,
and
th
e du
mpi
ng p
rohi
biti
on o
f Lon
don
Prot
ocol
16
but s
uch
regu
lati
ons
have
not
yet
bee
n ad
opte
d;17
• D
irec
t inj
ectio
n of
CO
2 (w
hich
cou
ld b
e cl
assi
fied
as d
umpi
ng o
f ind
ustr
ial w
aste
) is
ar
guab
ly te
chni
cally
pro
hibi
ted
unde
r Lo
ndon
C
onve
ntio
n, b
ut S
tate
s an
d pr
ivat
e en
titie
s ar
e st
ill c
onsi
deri
ng p
ropo
sals
.
Stat
e re
spon
sibi
lity
gaps
• Lo
ndon
Con
vent
ion/
Prot
ocol
do
not d
irec
tly
requ
ire
Stat
es to
reg
ulat
e th
e co
nduc
t of t
heir
na
tion
als
(oth
er th
an v
esse
ls)
in A
BN
J, u
nlik
e U
NC
LOS,
e.g
., w
ith r
espe
ct to
act
ivit
ies
in th
e A
rea;
• T
here
are
no
spec
ific
inte
rnat
iona
l rul
es fo
r St
ate
resp
onsi
bilit
y re
gard
ing
acts
don
e in
AB
NJ
by n
atio
nals
(ot
her
than
ves
sels
) su
bjec
t to
thei
r ju
risd
icti
on o
r co
ntro
l.
Inst
itut
iona
l gap
s
No
spec
ific
mec
hani
sms
rega
rdin
g:
• N
on-c
ompl
ianc
e by
Sta
tes
Part
ies
to U
NC
LOS
but n
ot to
the
Lond
on C
onve
ntio
n
• C
oope
rati
ve m
onit
orin
g an
d en
forc
emen
t in
A
BN
J.18
Inco
nsis
tent
man
date
s
• 19
96 P
roto
col i
s m
eant
to e
vent
ually
rep
lace
the
1972
Con
vent
ion.
Unt
il th
en, t
wo
dist
inct
re
gim
es a
pply
on
the
high
sea
s, d
epen
ding
on
the
flag
Stat
e of
the
vess
el o
r th
e or
igin
of t
he
mat
eria
l to
be d
umpe
d.
• Pr
ecau
tion
ary
appr
oach
em
bodi
ed in
199
6 Pr
otoc
ol is
not
ref
lect
ed in
oth
er in
stru
men
ts
rela
ted
to m
arin
e po
llutio
n.
Lack
of P
arti
cipa
tion
• Lo
ndon
Con
vent
ion:
82
Part
ies
• Lo
ndon
Pro
toco
l: 31
Par
ties
13
Complete tables
Act
ivit
y E
xist
ing
inst
rum
ents
and
or
gani
zati
ons
(see
also
Ann
ex I
I)
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Mar
ine
Scie
ntif
ic
Res
earc
h (M
SR)
UN
CLO
S
• Pa
rt X
II e
nvir
onm
enta
l du
ties
, inc
ludi
ng
gene
ral o
blig
atio
ns:
arts
. 192
, 194
, 195
, 19
6. 1
97, 2
04-2
06
• Pa
rt X
III
on M
SR
• Pa
rt X
I on
The
Are
a,
espe
cial
ly 1
43, 1
45,
147.
• Pa
rt V
I on
Con
tinen
tal
Shel
f
Reg
iona
l Con
vent
ions
• A
ntar
ctic
Tre
aty
and
its
Mad
rid
Prot
ocol
• O
SPA
R C
onve
ntio
n
Rel
evan
t or
gani
zati
ons
• U
NE
SCO
In
terg
over
nmen
tal
Oce
anog
raph
ic
Com
mis
sion
(IO
C)19
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sea
bed
Aut
hori
ty (
ISA
)20
Subs
tant
ive
gaps
• N
o in
tern
atio
nal r
equi
rem
ents
for
EIA
, pr
even
tion
or m
inim
izat
ion
of a
dver
se im
pact
s or
con
flict
s w
ith o
ther
sea
bed
acti
vitie
s, o
r on
goin
g m
onit
orin
g of
eff
ects
;
• G
over
nmen
t res
earc
h ve
ssel
s ar
e ex
empt
from
M
AR
POL
73/7
8 di
scha
rge
and
othe
r re
quir
emen
ts21
Geo
grap
hic
gaps
No
regi
onal
reg
ulat
ion
of M
SR o
ther
than
in th
e A
ntar
ctic
Tre
aty
area
sou
th o
f 60
degr
ees
sout
h la
titu
de, a
nd in
the
Nor
th E
ast A
tlant
ic, w
here
the
OSP
AR
Com
mis
sion
is d
evel
opin
g a
code
of
cond
uct,.
Inco
nsis
tent
man
date
s
• U
nlik
e M
SR r
elev
ant
to m
iner
al r
esou
rces
of t
he
Are
a, M
SR fo
r ot
her
purp
oses
is n
ot s
ubje
ct to
st
rict
env
iron
men
tal s
tand
ards
• Fo
r re
sear
ch o
n th
e le
gal c
ontin
enta
l she
lf, c
oast
al
Stat
es m
ay w
ithho
ld th
eir
cons
ent t
o M
SR if
it
invo
lves
dri
lling
, the
use
of e
xplo
sive
s or
the
intr
oduc
tion
of h
arm
ful s
ubst
ance
s22(i
.e.,
pote
ntia
l for
adv
erse
impa
ct),
but
no
such
pr
ovis
ions
exi
st fo
r no
n-m
inin
g re
late
d M
SR in
A
BN
J.
Inst
itut
iona
l gap
s
Lack
of g
loba
l ins
titut
ion/
mec
hani
sm to
:
• R
evie
w E
IAs
and
asse
ss p
oten
tial a
nd c
umul
ativ
e im
pact
s
• B
alan
ce a
ny p
oten
tially
una
void
able
har
m th
at
may
be
caus
ed b
y a
part
icul
ar e
xper
imen
t aga
inst
th
e be
nefit
s of
the
ensu
ing
know
ledg
e to
hu
man
ity.
23
• E
nhan
ce s
hari
ng o
f inf
orm
atio
n an
d co
ordi
nati
on
and
coop
erat
ion,
oth
er th
an w
ith
resp
ect t
o se
abed
min
ing
rela
ted
stud
ies
in th
e A
rea.
• U
pdat
e re
quir
emen
ts to
ena
ble
cons
iste
nt
appl
icat
ion
of m
oder
n go
vern
ance
and
co
nser
vati
on p
rinc
iple
s an
d to
ols
14
Act
ivit
y E
xist
ing
inst
rum
ents
and
or
gani
zati
ons
(see
also
Ann
ex I
I)
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Bio
pros
pect
ing
For
MG
R
UN
CLO
S
• Pa
rt X
II e
nvir
onm
enta
l du
ties
, inc
ludi
ng
gene
ral o
blig
atio
ns:
arts
. 192
, 194
, 195
, 19
6. 1
97, 2
04-2
06
• Pa
rt X
III
MSR
dut
ies
(see
MSR
abo
ve)
• Pa
rt X
I on
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sea
bed
Are
a?
Oth
er C
onve
ntio
ns
• C
BD
-gen
eral
pr
inci
ples
Subs
tant
ive
gaps
• T
he te
rms
“bio
pros
pect
ing”
and
“m
arin
e ge
neti
c re
sour
ces”
are
not
men
tione
d in
U
NC
LOS,
and
the
prov
isio
ns o
f CB
D d
o no
t fu
lly g
over
n M
GR
in A
BN
J;
• N
o de
taile
d re
gula
tory
req
uire
men
ts fo
r E
IA,
prev
entio
n or
min
imiz
atio
n of
adv
erse
impa
cts
or c
onfli
cts
with
oth
er s
eabe
d ac
tivi
ties,
or
ongo
ing
mon
itor
ing
of e
ffec
ts;
• G
over
nmen
t res
earc
h ve
ssel
s ar
e ex
empt
from
M
AR
POL
73/7
8 di
scha
rge
and
othe
r re
quir
emen
ts;24
• N
o sp
ecifi
c re
quir
emen
ts fo
r eq
uita
ble
use
of
MG
R o
ther
than
pot
enti
ally
with
res
pect
to
MG
R in
the
Are
a.
Geo
grap
hic
gaps
• O
ther
than
in th
e A
ntar
ctic
Tre
aty
area
sou
th o
f 60
deg
rees
sou
th la
titud
e, a
nd in
the
Nor
th E
ast
Atla
ntic
, whe
re th
e O
SPA
R C
omm
issi
on is
de
velo
ping
a c
ode
of c
ondu
ct, n
o re
gion
al
regu
lati
on o
f bio
pros
pect
ing.
Inst
itut
iona
l gap
s
Lack
of g
loba
l ins
titut
ion/
mec
hani
sm to
:
• R
evie
w E
IAs
and
asse
ss p
oten
tial a
nd c
umul
ativ
e im
pact
s;
• B
alan
ce a
ny p
oten
tially
una
void
able
har
m th
at
may
be
caus
ed b
y a
part
icul
ar e
xper
imen
t aga
inst
th
e be
nefit
s of
the
ensu
ring
kno
wle
dge
to
hum
anit
y;25
• E
nhan
ce s
hari
ng o
f inf
orm
atio
n an
d co
ordi
nati
on
and
coop
erat
ion;
• Pr
ovid
e fo
r th
e eq
uita
ble
shar
ing
of fi
nanc
ial a
nd
othe
r ec
onom
ic b
enef
its d
eriv
ed fr
om a
ctiv
itie
s in
th
e A
rea
(whi
ch e
xist
s fo
r no
n-liv
ing
reso
urce
s);
• U
pdat
e re
quir
emen
ts to
ena
ble
cons
iste
nt
appl
icat
ion
of m
oder
n go
vern
ance
and
co
nser
vati
on p
rinc
iple
s an
d to
ols.
Inco
nsis
tent
man
date
s
• U
nlik
e M
SR r
elev
ant
to m
iner
al r
esou
rces
of t
he
Are
a, r
esea
rch
and
biop
rosp
ectin
g re
late
d to
M
GR
are
not
sub
ject
to I
SA r
egul
atio
n an
d en
viro
nmen
tal p
rote
ctio
ns.
• In
itial
bio
pros
pect
ing
activ
itie
s m
ay b
e in
dist
ingu
isha
ble
from
MSR
26, b
ut th
e en
d pr
oduc
ts a
re q
uite
diff
eren
t.
15
Complete tables
Act
ivit
y E
xist
ing
inst
rum
ents
and
or
gani
zati
ons
(see
also
Ann
ex I
I)
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Con
stru
ctin
g A
rtif
icia
l Isl
ands
an
d In
stal
lati
ons
UN
CLO
S
• Pa
rt X
II:
envi
ronm
enta
l dut
ies,
in
clud
ing
gene
ral
oblig
atio
ns: a
rts.
192
, 19
4, 1
95, 1
96, 1
97,
204-
206
• A
rts.
208
and
214
for
pollu
tion
from
sea
bed
acti
viti
es s
ubje
ct to
na
tion
al ju
risd
icti
on
• A
rts.
209
and
215
for
pollu
tion
from
ac
tivi
ties
in th
e A
rea
• Pa
rt V
I (c
onti
nent
al
shel
f)
• Pa
rt X
I ar
t. 14
5 an
d 14
7.1-
.2 f
or m
inin
g-
rela
ted
inst
alla
tion
s
• A
rt. 1
47.3
and
19
4.3(
d) fo
r no
n-m
inin
g- r
elat
ed
inst
alla
tion
s27
Oth
er C
onve
ntio
ns
MA
RPO
L 73
/78
and
its
Ann
exes
Rel
evan
t or
gani
sati
ons:
• IS
A (
for
seab
ed
min
eral
-rel
ated
ac
tivi
ties
)
• IM
O (
for
disc
harg
es)
Subs
tant
ive
gaps
• U
ncle
ar if
the
refe
renc
es in
Art
s. 2
09 a
nd 2
15 o
f U
NC
LOS
to “
acti
viti
es in
the
Are
a” a
lso
refe
r to
non
-min
ing
rela
ted
activ
itie
s;
• A
rts.
208
and
209
of U
NC
LOS
envi
sion
de
velo
pmen
t of g
loba
l and
reg
iona
l rul
es a
nd
stan
dard
s fo
r pr
even
tion
of p
ollu
tion,
but
not
fo
r bi
odiv
ersi
ty c
onse
rvat
ion;
• N
o re
quir
emen
t fo
r E
IA, p
reve
ntio
n or
m
inim
izat
ion
of a
dver
se im
pact
s or
con
flict
s w
ith
othe
r se
abed
act
iviti
es, o
r on
goin
g m
onito
ring
of e
ffec
ts.
Geo
grap
hic
gaps
• N
o re
gula
tion
s fo
r im
pact
s, e
xcep
t tho
se r
elat
ed
to d
isch
arge
s or
sea
bed
min
ing
acti
vitie
s, o
ther
th
an in
the
Ant
arct
ic T
reat
y ar
ea a
nd p
ossi
bly
the
Nor
thea
st A
tlant
ic th
roug
h O
SPA
R.
Inst
itut
iona
l gap
s
Lack
of a
res
pons
ible
bod
y to
:
• R
egul
ate
seab
ed a
ctiv
ities
oth
er th
an th
ose
rela
ted
to th
e re
sour
ces
of th
e A
rea:
–
ISA
has
no
man
date
to a
dopt
reg
ulat
ions
re
gard
ing
impa
cts
from
sea
bed
acti
viti
es n
ot
rela
ted
to m
iner
als;
• R
egul
ate
impa
cts
of a
ctiv
ities
in th
e w
ater
co
lum
n (.
e.g.
, noi
se),
oth
er t
han
disc
harg
es;
• E
nsur
e co
nsul
tati
on a
mon
gst u
sers
to p
reve
nt
conf
licts
of u
se a
nd to
con
serv
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty.
• La
ck u
pdat
ing
mec
hani
sm to
ena
ble
cons
iste
nt
appl
icat
ion
of m
oder
n go
vern
ance
and
co
nser
vati
on p
rinc
iple
s an
d to
ols.
16
Act
ivit
y E
xist
ing
inst
rum
ents
and
or
gani
zati
ons
(see
also
Ann
ex I
I)
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Layi
ng C
able
s A
nd P
ipel
ines
U
NC
LOS
• Pa
rt V
II, s
peci
fic fl
ag
stat
e du
ties
art
s.
112-
115,
79.
5
• Pa
rt X
II e
nvir
onm
enta
l du
ties
, inc
ludi
ng
gene
ral o
blig
atio
ns:
arts
. 192
, 194
, 195
, 19
6. 1
97, 2
04-2
06
Oth
er C
onve
ntio
ns
• 18
84 C
onve
ntio
n fo
r th
e Pr
otec
tion
of
Subm
arin
e T
eleg
raph
C
able
s
• A
ntar
ctic
Tre
aty
Env
iron
men
t Pr
otoc
ol
and
OSP
AR
C
onve
ntio
n at
reg
iona
l le
vel
Rel
evan
t or
gani
zati
on:
• N
one
Subs
tant
ive
gaps
• N
o de
taile
d re
quir
emen
ts fo
r E
IA, p
reve
ntio
n or
min
imiz
atio
n of
adv
erse
impa
cts
or c
onfli
cts
wit
h ot
her
seab
ed a
ctiv
ities
, or
ong
oing
m
onito
ring
of e
ffec
ts;
• N
o re
gula
tion
s fo
r on
goin
g m
onito
ring
of
cond
ition
of c
able
s or
pipe
lines
and
thei
r re
gula
r m
aint
enan
ce;
• N
o ru
les
requ
irin
g pe
rson
al r
espo
nsib
ility
or
inde
mni
ty fo
r da
mag
e to
bio
dive
rsity
in A
BN
J,
thou
gh U
NC
LOS
requ
ires
Sta
tes
to a
dopt
law
s an
d re
gula
tion
s ne
cess
ary
to e
nsur
e th
at p
erso
ns
subj
ect t
o th
eir
juri
sdic
tion
bear
the
cost
of
repa
ir fo
r da
mag
e to
oth
er c
able
s or
pip
elin
es in
A
BN
J.28
Inco
nsis
tent
man
date
s
Unl
ike
for
the
cont
inen
tal s
helf,
in A
BN
J th
ere
is
no m
echa
nism
to:
• R
evie
w a
nd r
egul
ate
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
of
cabl
e or
pip
elin
e la
ying
on
seab
ed A
rea.
Inst
itut
iona
l gap
s
• N
o re
spon
sibl
e bo
dy fo
r no
n-m
iner
als
rela
ted
acti
viti
es in
the
Are
a
– IS
A h
as n
o m
anda
te to
ado
pt r
egul
atio
ns
rega
rdin
g im
pact
s fr
om s
eabe
d ac
tivi
ties
not
re
late
d to
min
eral
s.
• La
ck u
pdat
ing
mec
hani
sm to
ena
ble
cons
iste
nt
appl
icat
ion
of m
oder
n go
vern
ance
and
co
nser
vati
on p
rinc
iple
s an
d to
ols.
17
Complete tables
Act
ivit
y E
xist
ing
inst
rum
ents
and
or
gani
zati
ons
(see
also
Ann
ex I
I)
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Arc
haeo
logy
U
NC
LOS
• Pa
rt X
II e
nvir
onm
enta
l du
ties
incl
udin
g ge
nera
l obl
igat
ions
: ar
ts. 1
92, 1
94, 1
95,
196.
197
, 204
-206
A
rt. 1
49
(arc
haeo
logi
cal o
bjec
ts
foun
d in
the
Are
a)
Art
. 303
(ge
nera
l pr
ovis
ions
on
arch
aeol
ogic
al a
nd
hist
oric
al o
bjec
ts fo
und
at s
ea).
Oth
er c
onve
ntio
ns o
r re
gula
tion
s
• U
NE
SCO
Con
vent
ion
on th
e Pr
otec
tion
of
Und
erw
ater
Cul
tura
l H
erit
age
(UC
H)
(not
in
forc
e)
Rel
evan
t or
gani
zati
on:
• U
nder
UC
H,
UN
ESC
O a
nd I
SA
• N
o re
gula
tion
s sp
ecifi
c to
this
act
ivity
in A
BN
J ar
e in
pla
ce;
• U
nder
the
UC
H C
onve
ntio
n (n
ot in
forc
e), t
he
anne
x on
Rul
es c
once
rnin
g ac
tivi
ties
dire
cted
at
UC
H a
ppea
rs to
app
ly o
nly
to o
bjec
ts fo
und
on
the
cont
inen
tal s
helf,
not
in t
he A
rea;
29
• U
CH
Con
vent
ion
enco
urag
es n
on-i
ntru
sive
ob
serv
atio
n an
d to
uris
m, b
ut n
o ru
les
deve
lope
d to
gui
de d
eep
sea
tour
ism
(se
e be
low
).
• La
ck u
pdat
ing
mec
hani
sm to
ena
ble
cons
iste
nt
appl
icat
ion
of m
oder
n go
vern
ance
and
co
nser
vati
on p
rinc
iple
s an
d to
ols.
18
Act
ivit
y E
xist
ing
inst
rum
ents
and
or
gani
zati
ons
(see
also
Ann
ex I
I)
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
G
over
nanc
e ga
ps
Mili
tary
Act
ivit
ies
UN
CLO
S,
– So
vere
ign
imm
unit
y A
rts.
95,
96,
236
30
Oth
er c
onve
ntio
ns o
r re
gula
tion
s
• C
BD
• R
elev
ant
orga
niza
tion
: N
one
• U
nder
UN
CLO
S, e
ach
Stat
e is
to e
nsur
e th
at it
s ve
ssel
s an
d ai
rcra
ft a
ct in
a m
anne
r co
nsis
tent
w
ith
the
envi
ronm
enta
l pro
visi
ons
in P
art X
II
(as
far
as r
easo
nabl
e), b
ut n
ot a
ll na
vies
hav
e ad
opte
d w
ell d
evel
oped
env
iron
men
tal
prot
ectio
n or
pol
lutio
n pr
even
tion
polic
ies;
• N
o in
tern
atio
nal m
easu
res
exis
t to
limit
dang
ers
of s
onar
to m
arin
e liv
ing
orga
nism
s;
• M
any
vess
els
are
exem
pted
from
the
oblig
atio
ns
unde
r m
any
inte
rnat
iona
l ins
trum
ents
(e.
g.
MA
RPO
L 73
/78,
Ann
exes
of t
he M
adri
d Pr
otoc
ol to
the
Ant
arct
ic T
reat
y).
• La
ck m
echa
nism
to c
onsi
sten
t app
licat
ion
of
mod
ern
gove
rnan
ce a
nd c
onse
rvat
ion
prin
cipl
es
and
tool
s.
• N
o m
echa
nism
s to
hol
d St
ates
acc
ount
able
for
envi
ronm
enta
l dam
age
Ove
rflig
ht
UN
CLO
S
• Pa
rt X
II
Env
iron
men
tal d
utie
s;
• Pr
escr
ipti
ve a
nd
enfo
rcem
ent
juri
sdic
tion
: art
s. 2
12,
222
Oth
er C
onve
ntio
ns
• 19
44 C
onve
ntio
n on
In
tern
atio
nal C
ivil
Avi
atio
n
• Lo
ndon
Con
vent
ion
and
Prot
ocol
(d
umpi
ng)31
Rel
evan
t or
gani
zati
on:
• In
tern
atio
nal C
ivil
Avi
atio
n O
rgan
izat
ion
(IC
AO
) 32
• N
o co
nsid
erat
ion
of th
e im
pact
s of
noi
se fr
om
low
alti
tude
flig
hts
on m
arin
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty.
19
Complete tables
New
an
d e
merg
ing A
cti
viti
es
Act
ivit
y
Rel
evan
t leg
al in
stru
men
ts a
nd in
tern
atio
nal b
odie
s G
aps (
regu
lato
ry a
nd g
over
nanc
e)
Met
hane
Hyd
rate
M
inin
g U
NC
LOS
Par
t X
II e
nvir
onm
enta
l dut
ies.
If i
n A
rea,
Par
t X
I; P
art
VII
, fla
g St
ate
duti
es a
nd a
rts.
209
and
215
wit
h re
spec
t to
pollu
tion
from
act
ivit
ies
in
Are
a. I
f on
exte
nded
con
tinen
tal s
helf,
Art
. 208
and
214
wit
h re
spec
t to
pollu
tion
from
sea
-bas
ed a
ctiv
itie
s su
bjec
t to
thei
r ju
risd
icti
on.
Oth
er C
onve
ntio
ns
• M
AR
POL
73/7
8 (a
s re
gard
s di
scha
rges
)
• C
BD
(pr
oces
ses
and
acti
viti
es)
Rel
evan
t or
gani
zati
on
• IS
A if
in th
e A
rea;
the
defin
itio
n of
res
ourc
es in
Are
a as
“al
l sol
id, l
iqui
d or
gas
eous
min
eral
res
ourc
es in
sit
u” w
ould
incl
ude
met
hane
hyd
rate
s,
but t
he I
SA h
as n
ot y
et s
peci
fical
ly r
egul
ated
this
act
ivit
y. S
uch
regu
lati
ons
wou
ld a
lso
guid
e m
etha
ne h
ydra
te r
elat
ed a
ctiv
itie
s on
the
cont
inen
tal s
helf.
33
Ene
rgy
Faci
litie
s (e
.g. F
loat
ing
Nuc
lear
Pow
er,
Wav
e, S
olar
)
UN
CLO
S
Par
t V
II fl
ag S
tate
dut
ies;
Par
t X
II e
nvir
onm
enta
l dut
ies
and
UN
CLO
S ru
les
rela
ting
to c
onst
ruct
ing
arti
ficia
l isl
ands
and
inst
alla
tion
s (s
ee a
bove
)
Oth
er C
onve
ntio
ns
• M
AR
POL
73/7
8 (d
isch
arge
s)
• C
BD
(pr
oces
ses
and
acti
viti
es)
Rel
evan
t or
gani
zati
on
• IM
O fo
r di
scha
rges
Reg
ulat
ory
gaps
Subs
tant
ive
gaps
:
• N
o de
taile
d re
quir
emen
ts fo
r E
IA, p
reve
ntio
n or
m
inim
izat
ion
of a
dver
se im
pact
s or
con
flict
s w
ith
othe
r se
abed
act
ivit
ies,
or
ongo
ing
mon
itor
ing
of
effe
cts;
• N
o ex
plic
it re
quir
emen
ts fo
r th
e:
– C
onse
rvat
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
use
of th
e ‘c
ompo
nent
s’ o
f mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
; or
– R
ecog
niti
on a
nd p
rote
ctio
n of
‘vul
nera
ble
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms’,
eco
logi
cally
and
bi
olog
ical
ly s
igni
fican
t are
as, o
r ne
twor
ks o
f re
pres
enta
tive
MPA
s.
Gov
erna
nce
gaps
• La
ck in
stit
utio
n/up
dati
ng m
echa
nism
s to
ena
ble
cons
iste
nt a
pplic
atio
n of
mod
ern
gove
rnan
ce a
nd
cons
erva
tion
pri
ncip
les
and
tool
s.
20
Act
ivit
y
Rel
evan
t leg
al in
stru
men
ts a
nd in
tern
atio
nal b
odie
s G
aps (
regu
lato
ry a
nd g
over
nanc
e)
Ope
n O
cean
A
quac
ultu
re
UN
CLO
S
Par
t V
II fl
ag S
tate
dut
ies;
Par
t X
II e
nvir
onm
enta
l dut
ies
(par
ticu
larl
y ar
t.
196
(int
rodu
ctio
n of
alie
n or
new
spe
cies
)) a
nd U
NC
LOS
rule
s re
latin
g to
co
nstr
uctin
g ar
tific
ial i
slan
ds a
nd in
stal
latio
ns (
see
abov
e)
Oth
er C
onve
ntio
ns
• M
AR
POL
73/7
8 (d
isch
arge
s)
• C
BD
(pr
oces
ses
and
acti
viti
es)
Rel
evan
t or
gani
zati
on
• FA
O
• IM
O (
disc
harg
es)
Oth
er c
onve
ntio
ns o
r re
gula
tion
s
• C
BD
(pr
oces
ses
and
acti
viti
es)
Dee
p Se
a T
ouri
sm
(e.g
. to
expl
ore
hydr
othe
rmal
ven
ts,
cora
l ree
fs an
d w
reck
s)
UN
CLO
S
Part
VII
, fla
g St
ate
duti
es a
nd P
art X
II e
nvir
onm
enta
l dut
ies
Oth
er c
onve
ntio
ns o
r re
gula
tion
s
• C
BD
(pr
oces
ses
and
acti
viti
es)
• U
CH
Con
vent
ion
Rel
evan
t or
gani
zati
on: N
one
21
Complete tables
Act
ivit
y
Rel
evan
t leg
al in
stru
men
ts a
nd in
tern
atio
nal b
odie
s G
aps (
regu
lato
ry a
nd g
over
nanc
e)
Oth
er E
mer
ging
an
d P
oten
tial
Fu
ture
Act
ivit
ies
UN
CLO
S
Part
VII
, fla
g St
ate
duti
es a
nd P
art X
II e
nvir
onm
enta
l dut
ies
Oth
er c
onve
ntio
ns o
r re
gula
tion
s
• C
BD
(pr
oces
ses
and
acti
viti
es)
Rel
evan
t or
gani
zati
on: N
one
22
Tab
le 2
: Reg
ulat
ory
and
go
vern
ance
gap
s at
the
reg
iona
l lev
el
RE
GIO
NA
L O
CE
AN
A
GR
EE
ME
NT
S M
AN
DA
TE
OR
OB
JEC
TIV
E
Reg
ulat
ory
Gap
s G
over
nanc
e G
aps
Arc
tic
• N
o bi
ndin
g le
gal i
nstr
umen
t fo
r ei
ther
fish
erie
s or
bio
dive
rsit
y co
nser
vati
on o
utsi
de o
f the
A
tlan
tic
sect
or. 3
4
• A
rcti
c C
ounc
il ha
s no
reg
ulat
ory
com
pete
nce.
Ant
arct
ic
Con
vent
ion
for
the
Con
serv
atio
n of
Ant
arct
ic
Mar
ine
Livi
ng R
esou
rces
, (C
CA
MLR
),35
198
0, in
forc
e 19
82
To
ensu
re th
e co
nser
vati
on,
incl
udin
g ra
tion
al u
se, o
f A
ntar
ctic
livi
ng m
arin
e re
sour
ces
• N
o ga
ps in
spe
cies
or
ecos
yste
ms
wit
hin
area
of c
ompe
tenc
e
• C
anno
t reg
ulat
e by
-cat
ch o
f sp
ecie
s of
con
cern
to th
e A
ntar
ctic
ec
osys
tem
(e.
g. s
eabi
rds)
whe
n su
ch s
peci
es a
re lo
cate
d ou
tsid
e th
e tr
eaty
are
a.
• In
abili
ty to
reg
ulat
e th
e ac
tivi
ties
of
fishi
ng v
esse
ls fr
om n
on-m
embe
r st
ates
de
spit
e U
NC
LOS/
UN
FSA
dut
y to
co
oper
ate.
36
• R
estr
icte
d tr
ansp
aren
cy
• N
o R
FMO
per
form
ance
rev
iew
The
Ant
arct
ic T
reat
y37, 1
959,
in
forc
e 19
63
To
ensu
re th
at A
ntar
ctic
a sh
all
cont
inue
fore
ver
• to
be
used
exc
lusi
vely
for
peac
eful
pur
pose
s,
• to
faci
litat
e sc
ient
ific
rese
arch
an
d
• to
pro
mot
e in
tern
atio
nal
coop
erat
ion
in s
cien
tific
in
vest
igat
ions
.38
• T
he b
ound
arie
s of
the
Ant
arct
ic
Tre
aty
and
CC
AM
LR d
o no
t co
inci
de, a
s th
e A
T e
xclu
des
the
Ant
arct
ic c
onve
rgen
ce a
rea.
39
• In
abili
ty to
ens
ure
com
plia
nce
by n
on-
mem
bers
, or
by n
atio
nals
of m
embe
rs
flagg
ing
thei
r ve
ssel
s to
non
-mem
ber
Stat
es.
• La
ck o
f col
labo
rati
ve e
nfor
cem
ent
mea
sure
s.40
Pro
toco
l on
Env
iron
men
t P
rote
ctio
n (M
adri
d E
nvir
onm
ent
Pro
toco
l), 1
991,
in
forc
e 19
98 (
Ann
ex V
, 200
2)
To
esta
blis
h a
com
preh
ensi
ve
envi
ronm
enta
l reg
ime
to e
nsur
e th
e pr
otec
tion
of t
he A
ntar
ctic
en
viro
nmen
t and
dep
ende
nt a
nd
asso
ciat
ed e
cosy
stem
s.41
• A
ntar
ctic
Spe
cial
ly P
rote
cted
A
reas
and
Ant
arct
ic S
peci
ally
M
anag
ed A
reas
wit
h a
sign
ifica
nt
mar
ine
com
pone
nt c
anno
t be
esta
blis
hed
wit
hout
the
cons
ent o
f th
e m
embe
rs o
f CC
AM
LR.
• A
ctiv
itie
s su
bjec
t to
requ
irem
ents
for
EIA
, 42 b
ut th
e C
omm
itte
e fo
r E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
lack
s th
e po
wer
to fo
rbid
pro
ject
s lik
ely
to h
ave
sign
ifica
nt a
dver
se im
pact
s.
23
Complete tables
RE
GIO
NA
L O
CE
AN
A
GR
EE
ME
NT
S M
AN
DA
TE
OR
OB
JEC
TIV
E
Reg
ulat
ory
Gap
s G
over
nanc
e G
aps
Atla
ntic
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
vent
ion
for
the
Con
serv
atio
n of
Atl
anti
c T
unas
(I
CC
AT
), 1
966,
in fo
rce
1969
To
mai
ntai
n po
pula
tion
s of
tuna
an
d tu
na-l
ike
fishe
s fo
und
in th
e A
tlant
ic O
cean
at l
evel
s w
hich
pe
rmit
the
max
imum
sus
tain
able
ca
tch
for
food
and
oth
er
purp
oses
. Cov
ers
30 tu
na a
nd
tuna
-lik
e fis
hes.
• N
o di
rect
man
date
to s
afeg
uard
th
e m
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s in
whi
ch
targ
eted
fish
erie
s re
sour
ces
occu
r.
• IC
CA
T in
terp
rets
MSY
as
a ta
rget
, not
a li
mit
.
• B
y ca
tch
mea
sure
s fo
r se
a tu
rtle
s an
d se
abir
ds a
re o
nly
volu
ntar
y.43
• D
irec
ted
shar
k fis
heri
es d
o no
t ap
pear
to b
e re
gula
ted,
thou
gh
byca
tch
is.44
• N
o co
oper
ativ
e sy
stem
for
boar
ding
and
insp
ecti
on
inst
itut
ed.45
• N
o sp
ecifi
c re
fere
nce
to e
cosy
stem
ap
proa
ch o
r pr
ecau
tion
ary
appr
oach
in
Con
vent
ion,
• N
ot s
ubje
ct to
out
side
per
form
ance
re
view
, and
has
not
yet
con
duct
ed a
n in
tern
al a
udit
.
Nor
th A
tlant
ic
Nor
th A
tlan
tic
Salm
on
Con
serv
atio
n O
rgan
izat
ion
(NA
SCO
)46
Con
serv
atio
n, r
esto
rati
on,
enha
ncem
ent a
nd r
atio
nal
man
agem
ent o
f sal
mon
sto
cks
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e be
st
scie
ntifi
c ev
iden
ce a
vaila
ble
to it
.47
Proh
ibit
s fis
hing
for
salm
on s
tock
s on
the
high
sea
s of
the
Con
vent
ion
Are
a.
Onl
y co
vers
sal
mon
sto
cks.
24
RE
GIO
NA
L O
CE
AN
A
GR
EE
ME
NT
S M
AN
DA
TE
OR
OB
JEC
TIV
E
Reg
ulat
ory
Gap
s G
over
nanc
e G
aps
Nor
thea
st A
tlant
ic
The
Con
vent
ion
on F
utur
e M
ulti
late
ral C
oope
rati
on in
N
orth
east
Atl
anti
c Fi
sher
ies48
(N
EA
FC),
198
0, in
forc
e 19
82
Ori
gina
l con
vent
ion:
To
prom
ote
cons
erva
tion
and
opt
imum
ut
iliza
tion
of f
ishe
ry r
esou
rces
of
Con
vent
ion
area
.
New
con
vent
ion:
To
ensu
re th
e lo
ng-t
erm
con
serv
atio
n an
d op
tim
um u
tilis
atio
n of
the
fishe
ry
reso
urce
s in
the
Con
vent
ion
Are
a,
prov
idin
g su
stai
nabl
e ec
onom
ic,
envi
ronm
enta
l and
soc
ial b
enef
its.
• O
nly
ad h
oc a
ctio
ns ta
ken
prio
r to
th
e ne
w C
onve
ntio
n to
man
age
non-
targ
et a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d sp
ecie
s an
d ha
bita
ts.49
• H
isto
rica
lly, n
o sy
stem
atic
ap
plic
atio
n of
an
ecos
yste
m
appr
oach
into
all
aspe
cts
of
man
agem
ent.50
• D
eep
sea
spec
ies
wer
e no
t re
gula
ted
for
man
y ye
ars,
now
m
any
are
beyo
nd s
afe
biol
ogic
al
limit
s.51
New
Con
vent
ion
cove
rs r
esou
rces
of
fish,
mol
lusc
s, c
rust
acea
ns a
nd
incl
udin
g se
dent
ary
spec
ies,
ex
clud
ing,
thos
e co
vere
d by
oth
er
inte
rnat
iona
l agr
eem
ents
.
• W
ill n
ot c
over
jelly
fish
or s
ea
cucu
mbe
r fis
heri
es th
at a
re
emer
ging
els
ewhe
re
• O
rigi
nal 1
980
conv
enti
on r
equi
red
sign
ifica
nt a
men
dmen
ts to
ens
ure
fram
ewor
k is
con
sist
ent w
ith
mod
ern
inte
rnat
iona
l leg
al c
omm
itm
ents
.52
• T
rans
pare
ncy—
IGO
s, N
GO
s an
d ot
her
obse
rver
s ha
ve h
ad n
o ac
cess
to
docu
men
ts b
efor
e C
omm
issi
on
mee
ting
s.53
Con
vent
ion
for
the
Pro
tect
ion
of t
he M
arin
e E
nvir
onm
ent
of
the
Nor
th-E
ast
Atl
anti
c (O
SPA
R C
onve
ntio
n)54, 1
992,
in
forc
e 19
98
Aim
s to
:
• Pr
omot
e co
ncer
ted
acti
on to
pr
even
t and
elim
inat
e m
arin
e po
lluti
on
• A
chie
ve s
usta
inab
le
man
agem
ent o
f the
mar
itim
e ar
ea, t
o m
eet t
he n
eeds
of
pres
ent a
nd fu
ture
ge
nera
tion
s.55
• C
over
s m
ost h
uman
act
ivit
ies
in a
co
mpr
ehen
sive
fash
ion,
but
not
fis
hing
and
shi
ppin
g.56
• Im
pact
s of
fish
ing
and
ship
ping
ar
e to
be
brou
ght t
o th
e at
tent
ion
of th
e re
leva
nt r
egio
nal o
r in
tern
atio
nal o
rgan
izat
ion.
• T
here
are
no
form
al m
echa
nism
s fo
r co
-ope
rati
on, t
houg
h a
mem
oran
dum
of u
nder
stan
ding
is
unde
r di
scus
sion
wit
h N
EA
FC
and
ICE
S
• La
cks
a co
llabo
rati
ve e
nfor
cem
ent
mec
hani
sm.57
25
Complete tables
RE
GIO
NA
L O
CE
AN
A
GR
EE
ME
NT
S M
AN
DA
TE
OR
OB
JEC
TIV
E
Reg
ulat
ory
Gap
s G
over
nanc
e G
aps
Nor
thw
est A
tlant
ic
Con
vent
ion
on t
he F
utur
e of
M
ulti
late
ral C
oope
rati
on in
the
N
orth
wes
t A
tlan
tic
Fish
erie
s (N
AFO
), 1
978,
in fo
rce
1982
Opt
imum
uti
lizat
ion,
rat
iona
l m
anag
emen
t and
con
serv
atio
n of
fis
hery
res
ourc
es o
f NA
FO
Con
vent
ion
Are
a.
Prop
osed
new
Con
vent
ion
(dra
ft
20 J
une)
: To
ensu
re th
e lo
ng-
term
con
serv
atio
n an
d su
stai
nabl
e us
e of
the
fishe
ry r
esou
rces
in th
e C
onve
ntio
n ar
ea a
nd to
saf
egua
rd
the
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
in w
hich
th
ese
reso
urce
s ar
e fo
und.
58
Ori
gina
l con
vent
ion:
• C
over
s st
radd
ling
fish
stoc
ks a
nd
disc
rete
hig
h se
as fi
sh s
tock
s (n
ot
salm
on, t
una,
mar
lins
and
wha
les)
.59
• N
o di
rect
man
date
to s
afeg
uard
th
e m
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s in
whi
ch
targ
eted
fish
erie
s re
sour
ces
occu
r.60
• O
nly
ad h
oc a
ctio
ns ta
ken
so fa
r to
man
age
non-
targ
et a
nd
asso
ciat
ed s
peci
es a
nd h
abit
ats.
61
• D
irec
ted
shar
k fis
heri
es r
emai
n un
regu
late
d, b
ut s
houl
d be
ad
dres
sed
unde
r new
Con
vent
ion.
62
• T
he o
bjec
tion
pro
cedu
re u
sed
freq
uent
ly,
mak
ing
man
agem
ent d
iffic
ult
• In
abili
ty to
reg
ulat
e th
e ac
tivi
ties
of
fishi
ng v
esse
ls fr
om n
on-m
embe
r st
ates
63
• N
ot s
ubje
ct to
out
side
per
form
ance
re
view
, and
has
not
yet
con
duct
ed a
n in
tern
al a
udit
.
The
re is
no
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y ag
reem
ent
in t
he N
orth
wes
t A
tlan
tic.
The
re is
no
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y co
nser
vati
on o
rgan
izat
ion
in t
he
Nor
thw
est
Atl
anti
c.
Cen
tral
-eas
tern
Atla
ntic
Fish
ery
Com
mit
tee
for
the
Eas
tern
Cen
tral
Atla
ntic
(C
EC
AF)
, 196
7
FAO
Art
icle
VI
advi
sory
bod
y—no
reg
ulat
ory
pow
er
The
mai
n ob
ject
ives
of t
he
Com
mit
tee
are:
(a
) to
faci
litat
e th
e co
ordi
nati
on
of r
esea
rch
and
to e
ncou
rage
ed
ucat
ion
and
trai
ning
(b
) to
ass
ist i
ts m
embe
rs in
an
advi
sory
man
agem
ent c
apac
ity
in
esta
blis
hing
rat
iona
l pol
icie
s to
pr
omot
e th
e ra
tion
al m
anag
emen
t of
res
ourc
es.
No
fish
erie
s ar
e re
gula
ted
(oth
er
than
tun
a an
d tu
na li
ke s
tock
s un
der
ICC
AT
) in
the
Eas
tern
C
entr
al A
tlan
tic.
The
re is
no
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y ag
reem
ent
in t
he C
entr
al-e
aste
rn
Atl
anti
c.
The
re is
no
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y co
nser
vati
on o
rgan
izat
ion
in t
he C
entr
al-
east
ern
Atl
anti
c.
26
RE
GIO
NA
L O
CE
AN
A
GR
EE
ME
NT
S M
AN
DA
TE
OR
OB
JEC
TIV
E
Reg
ulat
ory
Gap
s G
over
nanc
e G
aps
Cen
tral
-wes
tern
Atla
ntic
Con
vent
ion
for
the
Pro
tect
ion
and
Dev
elop
men
t of
the
Mar
ine
Env
iron
men
t of
the
Wid
er
Car
ibbe
an R
egio
n (C
arta
gena
C
onve
ntio
n)64, a
dopt
ed 1
983,
in
forc
e 19
8665
• T
o pr
even
t, re
duce
and
con
trol
po
lluti
on o
f the
Con
vent
ion
area
and
• T
o en
sure
sou
nd
envi
ronm
enta
l man
agem
ent,
usin
g fo
r th
is p
urpo
se th
e be
st
prac
tica
ble
mea
ns a
t the
ir
disp
osal
and
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith
thei
r ca
pabi
litie
s.
• T
houg
h C
onve
ntio
n ap
plie
s to
hi
gh s
eas
encl
aves
in G
ulf o
f M
exic
o an
d C
arib
bean
as
wel
l as
wat
ers
whe
re p
arti
es h
ave
not y
et
decl
ared
EE
Zs
alon
g th
eir
Atla
ntic
coa
sts,
mos
t pro
visi
ons
focu
s on
coa
stal
are
as.66
• T
wo
of th
e th
ree
prot
ocol
s no
t in
forc
e.
• U
nlik
e th
e O
SPA
R c
onve
ntio
n, th
e U
NE
P re
gion
al s
eas
conv
enti
ons
lack
st
rong
mon
itor
ing,
rep
orti
ng a
nd
asse
ssm
ent p
rovi
sion
s.
Wes
tern
Cen
tral
Atl
anti
c Fi
sher
y C
omm
issi
on67
(W
EC
AFC
), F
AO
Art
icle
VI
advi
sory
bod
y –
no r
egul
ator
y po
wer
.68
To
faci
litat
e th
e co
ordi
nati
on o
f re
sear
ch, e
ncou
rage
edu
cati
on a
nd
trai
ning
, and
ass
ist i
ts m
embe
rs in
es
tabl
ishi
ng r
atio
nal p
olic
ies
to
prom
ote
the
rati
onal
man
agem
ent
of r
esou
rces
that
are
of i
nter
est f
or
two
or m
ore
coun
trie
s.
• A
s W
EC
AF
is a
dvis
ory
only
, no
fish
erie
s ar
e re
gula
ted
(oth
er
than
tun
a an
d tu
na-
like
stoc
ks
unde
r IC
CA
T)
in t
he W
este
rn
Cen
tral
Atl
anti
c.
Sou
thea
st A
tlant
ic
C
onve
ntio
n on
the
Con
serv
atio
n an
d M
anag
emen
t of
Fis
hery
R
esou
rces
in t
he S
outh
east
A
tlan
tic
Oce
an69
(SE
AFO
),
2001
, in
forc
e 20
03
To
ensu
re th
e lo
ng-t
erm
co
nser
vati
on a
nd s
usta
inab
le u
se
of fi
sher
y re
sour
ces
on th
e hi
gh
seas
, oth
er th
an h
ighl
y m
igra
tory
st
ocks
, tak
ing
into
acc
ount
oth
er
livin
g m
arin
e re
sour
ces
and
the
prot
ecti
on o
f the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent.
• H
ighl
y m
igra
tory
sto
cks
that
are
no
t add
ress
ed b
y IC
CA
T a
re a
lso
not r
egul
ated
by
SEA
FO.
• Po
or p
arti
cipa
tion
by
dist
ant
wat
er fi
shin
g st
ates
(on
ly fo
ur o
f po
tent
ial 1
1 st
ates
are
par
ties
).
• In
abili
ty to
reg
ulat
e th
e ac
tivi
ties
of
fishi
ng v
esse
ls fr
om n
on-m
embe
r st
ates
70
Not
e: o
ne o
f few
agr
eem
ents
to r
equi
re th
at
part
ies e
nsur
e th
at th
eir
nati
onal
s and
in
dust
ries
fish
ing
in th
e co
nven
tion
are
a co
mpl
y w
ith
its p
rovi
sion
s.71
The
re is
no
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y ag
reem
ent
in t
he S
outh
Eas
t A
tlan
tic
The
re is
no
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y co
nser
vati
on o
rgan
izat
ion
in t
he S
outh
E
ast
Atl
anti
c
27
Complete tables
RE
GIO
NA
L O
CE
AN
A
GR
EE
ME
NT
S M
AN
DA
TE
OR
OB
JEC
TIV
E
Reg
ulat
ory
Gap
s G
over
nanc
e G
aps
Sou
thw
est A
tlant
ic
T
here
is n
eith
er a
n R
FMO
(FA
O
area
41)
nor
a r
egio
nal b
iodi
vers
ity
cons
erva
tion
agr
eem
ent
in t
he
Sout
hwes
t A
tlan
tic
The
re is
nei
ther
an
RFM
O (
FAO
are
a 41
) no
r a
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y co
nser
vati
on
orga
niza
tion
in t
he S
outh
wes
t A
tlan
tic
Indi
an O
cean
Agr
eem
ent
for
the
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
the
Ind
ian
Tun
a C
omm
issi
on (
IOT
C
Con
vent
ion)
, 199
372, i
n Fo
rce
1996
. FA
O a
rtic
le X
IV b
ody
To
prom
ote
coop
erat
ion
wit
h a
view
to e
nsur
ing
the
cons
erva
tion
an
d op
tim
um u
tiliz
atio
n of
sto
cks
and
enco
urag
ing
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent o
f fis
heri
es b
ased
on
such
sto
cks.
• O
nly
cove
rs tu
na a
nd tu
na-l
ike
spec
ies
(16
spec
ies
of tu
na, s
ever
al
spec
ies
of m
acke
rel,
mar
lin,
swor
dfis
h an
d sa
ilfis
h.)
• D
oes
not r
egul
ate
byca
tch
of m
ost
non-
targ
et s
peci
es
• D
oes
not r
egul
ate
dire
cted
sha
rk
fishi
ng.
• N
o pr
ovis
ions
for
prec
auti
onar
y ap
proa
ch
or e
cosy
stem
-bas
ed m
anag
emen
t in
Con
vent
ion,
rec
ent r
esol
utio
ns o
r pr
acti
ce.73
The
re is
no
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y ag
reem
ent
in t
he I
ndia
n O
cean
T
here
is n
o re
gion
al b
iodi
vers
ity
cons
erva
tion
org
aniz
atio
n in
the
Ind
ian
Oce
an
Sou
ther
n In
dian
Oce
an
Sout
hern
Ind
ian
Oce
ans
Fish
erie
s A
gree
men
t74 ,
adop
ted
2006
, (no
t yet
in fo
rce)
To
ensu
re th
e lo
ng-t
erm
co
nser
vati
on a
nd s
usta
inab
le u
se
of fi
sher
y re
sour
ces
othe
r th
an
tuna
in a
reas
that
fall
outs
ide
nati
onal
juri
sdic
tion
s. I
t con
tain
s sp
ecifi
c re
fere
nce
to th
e ne
eds
of
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ries
, the
pr
ecau
tion
ary
appr
oach
, ec
osys
tem
app
roac
h an
d du
ty to
pr
otec
t bio
dive
rsit
y in
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent.
• D
oes
not c
over
nor
ther
n In
dian
O
cean
.
28
RE
GIO
NA
L O
CE
AN
A
GR
EE
ME
NT
S M
AN
DA
TE
OR
OB
JEC
TIV
E
Reg
ulat
ory
Gap
s G
over
nanc
e G
aps
Med
iter
rane
an
Agr
eem
ent
for
the
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
the
Gen
eral
Fi
sher
ies
Cou
ncil/
Com
mis
sion
fo
r th
e M
edit
erra
nean
(GFC
M),
1949
, in
forc
e 19
52. A
men
ded
1997
, in
forc
e 20
0475
To
prom
ote
deve
lopm
ent,
cons
erva
tion
and
man
agem
ent o
f liv
ing
mar
ine
reso
urce
s.
• Sl
ow im
plem
enta
tion
of
ecos
yste
m a
ppro
ach.
76
• La
ck o
f rep
orti
ng o
n by
catc
h fr
om m
embe
rs.
• G
FCM
has
not
ado
pted
mea
sure
s to
add
ress
sea
turt
le in
tera
ctio
ns
in m
arin
e ca
ptur
e fis
heri
es77
• N
o co
oper
ativ
e en
forc
emen
t pro
visi
ons
• en
visa
ged
• N
ot a
ll of
the
24 G
FCM
par
ties
hav
e ac
cept
ed th
e 19
97 a
men
dmen
ts to
the
agre
emen
t.
The
Con
vent
ion
for
the
Pro
tect
ion
of t
he M
arin
e E
nvir
onm
ent
and
the
Coa
stal
R
egio
n of
the
Med
iter
rane
an,
1976
(B
arce
lona
Con
vent
ion)
; re
vise
d in
199
5 (
in fo
rce
in J
uly
2004
)78
To
redu
ce p
ollu
tion
in th
e M
edit
erra
nean
Sea
and
pro
tect
an
d im
prov
e th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t in
the
area
, the
reby
co
ntri
buti
ng to
its
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent.79
• N
ot a
ll of
pro
toco
ls a
re in
forc
e •
Una
ble
to e
nsur
e co
mpl
ianc
e w
ith
regi
onal
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent p
rote
ctio
n m
easu
res.
80
• La
cks
stro
ng m
onit
orin
g, r
epor
ting
and
as
sess
men
t pro
visi
ons.
81
Pac
ific
Nor
th P
acif
ic
Cen
tral
Ber
ing
Sea
Con
vent
ion82
(C
BS
Con
vent
ion)
C
onse
rvat
ion,
man
agem
ent a
nd
opti
mum
uti
lizat
ion
of P
ollo
ck
reso
urce
s in
the
Con
vent
ion
Are
a.
Onl
y co
vers
Pol
lock
sto
cks
(whi
ch
are
curr
ently
und
er
mor
ator
ium
).w
ith
no m
enti
on o
f ec
osys
tem
pro
tect
ion;
how
ever
, als
o po
ssib
ility
of a
pplic
atio
n to
oth
er
spec
ies.
Nor
th P
acif
ic A
nadr
omou
s Fi
sher
ies
Com
mis
sion
(N
PA
FC)83
To
prom
ote
the
cons
erva
tion
of
anad
rom
ous
stoc
ks in
the
Con
vent
ion
Are
a.
Cov
ers
only
sev
en s
peci
es o
f sa
lmon
84
29
Complete tables
RE
GIO
NA
L O
CE
AN
A
GR
EE
ME
NT
S M
AN
DA
TE
OR
OB
JEC
TIV
E
Reg
ulat
ory
Gap
s G
over
nanc
e G
aps
Nor
th-E
ast P
acifi
c
The
Con
vent
ion
for
Coo
pera
tion
in t
he P
rote
ctio
n an
d Su
stai
nabl
e D
evel
opm
ent
of
the
Mar
ine
and
Coa
stal
E
nvir
onm
ent
of t
he N
orth
east
P
acif
ic; a
dopt
ed 2
002
(not
yet
in
forc
e).85
To
esta
blis
h a
regi
onal
co
oper
atio
n fr
amew
ork
to
enco
urag
e an
d fa
cilit
ate
the
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent o
f m
arin
e an
d co
asta
l res
ourc
es o
f th
e co
untr
ies
of th
e N
orth
east
Pa
cific
for
the
bene
fit o
f pre
sent
an
d fu
ture
gen
erat
ions
of t
he
regi
on.
The
agr
eem
ent
only
app
lies
to
mar
itim
e ar
eas
of P
arti
es, t
hus
ther
e is
no
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y ag
reem
ent
appl
icab
le in
AB
NJ
in
the
Nor
thea
st P
acif
ic
The
re is
no
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y co
nser
vati
on o
rgan
izat
ion
appl
icab
le in
A
BN
J in
the
Nor
thea
st P
acif
ic
Nor
th W
est P
acifi
c
Nor
th W
est
Pac
ific
Oce
an
Fish
erie
s A
gree
men
t (N
WP
OFA
)86, i
nter
im a
gree
men
t ad
opte
d in
200
7
Sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent o
f fis
h st
ocks
and
pro
tect
ion
of
vuln
erab
le m
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s in
th
e hi
gh s
eas
area
s of
the
Nor
th
Wes
tern
Pac
ific
Oce
an.
The
NW
POFA
may
or
may
not
be
exte
nded
to c
over
the
Wes
tern
and
C
entr
al P
acifi
c.
The
re is
no
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y ag
reem
ent
appl
icab
le in
AB
NJ
in
the
Nor
th W
est
Pac
ific
.
The
re is
no
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y co
nser
vati
on o
rgan
izat
ion
appl
icab
le in
A
BN
J in
the
Nor
th W
est
Pac
ific
.
Wes
tern
and
Cen
tral
Pac
ific
Con
vent
ion
on t
he C
onse
rvat
ion
and
Man
agem
ent
of t
he
Mig
rato
ry F
ish
Stoc
ks in
the
W
este
rn a
nd C
entr
al P
acif
ic
Oce
an 8
7 (W
CP
FC),
200
0, in
fo
rce
2004
To
ensu
re, t
houg
h ef
fect
ive
man
agem
ent,
the
long
-ter
m
cons
erva
tion
and
sus
tain
able
use
of
hig
hly
mig
rato
ry fi
sh s
tock
s in
ac
cord
ance
wit
h U
NC
LOS
and
UN
FSA
. Agr
eem
ent r
efle
cts
the
prin
cipl
e en
viro
nmen
tal l
aw
prin
cipl
es in
corp
orat
ed in
U
NFS
A 88
• D
oes
not a
pply
to s
trad
dlin
g fis
h st
ocks
or
disc
rete
hig
h se
as fi
sh
stoc
ks.
• N
ew S
outh
Pac
ific
regi
onal
fis
heri
es a
gree
men
t for
dis
cret
e hi
gh s
eas
fishe
ries
may
not
in
clud
e th
e W
este
rn a
nd C
entr
al
Paci
fic.
30
RE
GIO
NA
L O
CE
AN
A
GR
EE
ME
NT
S M
AN
DA
TE
OR
OB
JEC
TIV
E
Reg
ulat
ory
Gap
s G
over
nanc
e G
aps
Con
vent
ion
For
the
Pro
tect
ion
of t
he N
atur
al R
esou
rces
and
E
nvir
onm
ent
of t
he S
outh
P
acif
ic R
egio
n.89 (
Nou
mea
C
onve
ntio
n), 1
986,
in fo
rce
1990
To
ensu
re th
at r
esou
rce
deve
lopm
ent i
s in
har
mon
y w
ith
the
mai
nten
ance
of t
he u
niqu
e en
viro
nmen
tal q
ualit
y of
the
regi
on a
nd th
e ev
olvi
ng p
rinc
iple
s of
sus
tain
ed r
esou
rce
man
agem
ent.90
Pro
toco
ls o
n du
mpi
ng a
nd c
oope
rati
on in
co
mba
ting
oil
pollu
tion
.91
• La
cks
stro
ng m
onit
orin
g,
repo
rtin
g an
d as
sess
men
t pr
ovis
ions
.
• A
gree
men
t do
es n
ot a
pply
to
high
sea
s re
gion
s no
t en
clos
ed b
y ex
clus
ive
econ
omic
zon
es (
high
se
as e
ncla
ves)
• T
here
is n
o re
gion
al b
iodi
vers
ity
cons
erva
tion
org
aniz
atio
n ap
plic
able
in
AB
NJ
in t
he S
outh
Pac
ific
Reg
ion
othe
r th
an in
the
hig
h se
as e
ncla
ves.
Eas
tern
Pac
ific
Con
vent
ion
for
the
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
an
Inte
r-A
mer
ican
Tro
pica
l Tun
a C
omm
issi
on (
IAT
TC
)92, 1
949,
in
forc
e, 1
950
Con
vent
ion
for
the
Stre
ngth
enin
g of
the
Int
er-
Am
eric
an T
ropi
cal T
una
Con
vent
ion
(Ant
igua
C
onve
ntio
n), 2
004.
(N
ot y
et in
fo
rce)
1949
Con
vent
ion:
To
mai
ntai
n po
pula
tion
s of
yel
low
fin a
nd
skip
jack
tuna
as
wel
l as
othe
r sp
ecie
s ta
ken
by tu
na v
esse
ls at
le
vels
per
mit
ting
MSY
yea
r af
ter
year
.
Ant
igua
Con
vent
ion93
To
ensu
re
long
-ter
m c
onse
rvat
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
use
of tu
nas
and
othe
r sp
ecie
s ta
ken
by tu
na-f
ishi
ng
vess
els
in th
e E
PO, i
n ac
cord
ance
w
ith
rele
vant
rul
es o
f in
tern
atio
nal l
aw.
• U
nder
its
orig
inal
194
9 co
nven
tion
the
IAT
TC
ado
pted
on
ly li
mit
ed c
onse
rvat
ion
and
man
agem
ent m
easu
res,
pr
inci
pally
for
bige
ye tu
na;
• O
nly
volu
ntar
y by
catc
h m
easu
res
for
seab
irds
and
sea
turt
les
in
plac
e;
• D
oes
not r
egul
ate
shar
k fis
heri
es,
only
byc
atch
.94
• T
he n
ew I
AT
TC
con
vent
ion
has
not y
et
ente
red
into
a fo
rce
and
curr
ently
has
a
very
low
leve
l of r
atifi
cati
on.
• N
o co
-ope
rati
ve s
yste
m o
f mon
itor
ing
com
plia
nce
and
enfo
rcem
ent i
n th
e co
nven
tion
.
31
Complete tables
RE
GIO
NA
L O
CE
AN
A
GR
EE
ME
NT
S M
AN
DA
TE
OR
OB
JEC
TIV
E
Reg
ulat
ory
Gap
s G
over
nanc
e G
aps
Sou
thea
st P
acifi
c
Con
vent
ion
for
the
Pro
tect
ion
of t
he M
arin
e E
nvir
onm
ent
and
Coa
stal
Are
a of
the
Sou
th-E
ast
Pac
ific
(Li
ma
Con
vent
ion)
, 19
81, i
n fo
rce
1986
95
Pro
toco
l for
the
Con
serv
atio
n an
d M
anag
emen
t of
Pro
tect
ed
Mar
ine
and
Coa
stal
Are
as o
f the
So
uth-
Eas
t P
acif
ic
Con
vent
ion:
To
prev
ent,
redu
ce
and
cont
rol p
ollu
tion
of t
he
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent a
nd c
oast
al
area
of t
he S
outh
-Eas
t Pac
ific
and
to e
nsur
e ap
prop
riat
e en
viro
nmen
tal m
anag
emen
t of
natu
ral r
esou
rces
.
Prot
ocol
: To
prot
ect a
nd p
rese
rve
thos
e ec
osys
tem
s w
hich
are
fr
agile
, vul
nera
ble
or o
f uni
que
natu
ral o
r cu
ltura
l val
ue, w
ith
part
icul
ar e
mph
asis
on
flora
and
fa
una
thre
aten
ed b
y de
plet
ion
or
exti
ncti
on, a
nd s
hall
cond
uct
stud
ies
for
the
purp
ose
of
rest
orin
g th
e en
viro
nmen
t or
rest
ocki
ng fl
ora
and
faun
a, w
here
ne
cess
ary,
• C
onve
ntio
n ap
plie
s to
the
high
se
as, b
ut o
nly
in s
o fa
r as
po
lluti
on in
the
high
sea
s m
ay
affe
ct th
e 20
0 nm
mar
itim
e ar
ea,
• U
nder
the
Prot
ocol
, Par
ties
can
es
tabl
ish
prot
ecte
d ar
eas
in p
arts
of
thei
r ex
tend
ed c
onti
nent
al s
helf
but t
here
is n
o co
oper
ativ
e m
echa
nism
to c
ontr
ol th
e ac
tivi
ties
in th
e hi
gh s
eas
wat
er
colu
mn
abov
e.96
• La
cks
stro
ng m
onit
orin
g,
repo
rtin
g an
d as
sess
men
t pr
ovis
ions
.
• T
here
is n
o re
gion
al b
iodi
vers
ity
cons
erva
tion
org
aniz
atio
n ap
plic
able
in
AB
NJ
in t
he S
outh
east
Pac
ific
oth
er
than
for
limit
ed p
ollu
tion
asp
ects
.
Sou
ther
n P
acifi
c
Sout
h P
acif
ic O
cean
Reg
iona
l Fi
sher
ies
Man
agem
ent
Agr
eem
ent (S
PR
FMA
)97
RFM
O w
ill b
e es
tabl
ishe
d an
d op
erat
e co
nsis
tent
wit
h in
tern
atio
nal l
aw, i
nclu
ding
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Con
vent
ion
on
the
Law
of t
he S
ea 1
982
(UN
CLO
S) a
nd th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns A
gree
men
t on
Stra
ddlin
g Fi
sh S
tock
s an
d H
ighl
y M
igra
tory
Fi
sh S
tock
s 19
95 (
UN
FSA
), a
nd
best
pra
ctic
e.98
• N
orth
ern
boun
dary
not
del
imit
ed,
thus
may
not
incl
ude
the
Cen
tral
an
d W
este
rn P
acifi
c re
gion
32
RE
GIO
NA
L O
CE
AN
A
GR
EE
ME
NT
S M
AN
DA
TE
OR
OB
JEC
TIV
E
Reg
ulat
ory
Gap
s G
over
nanc
e G
aps
The
re is
no
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y ag
reem
ent
for
the
Pac
ific
for
AB
NJ,
ot
her
than
the
sm
all “
high
sea
s en
clav
es”
in t
he W
este
rn C
entr
al
and
Sout
h P
acif
ic a
nd w
ith
rega
rd
to p
ollu
tion
in t
he S
outh
east
P
acif
ic.
The
re is
no
regi
onal
bio
dive
rsit
y co
nser
vati
on o
rgan
izat
ion
appl
icab
le in
A
BN
J in
the
Pac
ific
, oth
er t
han
the
area
s co
vere
d by
the
Nou
mea
Con
vent
ion.
All
ocea
ns (
blue
fin tu
na)
Com
mis
sion
for
the
Con
serv
atio
n of
Sou
ther
n B
luef
in T
una99
(C
CSB
T)
To
ensu
re, t
hrou
gh a
ppro
pria
te
man
agem
ent,
cons
erva
tion
and
op
tim
um u
tilis
atio
n of
SB
T.
• O
nly
appl
ies
to s
outh
ern
blue
fin
tuna
, and
not
oth
er ta
rget
ed tu
na
spec
ies,
hen
ce it
s ju
risd
icti
on
over
laps
wit
h so
me
othe
r R
FMO
s
• N
o di
rect
man
date
to s
afeg
uard
th
e m
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s in
whi
ch
targ
eted
fish
erie
s re
sour
ces
occu
r.10
0
• E
cosy
stem
and
pre
caut
iona
ry a
ppro
ach
not e
xpre
ssly
ref
erre
d to
in C
onve
ntio
n,
• T
rans
pare
ncy
– ve
ry r
estr
icti
ve p
rovi
sion
s on
acc
ess
to N
GO
s.10
1
33
Ann
exes
Ann
ex I:
Act
ual o
r p
ote
ntia
l im
pac
ts o
f ac
tivi
ties
(exi
stin
g a
nd e
mer
gin
g) o
n m
arin
e b
iod
iver
sity
in A
BN
J
Exi
stin
g ac
tivi
ties
A
ctua
l or
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s on
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
in A
BN
J
Fish
ing
Uns
usta
inab
le f
ishi
ng p
ract
ices
(e.
g. o
ver-
expl
oita
tion
and
the
use
of
non-
sele
ctiv
e an
d de
stru
ctiv
e fis
hing
gea
r),
com
bine
d w
ith
illeg
al, u
nreg
ulat
ed a
nd u
nrep
orte
d fis
hing
act
ivit
ies,
hav
e m
ade
fishi
ng t
he s
ingl
e gr
eate
st t
hrea
t to
spe
cies
, hab
itat
s an
d ec
osys
tem
s in
m
arin
e A
BN
J.10
2
Slow
-gro
win
g sp
ecie
s (e
.g. s
hark
s, s
ome
tuna
spe
cies
, sea
tur
tles,
cet
acea
ns, s
ea b
irds
, ora
nge
roug
hy, d
eep
sea
cora
ls, a
nd s
pong
es)
are
part
icul
arly
vul
nera
ble
to o
verf
ishi
ng, d
eple
tion
and
des
truc
tion
.
The
mar
ket
for
shar
k fin
s is
mot
ivat
ing
over
fishi
ng in
som
e ar
eas
and
as t
he c
atch
is la
rgel
y un
regu
late
d an
d un
repo
rted
, it
is p
laci
ng
som
e sh
ark
spec
ies
at h
igh
risk
of d
eple
tion
and
pot
enti
al e
xtin
ctio
n.10
3
Aba
ndon
ed, l
ost
and
dere
lict
fishi
ng g
ear
(e.g
. net
s, li
nes,
pot
s, a
nd t
raps
) ca
n en
snar
e fis
h an
d ot
her
mar
ine
spec
ies,
dam
age
habi
tats
an
d po
se h
azar
ds to
nav
igat
ion
for
very
long
per
iods
(de
cade
s or
mor
e).10
4
Ran
chin
g (i
.e.,
the
capt
ure
of h
igh
valu
e fis
h fo
r re
arin
g cl
ose
to t
he c
oast
) is
a r
elat
ivel
y ne
w p
ract
ice
that
is a
lrea
dy d
eple
ting
blu
efin
tu
na s
tock
s in
the
Med
iter
rane
an. T
he p
ract
ice
catc
hes
juve
nile
s be
fore
the
y ha
ve h
ad a
cha
nce
to b
reed
, dem
ands
larg
e am
ount
s of
sm
all
fish
as b
ait
and
for
food
, an
d is
diff
icul
t to
mon
itor
. It
can
thu
s ex
acer
bate
the
cur
rent
pro
blem
s of
uns
usta
inab
le f
ishe
ries
m
anag
emen
t.105
Dra
mat
ic r
educ
tion
s in
gre
at-w
hale
pop
ulat
ions
has
dri
ven
som
e po
pula
tion
s to
the
ver
ge o
f ex
tinc
tion
, and
the
ass
ocia
ted
decl
ine
in
the
num
ber
of w
hale
car
cass
es r
each
ing
the
seaf
loor
may
wel
l dr
ive
30-5
0-%
of
the
spec
ies
depe
ndan
t of
wha
le-f
all
habi
tat
to
exti
ncti
on.10
6
34
Exi
stin
g ac
tivi
ties
A
ctua
l or
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s on
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
in A
BN
J
Ship
ping
In
crea
sed
glob
al d
ensi
ty o
f sh
ippi
ng b
ring
s he
ight
ened
ris
k of
107 p
ollu
tion
fro
m a
ccid
enta
l spi
lls a
nd in
tent
iona
l dis
char
ges
(leg
al a
nd
illeg
al),
108 lo
st o
r da
mag
ed c
argo
,109 il
lega
lly d
umpe
d ca
rgoe
s,11
0 sun
ken
ship
s an
d ca
rgoe
s, a
nti-
foul
ing
syst
ems,
and
em
issi
ons.
Mar
ine
debr
is in
the
hig
h se
as k
ill m
arin
e lif
e th
at in
gest
or
beco
me
enta
ngle
d in
the
m, a
nd p
rovi
de v
ecto
rs f
or t
he s
prea
d of
inva
sive
al
ien
spec
ies
that
can
be
tran
spor
ted
to n
ew a
reas
via
bal
last
wat
er. 1
11
Thr
ough
cur
rent
s an
d gr
avit
y, m
ost
pollu
tant
s an
d du
mpe
d m
ater
ials
eve
ntua
lly f
ind
thei
r w
ay t
o th
e de
ep s
ea f
loor
wit
h th
e po
tent
ial t
o da
mag
e th
e ra
re a
nd fr
agile
eco
syst
ems.
112
Ves
sel e
mis
sion
s ca
n ex
acer
bate
clim
ate
chan
ge, d
ecre
ase
ambi
ent
air
qual
ity
and
alte
r th
e so
lar
radi
atio
n en
ergy
bud
get
by in
crea
sing
cl
oudi
ness
. Cur
rent
est
imat
es a
re t
hat
ship
ping
con
trib
utes
bet
wee
n 5-
7% o
f th
e gl
obal
tot
al a
nd is
est
imat
ed t
o in
crea
se 7
5% in
the
ne
xt 1
5 to
20
year
s.11
3
Ris
ing
unde
rwat
er n
oise
lev
els
from
pro
pelle
rs,
mac
hine
ry a
nd h
ydro
dyna
mic
flo
w o
ver
the
hull
of s
hips
has
the
pot
enti
al t
o ha
rm
mar
ine
life
and
degr
ade
high
sea
s ha
bita
ts,
mak
ing
them
uns
uita
ble
for
impo
rtan
t lif
e-cy
cle
func
tion
s (e
.g.
bree
ding
, fe
edin
g or
nu
rser
y ar
eas)
.
Dir
ect
phys
ical
im
pact
s (e
.g.
ship
str
ikes
wit
h la
rge
ceta
cean
s an
d sh
arks
, co
llisi
ons,
gro
undi
ngs
and
anch
or d
amag
e ar
ound
sha
llow
ba
nks
and
seam
ount
s) c
an th
reat
en v
ulne
rabl
e sp
ecie
s, h
uman
life
and
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Dum
ping
of
was
tes
and
othe
r m
atte
r
Phys
ical
impa
cts
(e.g
. sm
othe
ring
, sed
imen
tati
on, a
nd tu
rbid
ity)
can
dam
age
or d
estr
oy s
eabe
d bi
ota
and
habi
tats
.
Che
mic
al,
radi
oact
ive
or b
iolo
gica
l po
lluti
on c
an k
ill o
r in
jure
spe
cies
, de
plet
e ox
ygen
, in
trod
uce
alie
n in
vasi
ve s
peci
es a
nd t
rans
fer
path
ogen
s an
d di
seas
es.
His
tori
c du
mps
ites
of
radi
oact
ive
was
tes,
che
mic
al w
eapo
ns,
mun
itio
ns,
indu
stri
al w
aste
s, s
ewag
e sl
udge
etc
. ar
e un
mon
itor
ed a
nd
impa
cts
rare
ly s
tudi
ed.
Sub-
seab
ed s
tora
ge o
f C
O2,
as
rece
ntly
aut
hori
zed
by p
arti
es t
o th
e Lo
ndon
Pro
toco
l (se
e A
nnex
2),
req
uire
s ex
trem
e ca
re t
o pr
even
t an
d m
onit
or a
ny le
akag
e fr
om th
e se
aflo
or.
35
Annexes
Exi
stin
g ac
tivi
ties
A
ctua
l or
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s on
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
in A
BN
J
Layi
ng c
able
s an
d pi
pelin
es
Impa
ct d
epen
ds o
n fa
cilit
y si
ting
, de
sign
cha
ract
eris
tics
, co
nstr
ucti
on m
etho
ds a
nd t
he l
ocat
ion,
but
ove
rall
impa
cts
have
rec
eive
d lit
tle s
tudy
to d
ate.
114
Can
gen
erat
e po
lluti
on a
nd s
edim
enta
tion
tha
t ki
lls o
r sm
othe
rs m
arin
e lif
e an
d de
stro
ys h
abit
at d
urin
g co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd r
epai
r (p
ipel
ines
are
vul
nera
ble
to le
akag
e or
bre
akag
e du
e to
land
slid
es, s
lope
inst
abili
ty, o
r tr
awl d
amag
e).
Hea
vy a
ncho
rs u
sed
by s
hips
dur
ing
plac
emen
t or
rep
air
can
caus
e ex
tens
ive
phys
ical
dam
age
to s
ensi
tive
ben
thic
org
anis
ms
such
as
cora
ls in
an
area
muc
h la
rger
than
the
area
dam
aged
by
the
cabl
e or
pip
elin
e.11
5
Noi
se, a
nd p
ossi
bly
light
and
hea
t fr
om c
able
shi
ps, p
loug
hs a
nd r
emot
ely
oper
ated
veh
icle
s (R
OV
s) c
an a
ffec
t se
nsit
ive
wild
life
(e.g
. w
hale
s, fi
sh).
116
Can
inte
rfer
e w
ith
long
-ter
m s
cien
tific
mon
itor
ing
and
rese
arch
sit
es th
at a
re im
port
ant f
or u
nder
stan
ding
of m
arin
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty.11
7
Mar
ine
scie
ntif
ic
rese
arch
(M
SR)
Impa
cts
vary
dep
endi
ng o
n th
e ti
me
fram
e/sc
ale
of t
he o
pera
tion
, th
e sp
ecie
s an
d ha
bita
ts t
arge
ted
and
the
man
ner
in w
hich
the
ac
tivi
ty is
con
duct
ed.
Bot
tom
sam
plin
g tr
awls
and
dre
dges
and
inst
alla
tion
of
scie
ntifi
c eq
uipm
ent
can
dam
age/
dest
roy
seab
ed s
peci
es a
nd h
abit
ats
thro
ugh
smot
heri
ng, s
edim
enta
tion
and
turb
idit
y.
Som
e ex
peri
men
ts c
an i
ntro
duce
che
mic
al,
radi
oact
ive
or b
iolo
gica
l po
lluti
on,
inva
sive
alie
n sp
ecie
s an
d pa
thog
ens,
and
can
dis
turb
se
nsit
ive
spec
ies
thro
ugh
inte
nse
and
chro
nic
nois
e, li
ght a
nd h
eat.
Exp
erim
enta
l in
trod
ucti
on o
f nu
trie
nts
such
as
iron
can
cau
se s
hift
s in
spe
cies
com
posi
tion
and
low
er o
xyge
n le
vels
in
the
wat
er
colu
mn
and
seab
ed11
8 (se
e oc
ean
fert
iliza
tion
bel
ow).
Rem
oval
of s
ampl
es o
f rar
e or
end
emic
spe
cies
for
ex si
tu s
tudy
cou
ld c
ause
ext
inct
ion
of a
ssoc
iate
d an
d de
pend
ant s
peci
es.11
9
Bio
-pro
spec
ting
Si
mila
r im
pact
s to
MSR
, w
hich
will
als
o va
ry d
epen
ding
on
the
tim
e fr
ame/
scal
e of
the
ope
rati
on,
the
spec
ies
and
habi
tats
tar
gete
d an
d th
e m
anne
r in
whi
ch th
e ac
tivi
ty is
con
duct
ed.12
0
Als
o po
tent
ial
for
over
-har
vest
(sa
mpl
ing)
or
by-c
atch
of
rare
, en
dem
ic o
r fr
agile
spe
cies
, w
hich
cou
ld e
ndan
ger
such
spe
cies
and
de
grad
e ha
bita
ts.
36
Exi
stin
g ac
tivi
ties
A
ctua
l or
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s on
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
in A
BN
J
Con
stru
ctin
g ar
tifi
cial
isla
nds
and
inst
alla
tion
s
Exa
mpl
es o
f cu
rren
t se
abed
or
float
ing
faci
litie
s no
t re
late
d to
sea
bed
min
ing
incl
ude
scie
ntifi
c, m
ilita
ry a
nd in
dust
rial
obs
erva
tori
es,
and
pote
ntia
lly, e
nerg
y fa
cilit
ies
(the
rmal
, wav
e, n
ucle
ar),
Atm
ocea
n w
ater
pum
ps, o
pen
ocea
n aq
uacu
lture
and
tou
rist
obs
erva
tori
es
(see
em
ergi
ng a
ctiv
itie
s be
low
).
Con
stru
ctio
n of
sea
bed
inst
alla
tion
s ca
n ca
use
smot
heri
ng,
sedi
men
tati
on,
turb
idit
y, d
amag
ing
and
dest
royi
ng s
eabe
d bi
ota
and
habi
tats
.
Floa
ting
and
sta
tion
ary
inst
alla
tion
s ca
n ge
nera
te p
ollu
tion
fro
m d
isch
arge
s an
d sp
ills,
whe
n ac
tive
and
onc
e ab
ando
ned
or
dete
rior
atin
g.
Larg
e sc
ale
inst
alla
tion
s co
uld
pote
ntia
lly d
isru
pt o
cean
cur
rent
flow
s pa
tter
ns, s
peci
es d
istr
ibut
ions
and
mig
rato
ry r
oute
s.12
1
Noi
se a
nd o
ther
dis
turb
ance
s (a
cute
dur
ing
cons
truc
tion
, chr
onic
dur
ing
oper
atio
n) c
an h
arm
spe
cies
and
hab
itat
s.
Mili
tary
ac
tivi
ties
E
nvir
onm
enta
l im
pact
s of
m
ilita
ry
acti
viti
es
are
ofte
n no
t pu
blic
ly
avai
labl
e du
e to
se
crec
y as
soci
ated
w
ith
oper
atio
ns
and
tech
nolo
gies
wit
h ac
tivi
ties
gen
eral
ly u
nreg
ulat
ed o
r m
onit
ored
.
Impa
cts
from
mili
tary
shi
ppin
g, a
s ab
ove
(e.g
. pol
luti
on, d
ebri
s, n
oise
, inv
asiv
e al
ien
spec
ies,
phy
sica
l im
pact
s).
Acu
te n
oise
from
low
freq
uenc
y so
nar,
und
erw
ater
exp
losi
ons,
firi
ng o
f con
vent
iona
l wea
pons
and
dis
char
ge o
f ord
nanc
e.12
2
Chr
onic
noi
se in
trod
uced
in s
ubsu
rfac
e w
ater
s fr
om s
ubm
arin
es m
ay c
ause
mor
e di
rect
eff
ects
to d
eep
sea
spec
ies
than
shi
ppin
g.
Pollu
tion
, des
truc
tion
an
d sp
ecie
s de
plet
ion
from
mis
sile
tes
ts, r
elea
se o
f ra
dioa
ctiv
e m
ater
ials
and
oth
er u
ltra-
haza
rdou
s su
bsta
nces
, re
plen
ishm
ent o
f fue
l at s
ea,
scut
tling
of s
hips
, mun
itio
ns a
nd a
rmam
ents
, and
dis
char
ges
from
mili
tary
air
craf
t (e
.g. s
onar
buo
ys a
nd
othe
r m
ilita
ry e
quip
men
t, fu
el a
nd o
ther
pol
luta
nts
and
was
te m
ater
ials
).
Mili
tary
eng
agem
ents
dur
ing
arm
ed c
onfli
cts
at s
ea c
ould
res
ult i
n m
arin
e po
lluti
on fr
om s
unke
n ve
ssel
s, d
isch
arge
of m
unit
ions
, etc
.
Ove
rflig
ht
Air
craf
t em
issi
ons
can
indi
rect
ly p
ollu
te m
arin
e A
BN
J as
wel
l as
cont
ribu
te to
glo
bal c
limat
e ch
ange
.
Pote
ntia
lly h
arm
ful e
ffec
ts o
f noi
se fr
om lo
w a
ltitu
de fl
ight
s on
hig
h se
as s
peci
es a
nd th
eir
habi
tats
.
Incr
easi
ng g
loba
l air
traf
fic h
eigh
tens
the
risk
of p
ollu
tion
and
con
tam
inat
ion
from
pla
ne w
reck
s.
37
Annexes
Exi
stin
g ac
tivi
ties
A
ctua
l or
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s on
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
in A
BN
J
Arc
haeo
logi
cal/
sa
lvag
e ac
tivi
ties
Phys
ical
impa
cts
incl
udin
g da
mag
e to
/des
truc
tion
and
bur
ial o
f sea
bed
spec
ies
and
habi
tats
.
Sedi
men
t pl
umes
, tur
bidi
ty a
nd t
he r
etur
n of
nut
rien
t ri
ch d
eep
ocea
n w
ater
and
sea
floor
sed
imen
ts c
ould
aff
ect
wat
er c
olum
n as
wel
l as
sea
bed
spec
ies.
Pote
ntia
l for
rel
ease
of t
oxic
or
harm
ful c
argo
es a
nd fu
el o
il in
sun
ken
ship
s.
Em
ergi
ng
Act
ivit
ies
Ant
icip
ated
or
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s on
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
in A
BN
J
Act
ivit
ies
prop
osed
to
sequ
este
r C
O2
Gro
win
g nu
mbe
r of
act
ivit
ies
are
bein
g pr
opos
ed t
o se
ques
ter
CO
2 in
the
oce
ans
to s
ell c
arbo
n of
fset
s in
the
cur
rent
ly u
nreg
ulat
ed
mar
ket.
The
se i
nclu
de:
i) o
cean
fer
tiliz
atio
n w
ith
mic
ro-n
utri
ents
suc
h as
iro
n (t
o st
imul
ate
phyt
opla
nkto
n bl
oom
s to
seq
uest
er C
O2
whe
n th
e ph
ytop
lank
ton
sink
s to
dee
per
wat
ers
belo
w),
ii)
dir
ect
inje
ctio
n of
CO
2 to
the
dee
p oc
ean,
123 a
nd ii
i) m
echa
nica
l mix
ing
of t
he
wat
er c
olum
n th
roug
h pu
mps
to
brin
g up
nut
rien
t ri
ch d
eepe
r w
ater
s to
sti
mul
ate
phyt
opla
nkto
n bl
oom
s.12
4 Add
itio
nal p
ropo
sals
are
lik
ely
to e
mer
ge in
an
effo
rt to
mit
igat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
.
The
se p
ropo
sals
see
k to
del
iber
atel
y al
ter
ocea
n sy
stem
s, s
o en
viro
nmen
tal e
ffec
ts a
re u
navo
idab
le a
nd u
npre
dict
able
.125
38
Em
ergi
ng
Act
ivit
ies
Ant
icip
ated
or
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s on
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
in A
BN
J
a)
Oce
an
fert
ili-
sati
on
The
Par
ties
to
the
Lond
on C
onve
ntio
n/Lo
ndon
Pro
toco
l hav
e ag
reed
to
cons
ider
the
lega
l and
sci
enti
fic i
ssue
s of
oce
an f
erti
lisat
ion
mor
e fu
lly w
ith
a vi
ew t
o it
s re
gula
tion
, and
con
firm
ed t
he S
cien
tist
s St
atem
ent
of C
once
rn t
hat
ther
e is
insu
ffic
ient
kno
wle
dge
abou
t th
e ef
fect
iven
ess
of o
cean
fer
tiliz
atio
n an
d it
s po
tent
ial
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s to
jus
tify
lar
ge-s
cale
ope
rati
ons12
6 . Y
et c
omm
erci
ally
op
erat
ed p
ilot p
roje
cts
are
unde
rway
and
vol
unta
ry c
arbo
n of
fset
cre
dits
are
alr
eady
bei
ng s
old
and
dona
ted.
127
Iron
-enr
ichm
ent
stud
ies
in e
quat
oria
l an
d A
ntar
ctic
wat
ers
indi
cate
tha
t ev
en s
hort
-ter
m i
ron
enha
ncem
ent
can
dram
atic
ally
alte
r co
mm
unit
y st
ruct
ure
in ir
on-l
imit
ed p
elag
ic e
cosy
stem
s.12
8
Bac
teri
al d
ecay
fol
low
ing
the
indu
ced
phyt
opla
nkto
n bl
oom
will
low
er o
xyge
n le
vels
in
the
deep
oce
an,
crea
ting
a p
ossi
bilit
y of
hy
poxi
c ev
ents
(i.e
. dea
d zo
nes)
, and
may
favo
ur g
row
th o
f mic
robe
s th
at p
rodu
ce p
ower
ful g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
(e.g
. nit
rous
oxi
de),
that
ca
n af
fect
clo
uds
(DM
S an
d is
opre
ne)
and
that
can
des
troy
ozo
ne (
halo
gena
ted
com
poun
ds).
Add
itio
nal
phot
osyn
thet
ic a
ctiv
ity
coul
d w
arm
the
sur
face
wat
ers
(by
abou
t 1
W/m
2, n
ot n
eglig
ible
) an
d po
tent
ially
alte
r oc
ean
circ
ulat
ion
and
ice
cove
r.12
9
The
type
s of
phy
topl
ankt
on e
xpec
ted
to b
loom
and
the
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s of
any
har
mfu
l alg
al b
loom
s, is
als
o a
conc
ern.
130
b)
Inje
ctio
n of
C
O2
into
de
ep o
cean
w
ater
s
Inje
ctio
n of
CO
2 di
rect
ly t
o th
e de
ep s
ea w
ould
cha
nge
the
chem
istr
y (p
H)
of l
ocal
oce
an w
ater
131 a
nd p
oten
tial
ly a
ccel
erat
e ac
idifi
cati
on.
Incr
ease
d C
O2
leve
ls a
re p
redi
cted
to
caus
e re
spir
ator
y st
ress
and
dec
reas
ed g
row
th r
ates
of
spec
ies
wit
h ca
rbon
ate-
base
d sk
elet
ons
and
shel
ls (
e.g.
coc
olit
hoph
ores
, pte
ropo
ds, c
oral
s, m
ollu
sks
and
crus
tace
ans)
, man
y of
whi
ch fo
rm th
e ba
se o
f the
food
web
.132
Alte
rati
on o
f com
mun
ity
stru
ctur
e an
d bi
odiv
ersi
ty le
vels
is p
redi
cted
to e
ffec
t sub
stan
tial
ly la
rger
are
as th
an th
e ar
ea o
f inj
ecti
on.13
3
Subs
tant
ially
mor
e re
sear
ch is
req
uire
d to
eva
luat
e fu
lly th
e po
tent
ial l
ocal
and
reg
iona
l im
pact
s of
CO
2 inj
ecti
on in
the
deep
oce
an.13
4
c)
Wat
er
colu
mn
mix
ing
to
sequ
este
r C
O2
• A
rray
s of
sub
surf
ace
pum
ps c
ould
inte
rfer
e w
ith
ship
ping
, fis
hing
and
oth
er w
ater
-col
umn
base
d ac
tivi
ties
, pos
ing
risk
s to
hum
an
life
and
the
envi
ronm
ent.
• W
hile
the
deep
er w
ater
wou
ld b
ring
nut
rien
ts to
the
surf
ace
and
alga
e m
ight
blo
om, t
he d
eepe
r w
ater
may
als
o re
leas
e m
ore
CO
2 in
to th
e su
rfac
e w
ater
s.13
5
• E
nhan
ced
prod
ucti
vity
cou
ld lo
wer
oxy
gen
leve
ls a
t the
sea
bed
and
chan
ge th
e co
mpo
siti
on o
f sea
bed
biot
a.
• If
don
e on
a la
rge
scal
e as
pro
pose
d, e
nhan
ced
CO
2 pr
oduc
tion
in th
e m
id-w
ater
will
incr
ease
pro
blem
s w
ith
acid
ifica
tion
.
39
Annexes
Em
ergi
ng
Act
ivit
ies
Ant
icip
ated
or
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s on
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
in A
BN
J
Exp
lora
tion
and
ex
ploi
tati
on o
f se
abed
min
eral
re
sour
ces
Seab
ed m
iner
al r
esou
rces
as
defin
ed i
n U
NC
LOS
incl
ude
all
solid
, liq
uid
or g
aseo
us m
iner
al r
esou
rces
in
situ
in t
he A
rea
or a
t or
be
neat
h th
e se
abed
.136
Oft
en c
onsi
dere
d to
be
a te
chni
cally
im
prac
tica
ble,
and
hen
ce s
ome
year
s aw
ay,
acti
viti
es r
elat
ed t
o se
abed
min
eral
res
ourc
es a
re
incr
easi
ng.
Har
d (s
olid
) m
iner
al m
inin
g pr
ojec
ts a
re a
lrea
dy u
nder
dev
elop
men
t in
Papu
a N
ew G
uine
a, M
icro
nesi
a an
d N
ew Z
eala
nd.13
7
Subs
tant
ial i
nter
est i
n ex
pans
ion
of o
il an
d ga
s pr
oduc
tion
in th
e in
tern
atio
nal s
eabe
d “A
rea”
.138
Res
earc
h on
the
exp
loit
atio
n of
gas
hyd
rate
s al
read
y un
derw
ay i
n m
any
coun
trie
s. 1
39 T
houg
h ga
s hy
drat
es o
ccur
mai
nly
on
cont
inen
tal m
argi
ns, i
mpa
cts
of s
uch
acti
vity
may
aff
ect
dire
ctly
the
hig
h se
as w
ater
col
umn
(and
als
o ne
ighb
ouri
ng S
tate
s) a
s w
ell a
s in
dire
ctly
exa
cerb
ate
glob
al w
arm
ing.
Rel
ativ
ely
low
pro
duct
ivit
y an
d sl
ow g
row
th r
ates
of
man
y de
ep s
ea s
peci
es a
nd s
low
cur
rent
s in
man
y de
ep-s
ea h
abit
ats
mea
n th
ey
will
be
mor
e se
nsit
ive
to d
istu
rban
ce a
nd r
ecov
er m
ore
slow
ly th
an c
onti
nent
al s
helf
spec
ies.
140
Inte
nse
and
chro
nic
nois
e du
ring
pro
spec
ting
to
expl
oita
tion
(fr
om e
xplo
sive
s an
d se
ism
ic a
ir g
uns,
sur
veys
, en
gine
s, e
quip
men
t)
coul
d ki
ll sp
ecie
s or
alte
r be
havi
our
patt
erns
, but
is li
ttle
stu
died
.
40
Em
ergi
ng
Act
ivit
ies
Ant
icip
ated
or
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s on
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
in A
BN
J
a)
Har
d m
iner
als
Dee
p se
abed
min
ing
for
hard
min
eral
s su
ch a
s po
lym
etal
lic n
odul
es, p
olym
etal
lic s
ulph
ides
and
cob
alt-
bear
ing
ferr
oman
gane
se c
rust
s co
uld
pose
a s
ever
e th
reat
to
mar
ine
life
in t
he d
irec
t vi
cini
ty a
s w
ell
as r
egio
nally
. So
me
scie
ntis
ts s
ugge
st s
uch
min
ing
shou
ldn’
t pr
ocee
d un
til m
ore
info
rmat
ion
is a
vaila
ble,
con
sist
ent w
ith
a pr
ecau
tion
ary
appr
oach
.141
Pred
icte
d ge
neri
c im
pact
s of
har
d m
iner
als
min
ing
incl
ude:
sedi
men
t pl
umes
, tur
bidi
ty, b
uria
l and
oxy
gen-
depl
etio
n di
rect
ly a
ffec
ting
the
are
a, c
ausi
ng h
abit
at lo
ss a
nd p
oten
tial
ext
inct
ion
of e
ndem
ic s
peci
es;
disc
harg
e or
inj
ecti
on o
f nu
trie
nt-r
ich
deep
-oce
an w
ater
, se
a-flo
or s
edim
ents
and
hea
vy m
etal
s fr
om m
iner
al f
ragm
ents
cou
ld
affe
ct l
arge
are
as o
f se
abed
and
wat
er c
olum
n bi
ota.
For
nod
ule
min
ing,
the
eff
ects
cou
ld s
prea
d ov
er 1
00s-
1000
s km
2 at
any
give
n m
omen
t, by
alte
ring
ligh
t and
pro
duct
ivit
y re
gim
es, f
ood-
web
str
uctu
re, p
arti
cle
expo
rt a
nd h
eavy
-met
al lo
adin
g. 14
2
Impa
cts
uniq
ue to
eac
h ty
pe o
f min
ing
incl
ude:
Poly
met
allic
nod
ules
: th
e ph
ysic
al r
emov
al a
nd d
estr
ucti
on o
f w
ide
swat
hes
of s
eabe
d an
d al
l ass
ocia
ted
faun
a (n
odul
es p
rovi
de
the
only
har
d su
bstr
ate
over
muc
h of
aby
ssal
sea
floor
, and
pro
vide
hab
itat
for
dist
inct
faun
a).14
3
Cob
alt
crus
ts:
seve
re e
ffec
ts o
f bl
asti
ng t
o se
para
te c
obal
t-ri
ch c
rust
s fr
om t
he s
ubst
rate
roc
k on
sur
roun
ding
dee
p se
a sp
ecie
s,
habi
tats
and
eco
syst
ems.
Poly
met
allic
sul
phid
es:
the
prox
imit
y of
pol
ymet
allic
sul
phid
es o
n ex
tinc
t ve
nts
to l
ivin
g ve
nts
mea
ns t
hat
acti
viti
es c
ould
: i)
po
tent
ially
sm
othe
r, c
log
and
cont
amin
ate
near
by v
ent
com
mun
itie
s fr
om d
rift
ing
part
icle
s, i
i) r
adic
ally
cha
nge
habi
tat
cond
itio
ns (
hard
sub
stra
ta t
o so
ft p
arti
cle)
and
cha
nge
hydr
olog
ic p
atte
rns
that
sup
ply
vent
com
mun
itie
s w
ith
esse
ntia
l nu
trie
nts
and
hot
wat
er; a
nd ii
i) d
estr
oy o
r di
srup
t th
e tr
ansi
tion
al c
omm
unit
ies
at e
xtin
ct v
ent
sits
(e.
g. c
old
wat
er c
oral
s an
d sp
onge
s, li
ttle
stu
died
mic
robi
al c
omm
unit
ies)
. 144
b)
Oil
and
gas
Dri
ll cu
ttin
gs a
nd d
rilli
ng m
ud m
ay p
ose
a si
gnifi
cant
ris
k to
mar
ine
life
thro
ugh
phys
ical
sm
othe
ring
, or
gani
c en
rich
men
t an
d ch
emic
al c
onta
min
atio
n by
hyd
roca
rbon
s, h
eavy
met
als,
che
mic
als
and
sulp
hide
s of
the
ben
thos
nea
r th
e cu
ttin
g so
urce
, an
d m
ay
inhi
bit t
he s
ettle
men
t of m
arin
e in
vert
ebra
te la
rvae
.145
41
Annexes
Em
ergi
ng
Act
ivit
ies
Ant
icip
ated
or
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s on
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
in A
BN
J
c)
Met
hane
hy
drat
es
Env
iron
men
tal i
mpa
cts
far
from
bei
ng fu
lly u
nder
stoo
d, b
ut a
re p
rese
ntly
thou
ght t
o ha
ve th
e po
tent
ial t
o:
Exa
cerb
ate
effe
cts
of g
loba
l war
min
g as
met
hane
is 2
5 ti
mes
mor
e po
tent
as
a gr
eenh
ouse
gas
than
CO
2.
Des
tabi
lise
the
seaf
loor
(hy
drat
es t
end
to a
ct a
s ce
men
t in
coa
rser
-gra
ined
sed
imen
ts),
sm
othe
ring
ben
thic
org
anis
ms
and
dist
urbi
ng
seaf
loor
str
uctu
res.
Tri
gger
sub
sea
land
slid
es, s
edim
ent m
ovem
ents
, tsu
nam
is a
nd la
rge
unco
ntro
lled
rele
ases
of m
etha
ne.
Inte
nsify
oce
an a
cidi
ficat
ion
thro
ugh
the
oxid
ifica
tion
of m
etha
ne to
car
bon.
146
Ene
rgy
faci
litie
s (e
.g. w
ave,
sol
ar)
Impa
cts
may
be
com
para
ble
to th
e co
nstr
ucti
on o
f art
ifici
al in
stal
lati
ons
and
ship
dis
char
ges
(acc
iden
tal a
nd o
pera
tion
al)
(see
abo
ve).
Floa
ting
nuc
lear
pow
er s
tati
ons
used
to
pow
er o
ffsh
ore
inst
alla
tion
s co
uld
resu
lt in
rad
ioac
tive
and
the
rmal
dis
char
ges
and
emis
sion
s,
wit
h co
nseq
uent
ial h
arm
ful e
ffec
ts o
n de
ep s
ea a
nd w
ater
col
umn
spec
ies
and
habi
tats
.
Ope
n oc
ean
aqua
cult
ure
Impa
cts
may
be
com
para
ble
to th
e co
nstr
ucti
on o
f art
ifici
al in
stal
lati
ons
(see
abo
ve).
In a
ddit
ion,
the
esc
ape
of n
on-i
ndig
enou
s or
gen
etic
ally
mod
ified
spe
cies
cou
ld c
ause
gen
etic
pol
luti
on a
nd s
hift
s in
spe
cies
co
mpo
siti
on.
Dee
p se
a to
uris
m
(e.g
. sub
mer
sibl
es
to v
ents
, cor
al
reef
s, w
reck
s)
Impa
cts
coul
d in
clud
e di
rect
and
indi
rect
dam
age
to v
ent
chim
neys
, dee
p se
a co
rals
and
oth
er fr
agile
dee
p se
a ha
bita
ts fr
om ‘s
ouve
nir
colle
ctio
n’, n
oise
and
ligh
t pol
luti
on, a
nd in
disc
rim
inat
e sc
atte
ring
of b
alla
st a
nd d
ebri
s on
sea
bed.
Pote
ntia
l for
dis
turb
ance
of
site
s im
port
ant
for
scie
ntifi
c re
sear
ch,
mon
itor
ing,
bio
dive
rsit
y co
nser
vati
on,
hist
oric
al o
r ar
chae
olog
ical
im
port
ance
.
42
Ann
ex II
: Key
glo
bal
ag
reem
ents
and
UN
bo
die
s re
leva
nt t
o m
arin
e b
iod
iver
sity
in A
BN
J
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
C
onve
ntio
n on
the
La
w o
f the
Sea
(U
NC
LOS)
, 198
2. in
fo
rce
1994
Obj
ecti
ves:
prov
ides
the
lega
l ord
er fo
r th
e se
as/o
cean
s to
pro
mot
e
peac
eful
use
s;
equi
tabl
e an
d ef
ficie
nt u
tiliz
atio
n of
re
sour
ces;
cons
erva
tion
of l
ivin
g re
sour
ces;
and
stud
y, p
rote
ctio
n an
d pr
eser
vati
on o
f th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t.147
UN
CLO
S pr
ovid
es t
he o
vera
rchi
ng le
gal f
ram
ewor
k fo
r ac
tivi
ties
in A
BN
J
Div
ides
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent i
nto
zone
s, in
AB
NJ
‘hig
h se
as’ w
ater
col
umn
and
seab
ed ‘A
rea’
.
Spec
ific
righ
ts a
nd g
ener
al d
utie
s ap
plic
able
to a
ll zo
nes,
wit
h sp
ecifi
c re
gim
es fo
r ea
ch z
one.
In h
igh
seas
, fre
edom
s of
the
high
sea
s ha
ve p
redo
min
ated
(in
oth
er z
ones
, re
sour
ce/o
ther
rig
hts
bett
er b
alan
ced
wit
h ob
ligat
ions
to p
rote
ct th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t).
Env
iron
men
tal d
utie
s w
ith
resp
ect t
o hi
gh s
eas
are
stro
ng b
ut v
ery
gene
ral:
man
y ac
tivi
ties
lack
det
aile
d ru
les
and
regu
lati
ons,
and
ther
e ar
e fe
w p
rovi
sion
s fo
r sp
ecifi
c co
nser
vati
on to
ols.
Gen
eral
con
serv
atio
n du
ties
are
rig
orou
s bu
t out
date
d.14
8 The
y w
ere
stre
ngth
ened
w
ith
resp
ect t
o hi
gh m
igra
tory
and
str
addl
ing
fish
stoc
ks th
roug
h th
e U
N F
ish
Stoc
ks A
gree
men
t.
At p
rese
nt, U
NC
LOS
does
not
spec
ifica
lly a
ddre
ss:
Det
aile
d re
quir
emen
ts fo
r co
nser
vati
on a
nd s
usta
inab
le u
se o
f the
“co
mpo
nent
s” o
f m
arin
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty14
9 , or
of li
ving
res
ourc
es (
othe
r th
an fi
sh)
of th
e A
rea15
0 ;
Man
date
or
deta
iled
requ
irem
ents
for
the
prot
ecti
on o
f ‘vu
lner
able
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms’15
1 ;
Spec
ific
requ
irem
ents
for
EIA
or
mon
itor
ing
of: i
nten
sify
ing
or e
mer
ging
use
s of
th
e se
as;
Mod
ern
cons
erva
tion
pri
ncip
les
and
tool
s su
ch a
s th
e ec
osys
tem
app
roac
h, th
e pr
ecau
tion
ary
appr
oach
, SE
As,
rep
rese
ntat
ive
netw
orks
of M
PAs,
or
mod
ern
gove
rnan
ce n
orm
s suc
h as
tran
spar
ency
, acc
ount
abili
ty a
nd in
clus
iven
ess (
see
Tab
le 1
).
43
Annexes
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
UN
CLO
S -
Hig
h se
as fr
eedo
ms
(art
. 87)
:In
clud
e th
e fr
eedo
m to
fish
, nav
igat
e, o
verf
ly, l
ay c
able
s an
d pi
pelin
es, c
onst
ruct
ar
tific
ial i
slan
ds a
nd o
ther
inst
alla
tion
s, a
nd c
ondu
ct M
SR.
Hig
h se
as fr
eedo
ms
are
subj
ect t
o co
ndit
ions
laid
dow
n by
UN
CLO
S an
d ot
her
rule
s of
inte
rnat
iona
l law
;152 a
nd
Are
to b
e ex
erci
sed
by a
ll St
ates
wit
h du
e re
gard
for
inte
rest
s of
oth
er S
tate
s.
UN
CLO
S -
Par
t X
II g
ener
al
envi
ronm
enta
l dut
ies
(art
s. 1
92-
196,
20
4-20
6))
incl
ude:
• T
o pr
otec
t and
pre
serv
e th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t153
• to
pre
vent
, red
uce
or c
ontr
ol p
ollu
tion
from
any
sou
rce
and
to m
onit
or r
isks
or
effe
cts
of p
ollu
tion
154 15
5
• to
ens
ure
that
act
ivit
ies
carr
ied
out u
nder
thei
r ju
risd
icti
on o
r co
ntro
l do
not
caus
e tr
ansb
ound
ary
dam
age
by p
ollu
tion
to o
ther
sta
tes
or to
AB
NJ15
6
• to
take
mea
sure
s to
pro
tect
and
pre
serv
e ra
re o
r fr
agile
eco
syst
ems
and
habi
tats
of
mar
ine
life15
7
• to
not
tran
sfer
dam
age
or h
azar
ds o
r tr
ansf
orm
one
type
of p
ollu
tion
into
an
othe
r158
• to
pre
vent
intr
oduc
tion
of n
ew o
r al
ien
spec
ies15
9
• to
pre
vent
pol
luti
on r
esul
ting
from
the
use
of te
chno
logi
es u
nder
thei
r ju
risd
icti
on o
r co
ntro
l160
• to
ass
ess
pote
ntia
l eff
ects
of p
lann
ed a
ctiv
itie
s un
der
thei
r ju
risd
icti
on o
r co
ntro
l.161
44
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
UN
CLO
S -
Par
t X
I pr
inci
ples
for
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sea
bed
Are
a
• T
he A
rea
and
its
reso
urce
s162 a
re th
e C
HO
M a
nd a
ll ri
ghts
in th
e re
sour
ces
are
vest
ed in
man
kind
as
a w
hole
:163
The
Int
erna
tion
al S
eabe
d A
utho
rity
(IS
A)
to a
ct o
n be
half
of m
anki
nd;16
4
Act
ivit
ies
in th
e A
rea
to b
e ca
rrie
d ou
t for
the
bene
fit o
f man
kind
, tak
ing
into
pa
rtic
ular
con
side
rati
on th
e in
tere
sts
and
need
s of
dev
elop
ing
stat
es;16
5
• IS
A to
dev
elop
rul
es fo
r, in
ter
alia
, pre
vent
ion
and
cont
rol o
f mar
ine
pollu
tion
an
d in
terf
eren
ce w
ith
“eco
logi
cal b
alan
ce”;
con
serv
atio
n of
the
natu
ral r
esou
rces
of
the
Are
a an
d pr
even
tion
of d
amag
e to
the
flora
and
faun
a of
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent;16
6
• T
he C
ounc
il ha
s th
e au
thor
ity
to “
disa
ppro
ve a
reas
for
expl
oita
tion
whe
re
subs
tant
ial e
vide
nce
indi
cate
s th
e ri
sk o
f ser
ious
har
m to
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent.16
7
UN
CLO
S –
Stat
e re
spon
sibi
lity
for
acti
viti
es r
elat
ed t
o m
iner
al e
xplo
rati
on
and
expl
oita
tion
in t
he A
rea
(art
. 139
, 20
9, 2
15)
Stat
es h
ave
sign
ifica
nt r
espo
nsib
ility
for
the
acts
of t
heir
nat
iona
ls fo
r m
inin
g-re
late
d ac
tivi
ties
in th
e A
rea:
to a
dopt
inte
rnat
iona
l rul
es to
con
trol
pol
luti
on fr
om a
ctiv
itie
s in
the
Are
a, a
nd
nati
onal
rul
es a
re to
be
no le
ss e
ffec
tive
than
inte
rnat
iona
l rul
es.16
8
for
ensu
ring
con
form
ity
wit
h in
tern
atio
nal r
ules
by
stat
e en
terp
rise
s or
by
natu
ral
or ju
ridi
cal p
erso
ns w
hich
pos
sess
the
natio
nalit
y of
Sta
tes P
artie
s or
are
effe
ctiv
ely
cont
rolle
d by
them
or
thei
r na
tiona
ls.16
9
UN
CLO
S –
Gen
eral
dut
y to
coo
pera
te
(art
. 197
) St
ates
are
req
uire
d to
coo
pera
te o
n a
glob
al, a
nd a
s ap
prop
riat
e, o
n a
regi
onal
bas
is,
– ei
ther
dir
ectly
or
thro
ugh
the
com
pete
nt in
tern
atio
nal o
rgan
izat
ions
, –
in fo
rmul
atin
g an
d el
abor
atin
g in
tern
atio
nal r
ules
and
rec
omm
ende
d pr
oced
ures
for
the
prot
ecti
on a
nd p
rese
rvat
ion
of th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t –
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt c
hara
cter
isti
c re
gion
al fe
atur
es.17
0
45
Annexes
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
UN
CLO
S –
Gen
eral
flag
Sta
te d
utie
s (a
rts.
91(
1), 9
4, 2
11, 2
17-2
20)
• St
ates
to e
stab
lish
cond
itio
ns fo
r re
gist
rati
on o
f shi
ps a
nd to
eff
ecti
vely
exe
rcis
e ju
risd
icti
on a
nd c
ontr
ol o
ver
ship
s fly
ing
thei
r fla
g.17
1
• Fl
ag S
tate
s ar
e re
quir
ed to
ens
ure
effe
ctiv
e co
mpl
ianc
e w
ith
and
enfo
rcem
ent o
f ap
plic
able
inte
rnat
iona
l pol
luti
on c
ontr
ol r
ules
and
sta
ndar
ds, i
rres
pect
ive
of
whe
re a
vio
lati
on o
ccur
s.17
2
UN
CLO
S –
Con
serv
atio
n du
ties
(a
rts.
116
- 1
20)
• E
very
Sta
te h
as th
e du
ty to
ado
pt w
ith
resp
ect t
o th
eir
nati
onal
s m
easu
res
to
cons
erve
the
livin
g re
sour
ces
of th
e hi
gh s
eas.
173
Stat
es a
re a
lso
to c
oope
rate
whe
n th
eir
nati
onal
s ex
ploi
t the
sam
e sp
ecie
s or
ope
rate
in
the
sam
e ar
ea, b
y es
tabl
ishi
ng, a
s ap
prop
riat
e, s
ub-r
egio
nal o
r re
gion
al fi
sher
ies
orga
niza
tion
s.17
4
Min
imum
sta
ndar
ds fo
r co
nser
vati
on m
easu
res
incl
ude
the
requ
irem
ent t
o m
aint
ain
or r
esto
re p
opul
atio
ns o
f har
vest
ed s
peci
es a
t lev
els
whi
ch c
an p
rodu
ce th
e m
axim
um s
usta
inab
le y
ield
and
to ta
ke in
to c
onsi
dera
tion
the
effe
cts
on s
peci
es
wit
h a
view
to m
aint
aini
ng o
r re
stor
ing
popu
lati
ons
of s
uch
asso
ciat
ed o
r de
pend
ent s
peci
es a
bove
leve
ls a
t whi
ch th
eir
repr
oduc
tion
may
bec
ome
seri
ousl
y th
reat
ened
.175
UN
CLO
S –
Pol
luti
on fr
om v
esse
ls
(art
s. 1
94, 1
95, 1
96, 2
11)
Stat
es to
ado
pt in
tern
atio
nal r
ules
and
sta
ndar
ds, w
ith
flag
Stat
e ru
les
to h
ave
at
leas
t the
sam
e ef
fect
.176
Mea
sure
s sh
all i
nclu
de, i
nter
alia
, tho
se d
esig
ned
to m
inim
ize
to th
e fu
llest
pos
sibl
e ex
tent
: pol
luti
on fr
om v
esse
ls, i
n pa
rtic
ular
mea
sure
s fr
o pr
even
ting
acc
iden
ts a
nd
prev
entin
g in
tent
iona
l and
uni
nten
tiona
l disc
harg
es.17
7
UN
CLO
S –
Dum
ping
(ar
ts. 1
94, 1
95,
196,
210
) •
Stat
es to
ado
pt la
ws
and
regu
lati
ons
and
take
oth
er m
easu
res
to p
reve
nt a
nd c
ontr
ol p
ollu
tion
by
dum
ping
178 a
nd to
ens
ure
that
dum
ping
is n
ot
carr
ied
out w
ithou
t per
miss
ion
of c
ompe
tent
stat
e au
thor
ities
179
Such
rul
es a
re to
min
imiz
e to
the
fulle
st p
ossi
ble
exte
nt th
e re
leas
e of
toxi
c,
harm
ful o
r no
xiou
s su
bsta
nces
180
• St
ates
to e
ndea
vour
to e
stab
lish
glob
al a
nd r
egio
nal r
ules
181 a
nd n
atio
nal l
aws
to
be n
o le
ss e
ffec
tive
than
the
glob
al r
ules
and
sta
ndar
ds 18
2
46
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
UN
CLO
S -
Layi
ng c
able
s or
pip
elin
es
(art
s. 1
12-1
15)
Stat
es to
hav
e du
e re
gard
to c
able
s or
pip
elin
es a
lrea
dy in
pos
itio
n, a
nd n
ot
prej
udic
e re
pair
acc
ess.
183
Stat
es a
re to
ado
pt la
ws
for
thei
r na
tion
als
and
flagg
ed v
esse
ls m
akin
g it
pun
isha
ble
to b
reak
or
inju
re a
cab
le o
r pi
pelin
e ot
her
than
to s
ave
lives
or
ship
s.18
4
UN
CLO
S -
Mar
ine
scie
ntif
ic r
esea
rch
(MSR
)
Part
XII
: art
s. 1
92, 1
94, 1
95, 1
96. 1
97,
204-
206;
Part
XII
I on
MSR
; Par
t XI
on T
he A
rea,
es
peci
ally
143
, 145
, 147
.
Gen
eral
pri
ncip
les
To
be c
ondu
cted
exc
lusi
vely
for
peac
eful
pur
pose
s an
d in
com
plia
nce
wit
h re
gula
tion
s ad
opte
d fo
r th
e pr
otec
tion
and
pre
serv
atio
n of
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent.18
5
Can
not c
onst
itut
e th
e le
gal b
asis
for
any
clai
m to
any
par
t of t
he m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t or
its
reso
urce
s.18
6
Can
not u
njus
tifia
bly
inte
rfer
e w
ith
othe
r le
giti
mat
e se
a us
es, a
nd s
hall
be d
uly
resp
ecte
d in
ret
urn.
187
To
be tr
ansp
aren
t, th
us S
tate
s an
d in
tern
atio
nal o
rgan
izat
ions
are
to p
ublis
h in
form
atio
n on
pro
pose
d m
ajor
pro
gram
mes
, the
ir o
bjec
tive
s, a
nd th
eir
ulti
mat
e re
sults
.188
Res
earc
h in
the
Are
a
To
be c
arri
ed o
ut fo
r th
e be
nefit
of m
anki
nd a
s a
who
le.18
9
To
be c
arri
ed o
ut in
con
form
ity
wit
h th
e pr
ovis
ions
of P
art X
I on
mar
ine
envi
ronm
enta
l pro
tect
ion
190
Stat
es p
arti
es a
re to
pro
mot
e in
tern
atio
nal c
oope
rati
on b
y, in
ter
alia
, ens
urin
g th
at
prog
ram
mes
are
dev
elop
ed th
roug
h th
e IS
A fo
r th
e be
nefit
of d
evel
opin
g St
ates
and
ef
fect
ivel
y di
ssem
inat
ing
resu
lts o
f the
res
earc
h.19
1
47
Annexes
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
UN
CLO
S -
Con
stru
ctin
g an
d op
erat
ing
arti
fici
al is
land
s an
d in
stal
lati
ons
(Par
t X
II: a
rts.
192
, 194
, 195
, 196
, 197
, 204
-
206,
194
(d),
209
and
215
,
Part
XI
arts
. 145
and
147
.1-.
2 fo
r m
inin
g- r
elat
ed in
stal
lati
ons,
147
.3 fo
r no
n-m
inin
g re
late
d in
stal
lati
ons)
192
• St
ates
are
to ta
ke m
easu
res
to m
inim
ize
pollu
tion
to th
e fu
llest
pos
sibl
e ex
tent
,
– in
clud
ing
thro
ugh
regu
lati
ng th
e de
sign
, con
stru
ctio
n, e
quip
men
t, op
erat
ion
and
man
ning
of s
uch
inst
alla
tion
s.19
3
UN
CLO
S –
Mili
tary
act
ivit
ies
(art
s. 9
5,
96, 2
36)
• W
arsh
ips
and
ship
s on
gov
ernm
ent n
on-c
omm
erci
al s
ervi
ce h
ave
com
plet
e im
mun
ity
from
the
juri
sdic
tion
of a
ny o
ther
sta
tes.
194
• U
NC
LOS
envi
ronm
enta
l pro
visi
ons
not a
pplic
able
, but
eac
h St
ate
to e
nsur
e by
ap
prop
riat
e m
easu
res
not i
mpa
irin
g op
erat
ions
or
oper
atio
nal c
apab
iliti
es, t
hat
such
ves
sels
and
air
craf
t act
in a
man
ner
cons
iste
nt w
ith
UN
CLO
S, s
o fa
r as
is
reas
onab
le a
nd p
ract
icab
le.19
5
UN
CLO
S –
Arc
haeo
logy
(ar
ts 3
03, 1
49))
All
stat
es h
ave
duty
to p
rote
ct o
bjec
ts o
f an
arch
aeol
ogic
al a
nd h
isto
rica
l nat
ure
foun
d at
sea
, and
to c
oope
rate
in d
oing
so;
In th
e A
rea,
suc
h ob
ject
s ar
e to
be
pres
erve
d or
dis
pose
d of
for
the
bene
fit o
f m
anki
nd, w
ith
“par
ticu
lar
rega
rd to
the
stat
e of
ori
gin”
;
Law
s of
sal
vage
and
oth
er r
ules
of a
dmir
alty
not
aff
ecte
d.
48
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
Agr
eem
ent
for
the
Impl
emen
tati
on o
f the
P
rovi
sion
s of
U
NC
LOS
Rel
atin
g to
th
e C
onse
rvat
ion
and
Man
agem
ent
of
Stra
ddlin
g Fi
sh S
tock
s an
d H
ighl
y M
igra
tory
Fi
sh S
tock
s (r
efer
red
to
as t
he F
ish
Stoc
ks
Agr
eem
ent
or
UN
FSA
), 1
995,
in
forc
e: 2
001
The
obj
ecti
ve o
f UN
FSA
is to
ens
ure
the
long
-ter
m c
onse
rvat
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
use
of s
trad
dlin
g an
d hi
ghly
mig
rato
ry
fish
stoc
ks th
roug
h im
prov
ing
the
impl
emen
tati
on o
f the
rel
evan
t pro
visi
ons
of U
NC
LOS.
196
Scop
e: A
pplie
s to
str
addl
ing
and
high
ly m
igra
tory
fish
sto
cks
but
it d
oes
not
appl
y to
dis
cret
e hi
gh s
eas
fish
sto
cks
or to
cat
adro
mou
s or
ana
drom
ous
spec
ies
(the
se
latt
er tw
o ar
e ge
nera
lly c
over
ed b
y ex
isti
ng a
gree
men
ts).
197
– U
NFS
A a
pplie
s pr
imar
ily b
eyon
d na
tion
al ju
risd
icti
on th
ough
som
e if
its
prov
isio
ns a
lso
appl
y w
ithi
n ar
eas
unde
r na
tion
al ju
risd
icti
on to
ens
ure
com
pati
bilit
y.
– T
he p
rinc
iple
s of
the
UN
FSA
(e.
g. p
reca
utio
nary
app
roac
h, e
cosy
stem
ap
proa
ch, d
uty
to r
educ
e im
pact
s an
d pr
otec
t bio
dive
rsit
y (s
ee b
elow
) on
ly
appl
y to
fish
ing
acti
viti
es, a
nd n
o co
mpa
rabl
e st
atem
ent o
f pri
ncip
les
gove
rns
non-
fishi
ng a
ctiv
itie
s.
– C
urre
nt s
tate
pra
ctic
e, in
clud
ing
the
UN
GA
res
olut
ion
61/1
05, i
ndic
ate
that
th
e m
anag
emen
t pr
inci
ples
of U
NFS
A a
re n
ow a
ccep
ted
as a
pplic
able
to
disc
rete
hig
h se
as s
tock
s, b
ut it
sti
ll le
aves
a p
oten
tial
gap
for
thes
e st
ocks
wit
h re
spec
t to
insp
ecti
on a
nd e
nfor
cem
ent r
egim
es, a
nd d
ispu
te r
esol
utio
n pr
oced
ures
.
Geo
grap
hic
gaps
:
• So
me
regi
ons
of th
e hi
gh s
eas
and
man
y ta
rget
ed s
peci
es (
mai
nly
disc
rete
hig
h se
as s
peci
es in
dee
p w
ater
s, b
ut a
lso
shar
ks a
nd o
ther
pel
agic
spe
cies
) ar
e no
t co
vere
d by
RFM
Os
(see
Tab
le 2
).
• A
ddit
iona
lly, s
ome
RFM
Os
have
yet
to in
corp
orat
e th
e ge
nera
l pri
ncip
les
of
UN
FSA
into
thei
r m
anag
emen
t of h
ighl
y m
igra
tory
and
str
addl
ing
fish
stoc
ks
(see
Tab
le 2
).
• R
elat
ivel
y lo
w m
embe
rshi
p of
UN
FSA
so
that
it d
oes
not i
nclu
de k
ey fi
shin
g St
ates
suc
h as
Chi
na a
nd R
epub
lic o
f Kor
ea.
49
Annexes
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
UN
FSA
- D
uty
to c
oope
rate
: •
Part
ies
are
requ
ired
to c
oope
rate
eit
her
dire
ctly
or
thro
ugh
regi
onal
fish
erie
s m
anag
emen
t org
aniz
atio
ns a
nd a
rran
gem
ents
(R
FMO
s).19
8
• A
ll St
ates
fish
ing
in th
e ar
ea o
f an
RFM
O to
eit
her
join
the
RFM
O o
r to
agr
ee
to o
bser
ve th
e re
leva
nt c
onse
rvat
ion
and
man
agem
ent m
easu
res;
oth
erw
ise
they
ar
e no
t to
perm
it th
eir
vess
els
to fi
sh in
the
area
.
• Fl
ag S
tate
s an
d R
FMO
s to
ado
pt m
onit
orin
g, c
ontr
ol a
nd e
nfor
cem
ent
mec
hani
sms.
199
UN
FSA
- C
onse
rvat
ion
duti
es
• Fi
sher
ies
man
agem
ent i
s to
be
base
d on
pre
caut
iona
ry a
nd e
cosy
stem
ap
proa
ches
200
Stat
es a
re to
, int
er a
lia,:
– ta
ke in
to a
ccou
nt th
e in
terd
epen
denc
e of
sto
cks
in c
onse
rvat
ion
and
man
agem
ent m
easu
res;
– as
sess
the
impa
cts
of fi
shin
g on
targ
et s
peci
es a
nd s
peci
es b
elon
ging
to th
e sa
me
ecos
yste
m;
– ad
opt,
whe
re n
eces
sary
, con
serv
atio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t mea
sure
s fo
r sp
ecie
s re
late
d to
targ
et s
tock
s;
– m
inim
ize
pollu
tion
, was
te, d
isch
arge
s, c
atch
by
lost
or
aban
done
d ge
ar, b
ycat
ch,
and
impa
cts
on a
ssoc
iate
d an
d de
pend
ent s
peci
es in
par
ticu
lar
enda
nger
ed
spec
ies;
and
– pr
otec
t bio
dive
rsit
y in
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent.20
1
50
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
UN
FSA
– F
lag
Stat
e du
ties
•
Art
icle
18
spec
ifies
flag
sta
te d
utie
s an
d re
spon
sibi
litie
s in
det
ail t
o in
clud
e:
– to
ens
ure
that
ves
sels
flyi
ng it
s fla
g co
mpl
y w
ith
subr
egio
nal a
nd r
egio
nal
cons
erva
tion
and
man
agem
ent m
easu
res
and
that
suc
h ve
ssel
s do
not
eng
age
in a
ny a
ctiv
ity
whi
ch u
nder
min
es th
e ef
fect
iven
ess
of s
uch
mea
sure
s.
– to
aut
hori
ze th
e us
e of
ves
sels
flyi
ng it
s fla
g fo
r fis
hing
on
the
high
sea
s on
ly
whe
re it
is a
ble
to e
xerc
ise
effe
ctiv
ely
its
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
in r
espe
ct o
f suc
h ve
ssel
s.
– to
con
trol
of s
uch
vess
els
by m
eans
of f
ishi
ng li
cenc
es, a
nd to
ens
ure
effe
ctiv
e m
onit
orin
g, c
ontr
ol a
nd s
urve
illan
ce o
f suc
h ve
ssel
s, th
eir
fishi
ng o
pera
tion
s an
d re
late
d ac
tivi
ties
.
Con
vent
ion
on
Bio
logi
cal D
iver
sity
(C
BD
), 1
992
Obj
ecti
ves:
1) c
onse
rvat
ion
of b
iolo
gica
l div
ersi
ty;
2) t
he s
usta
inab
le u
se o
f its
com
pone
nts;
an
d
3) t
he fa
ir a
nd e
quit
able
sha
ring
of t
he
bene
fits
aris
ing
out o
f the
uti
lizat
ion
of
gene
tic
reso
urce
s.20
2
Juri
sdic
tiona
l sco
pe:
in A
BN
J it
appl
ies o
nly
to p
roce
sses
and
act
iviti
es c
arri
ed o
ut
unde
r the
con
trol
of P
artie
s whi
ch m
ay h
ave
an a
dver
se im
pact
on
biod
iver
sity.
203
Rol
e of
CB
D: A
t CO
P8 in
200
6, P
arti
es to
the
CB
D r
ecog
nize
d th
at th
e C
onve
ntio
n ha
s a
key
role
in s
uppo
rtin
g th
e w
ork
of th
e G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
wit
h re
gard
to M
PAs
beyo
nd n
atio
nal j
uris
dict
ion,
by
focu
sing
on
prov
isio
n of
sci
enti
fic
and,
as
appr
opri
ate,
tech
nica
l inf
orm
atio
n an
d ad
vice
rel
atin
g to
mar
ine
biol
ogic
al
dive
rsit
y, th
e ap
plic
atio
n of
the
ecos
yste
m a
ppro
ach
and
the
prec
auti
onar
y ap
proa
ch, a
nd in
del
iver
ing
the
2010
targ
et to
sig
nific
antly
red
uce
the
curr
ent r
ate
of b
iodi
vers
ity
loss
.204
51
Annexes
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
CB
D –
Con
serv
atio
n du
ties
E
ach
Part
y to
app
ly C
BD
pro
visio
ns to
pro
cess
es a
nd a
ctiv
ities
und
erta
ken
by it
s na
tiona
ls (o
r oth
er e
ntiti
es u
nder
its j
urisd
ictio
n or
con
trol
) tha
t may
adv
erse
ly im
pact
bi
odiv
ersit
y in
AB
NJ.
Thi
s inc
lude
s the
dut
y to
– id
entif
y an
d m
onito
r pro
cess
es a
nd a
ctiv
ities
that
may
hav
e sig
nific
ant a
dver
se
impa
cts o
n bi
odiv
ersit
y A
BN
J;20
5
– re
quir
e E
IA o
f pro
pose
d pr
ojec
ts li
kely
to h
ave
signi
fican
t adv
erse
impa
cts;20
6 and
– pr
omot
e co
nsul
tatio
n re
gard
ing
activ
ities
und
er th
eir j
urisd
ictio
n or
con
trol
that
m
ay si
gnifi
cant
ly a
ffect
bio
dive
rsity
of A
BN
J207
In c
ontr
ast,
in a
reas
wit
hin
nati
onal
juri
sdic
tion
, the
CB
D p
rovi
des
deta
iled
requ
irem
ents
for
Part
ies
to in
ter
alia
, est
ablis
h a
syst
em o
f pro
tect
ed a
reas
or
area
s w
here
spe
cial
mea
sure
s ne
ed to
be
take
n to
con
serv
e bi
olog
ical
div
ersi
ty, p
rote
ct
ecos
yste
ms
and
habi
tats
in s
itu,
and
reg
ulat
e im
port
ant b
iolo
gica
l res
ourc
es w
ith
a vi
ew to
ens
urin
g th
eir
cons
erva
tion
and
sus
tain
able
use
.208
CB
D –
Dut
y to
coo
pera
te
• Pa
rtie
s are
to c
oope
rate
, as f
ar a
s pos
sible
and
app
ropr
iate
, reg
ardi
ng th
e co
nser
vati
on a
nd s
usta
inab
le u
se o
f bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
thro
ugh
com
pete
nt
inte
rnat
iona
l org
aniz
atio
ns o
r di
rect
ly b
y Pa
rtie
s.20
9
CB
D –
UN
CLO
S re
lati
onsh
ip
• Pa
rtie
s to
the
CB
D a
re r
equi
red
to im
plem
ent t
hat c
onve
ntio
n co
nsis
tent
ly w
ith
the
righ
ts a
nd o
blig
atio
ns o
f Sta
tes
unde
r th
e la
w o
f the
sea
,210 e
xcep
t whe
re th
e ex
erci
se o
f tho
se r
ight
s an
d ob
ligat
ions
wou
ld c
ause
a s
erio
us d
amag
e or
thre
at to
bi
olog
ical
div
ersi
ty.21
1
Con
vent
ion
on t
he
Con
serv
atio
n of
M
igra
tory
Spe
cies
of
Wild
Ani
mal
s (C
MS)
, 19
79, i
n fo
rce
1983
Obj
ecti
ves:
To
prot
ect m
igra
tory
list
ed s
peci
es
(par
ticu
larl
y th
ose
that
mig
rate
acr
oss
or
outs
ide
nati
onal
juri
sdic
tion
al
boun
dari
es),
to c
onse
rve
or r
esto
re h
abit
at
and
to m
itig
ate
impa
cts
that
may
impi
nge
on th
eir
mig
rati
on o
r su
rviv
al.21
2
Scop
e: C
MS
prom
otes
col
labo
rati
ve a
ctio
ns a
mon
gst t
hose
Sta
tes
whi
ch e
xerc
ise
juri
sdic
tion
ove
r an
y pa
rt o
f the
ran
ge o
f the
mig
rato
ry s
peci
es (
i.e. ‘
Ran
ge S
tate
s’),
or a
flag
Sta
te w
hose
ves
sels
eng
age
outs
ide
nati
onal
juri
sdic
tion
al li
mit
s th
at m
ay
impa
ct o
n m
igra
tory
spe
cies
.
In A
BN
J, r
elev
ant l
iste
d m
arin
e m
igra
tory
spe
cies
incl
ude
seab
irds
, wha
les,
do
lphi
ns a
nd tu
rtle
s.
52
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
CM
S –
Con
serv
atio
n du
ties
E
xcep
t und
er s
peci
fic c
ircu
mst
ance
s, P
arti
es th
at a
re R
ange
Sta
tes
of a
mig
rato
ry
spec
ies
liste
d in
App
endi
x I
shal
l pro
hibi
t the
taki
ng o
f suc
h an
imal
s.21
3
Agr
eem
ents
dev
elop
ed u
nder
CM
S ar
e to
con
side
r, a
mon
gst o
ther
thin
gs,
mai
nten
ance
of a
net
wor
k of
sui
tabl
e ha
bita
ts a
ppro
pria
tely
dis
pose
d in
rel
atio
n to
th
e m
igra
tion
rou
tes
and
proc
edur
es to
elim
inat
e ill
egal
taki
ngs.
214
CM
S –
Rep
orti
ng d
utie
s Pa
rtie
s ar
e to
not
ify th
e Se
cret
aria
t as
to w
heth
er th
ey q
ualif
y as
a R
ange
Sta
te fo
r a
spec
ies
and
to p
rovi
de in
form
atio
n on
thei
r fla
g ve
ssel
s w
hich
are
taki
ng th
e m
igra
tory
spe
cies
con
cern
ed a
nd, w
here
pos
sibl
e, to
pro
vide
futu
re p
lans
in r
espe
ct
of s
uch
taki
ng.21
5
Obj
ecti
ves
To
prom
ote
inte
rnat
iona
l coo
pera
tion
to
prot
ect t
hrea
tene
d an
d en
dang
ered
w
ildlif
e sp
ecie
s ag
ains
t ove
r-ex
ploi
tati
on
from
inte
rnat
iona
l tra
de.
Scop
e: C
ITE
S re
fers
to m
arin
e A
BN
J in
the
cont
ext o
f ‘in
trod
ucti
on fr
om th
e se
a’
whi
ch p
rovi
des
for
tran
spor
tati
on in
to a
Sta
te o
f lis
ted
spec
ies
whi
ch a
re ta
ken
in
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent o
utsi
de o
f the
juri
sdic
tion
of a
ny S
tate
.216 F
urth
er
clar
ifica
tion
is c
urre
ntly
bei
ng s
ough
t by
Part
ies
to C
ITE
S as
to h
ow p
rovi
sion
s re
lati
ng to
‘int
rodu
ctio
n fr
om th
e se
a’ s
houl
d be
inte
rpre
ted
and
appl
ied
in
prac
tice
.217
Am
ong
the
mar
ine
listi
ngs
are
man
y sp
ecie
s of
cet
acea
ns, t
urtle
s an
d co
rals
. Mor
e re
cent
ly P
arti
es h
ave
liste
d m
arin
e sp
ecie
s w
hich
hav
e a
com
mer
cial
val
ue.21
8 Li
stin
gs o
f com
mer
cial
ly v
alua
ble
mar
ine
spec
ies
rem
ain
cont
rove
rsia
l, an
d C
ITE
S an
d FA
O c
onti
nue
to w
ork
to d
efin
e re
spec
tive
rol
es a
nd c
apab
iliti
es.
Con
vent
ion
on
Inte
rnat
iona
l Tra
de in
E
ndan
gere
d Sp
ecie
s of
W
ild F
auna
and
Flo
ra
(CIT
ES)
, 197
3, in
fo
rce:
197
5
CIT
ES
Con
serv
atio
n du
ties
T
o pr
even
t tra
de in
end
ange
red
spec
ies
liste
d in
app
endi
x 1;
To
regu
late
trad
e in
spe
cies
that
mig
ht b
ecom
e en
dang
ered
wit
hout
suc
h re
gula
tion
th
at li
sted
in a
ppen
dix
2;
To
coop
erat
e to
con
trol
trad
e in
spe
cies
list
ed a
t the
nat
iona
l lev
el in
app
endi
x 3.
53
Annexes
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
Inte
rnat
iona
l Wha
ling
Con
vent
ion
(IW
C),
19
46, i
n fo
rce:
194
8
Obj
ecti
ves
To
ensu
re p
rope
r an
d ef
fect
ive
cons
erva
tion
and
dev
elop
men
t of w
hale
st
ocks
.
Scop
e: A
pplie
s to
fact
ory
ship
s, la
nd s
tati
ons,
and
wha
le c
atch
ers
unde
r th
e ju
risd
icti
on o
f Par
ties
, and
to a
ll w
ater
s in
whi
ch w
halin
g is
pro
secu
ted.
The
IW
C
appl
ies o
nly
to c
omm
erci
al w
halin
g, a
nd d
oes n
ot r
egul
ate
othe
r ac
tivi
ties
that
may
im
pact
on
the
heal
th a
nd st
atus
of w
hale
s.
The
Int
erna
tion
al W
halin
g C
omm
issi
on is
em
pow
ered
to fi
x th
e lim
its
of o
pen
and
clos
ed w
ater
s, in
clud
ing
the
desi
gnat
ion
of s
anct
uary
are
as, a
s w
ell a
s pr
escr
ibe
seas
ons,
cat
ch a
nd e
ffor
ts li
mit
s, a
nd p
rohi
bite
d m
etho
ds fo
r ca
ptur
e. A
m
orat
oriu
m o
n w
halin
g es
tabl
ishe
d by
the
Com
mis
sion
took
eff
ect i
n 19
85/1
986.
219
Tw
o la
rge-
scal
e hi
gh s
eas
sanc
tuar
ies
whe
re c
omm
erci
al w
halin
g is
pro
hibi
ted
have
be
en e
stab
lishe
d in
197
9 (I
ndia
n O
cean
) an
d 19
94 (
Sout
hern
Oce
an, e
xpan
ding
th
e 19
38 A
ntar
ctic
San
ctua
ry)
and
rene
wed
sin
ce th
en, t
houg
h no
t wit
hout
som
e de
bate
. Tak
ing
of w
hale
s fo
r sc
ient
ific
purp
oses
con
tinu
es.
Tw
o pr
opos
ed w
hale
sa
nctu
arie
s in
the
Sout
h A
tlant
ic a
nd S
outh
Pac
ific
have
faile
d to
ach
ieve
the
nece
ssar
y 75
% m
ajor
ity
vote
to b
e es
tabl
ishe
d.
Inte
rnat
iona
l C
onve
ntio
n fo
r th
e P
reve
ntio
n of
P
ollu
tion
from
Shi
ps,
1973
, as
mod
ifie
d by
th
e P
roto
col o
f 197
8 re
lati
ng t
here
to
(MA
RP
OL
73/7
8),
Ann
exes
I, I
I, I
V, V
an
d V
I,
In fo
rce:
A
nnex
I &
II
Ann
ex I
II: 1
992
A
nnex
IV
: 200
3 A
nnex
V: 1
988
Ann
ex V
I: 2
005.
Obj
ecti
ves
To
achi
eve
the
com
plet
e el
imin
atio
n of
in
tent
iona
l pol
luti
on o
f the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent b
y oi
l and
oth
er s
ubst
ance
s an
d th
e m
inim
isat
ion
of th
eir
acci
dent
al
disc
harg
e.
Scop
e: E
xten
ds to
all
ship
s en
title
d to
fly
the
flag
of a
Par
ty to
the
Con
vent
ion
and
in a
ll pa
rts
of th
e se
a.22
0
54
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
MA
RP
OL
anne
xes
Six
tech
nica
l ann
exes
con
tain
det
aile
d re
gula
tion
s w
ith
resp
ect t
o di
scha
rge,
co
nstr
ucti
on, d
esig
n, e
quip
men
t and
ope
rati
onal
sta
ndar
ds to
con
trol
pol
luti
on
from
: i)
oil a
nd o
ily w
aste
s; ii
) no
xiou
s liq
uid
subs
tanc
es in
bul
k; ii
i) h
arm
ful
subs
tanc
es c
arri
ed b
y se
as in
pac
kage
d fo
rm; i
v) s
ewag
e, v
) ga
rbag
e; a
nd v
i) a
ir
pollu
tion
.
Des
pite
impr
ovem
ent o
ver
the
year
s, M
AR
POL
cont
inue
s to
rel
y on
a d
ista
nce
from
land
app
roac
h, in
whi
ch d
isch
arge
s ar
e le
ss s
trin
gent
bey
ond
coas
tal w
ater
s ot
her
than
in S
peci
al A
reas
whe
re d
isch
arge
s of
oil
or o
ther
sub
stan
ces
are
mor
e st
rict
ly c
ontr
olle
d or
pro
hibi
ted.
221 T
his
mea
ns th
at th
e hi
gh s
eas
are
the
leas
t pr
otec
ted
part
of t
he s
ea.22
2
MA
RP
OL
spec
ial a
reas
T
he c
once
pt o
f Spe
cial
Are
as in
MA
RPO
L 73
/78
reco
gnis
es th
e ex
iste
nce
of
ocea
nogr
aphi
cal,
ecol
ogic
al a
nd tr
affic
con
diti
ons
in a
par
ticu
lar
area
of t
he s
ea
whi
ch ju
stify
an
alm
ost c
ompl
ete
proh
ibit
ion
on o
il an
d ot
her
vess
el d
isch
arge
s,
exce
pt in
ver
y lim
ited
con
diti
ons.
The
re a
re tw
o Sp
ecia
l Are
as w
hich
incl
ude
area
s ou
tsid
e of
nat
iona
l jur
isdi
ctio
n (M
edit
erra
nean
and
the
Sout
hern
Oce
an).
223 O
ther
hi
gh s
eas
area
s co
uld
be p
ropo
sed
or th
e ve
ssel
dis
char
ge s
tand
ards
pro
vide
d un
der
MA
RPO
L co
uld
be m
ade
equa
lly s
trin
gent
acr
oss
all m
arit
ime
zone
s in
clud
ing
AB
NJ.
Inte
rnat
iona
l C
onve
ntio
n fo
r th
e C
ontr
ol a
nd
Man
agem
ent
of S
hips
' B
alla
st W
ater
and
Se
dim
ents
(B
alla
st
Wat
er C
onve
ntio
n),
2004
, not
yet
in fo
rce
Obj
ecti
ves
To
prev
ent,
min
imiz
e an
d ul
tim
atel
y el
imin
ate
the
tran
sfer
of h
arm
ful a
quat
ic
orga
nism
s an
d pa
thog
ens
thro
ugh
the
cont
rol a
nd m
anag
emen
t of s
hips
’ bal
last
w
ater
and
sed
imen
ts.
Scop
e: U
nder
Art
icle
2 G
ener
al O
blig
atio
ns P
arti
es u
nder
take
to g
ive
full
and
com
plet
e ef
fect
to th
e pr
ovis
ions
of t
he C
onve
ntio
n an
d th
e A
nnex
in o
rder
to
prev
ent,
min
imiz
e an
d ul
tim
atel
y el
imin
ate
the
tran
sfer
of h
arm
ful a
quat
ic
orga
nism
s an
d pa
thog
ens
thro
ugh
the
cont
rol a
nd m
anag
emen
t of s
hips
’ bal
last
w
ater
and
sed
imen
ts. A
rt. 2
(9)
of th
e B
WM
Con
vent
ion
requ
ire
Part
ies
to
coop
erat
e to
add
ress
thre
ats
and
risk
s to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ,
pro
vidi
ng a
pos
sibl
e ba
sis
for
acti
on if
nee
ded
to r
estr
ict b
alla
st w
ater
exc
hang
e in
cer
tain
are
as in
AB
NJ.
The
spe
cific
req
uire
men
ts fo
r ba
llast
wat
er m
anag
emen
t are
con
tain
ed in
det
aile
d re
gula
tion
s. T
he s
tand
ard
met
hod
of tr
eatm
ent f
or e
xist
ing
ship
s is
Bal
last
Wat
er
Exch
ange
at s
ea.22
4 Thi
s is
to ta
ke p
lace
, whe
reve
r po
ssib
le, a
t lea
st 2
00 n
auti
cal
mile
s fr
om th
e ne
ares
t lan
d an
d in
wat
er a
t lea
st 2
00 m
etre
s in
dep
th, i
n al
l cas
es a
t le
ast 5
0 na
utic
al m
iles
from
the
near
est l
and
and
in w
ater
at l
east
200
met
res
in
dept
h. W
hen
thes
e re
quir
emen
ts c
anno
t be
met
are
as m
ay b
e de
sign
ated
whe
re
ship
s ca
n co
nduc
t bal
last
wat
er e
xcha
nge.
55
Annexes
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
Obj
ecti
ve:
To
prom
ote
all p
ract
icab
le s
teps
to
prev
ent p
ollu
tion
of t
he s
ea b
y du
mpi
ng
of w
aste
s an
d ot
her
mat
ter
that
is li
able
to
crea
te h
azar
ds to
hum
an h
ealth
, to
harm
liv
ing
reso
urce
s an
d m
arin
e lif
e, to
da
mag
e am
enit
ies
or to
inte
rfer
e w
ith
othe
r le
giti
mat
e us
es o
f the
sea
.225
Scop
e: A
pplie
s to
all
mar
itim
e ar
eas
exce
pt th
e in
tern
al w
ater
s of
a S
tate
.
• T
o be
app
lied
to v
esse
ls a
nd a
ircr
aft r
egis
tere
d in
a P
arty
’s te
rrit
ory
or fl
ying
its
flag,
load
ing
in it
s te
rrit
ory
or te
rrit
oria
l sea
the
mat
ter
to b
e du
mpe
d, o
r ve
ssel
s,
airc
raft
and
fixe
d or
floa
ting
pla
tfor
ms
unde
r it
s ju
risd
icti
on b
elie
ved
to b
e en
gage
d in
dum
ping
.
• Pa
rtie
s ca
n ad
opt o
ther
(st
rict
er)
mea
sure
s to
pre
vent
dum
ping
at s
ea.22
6
• H
owev
er, P
arti
es a
re n
ot r
equi
red
to a
dopt
mea
sure
s to
cont
rol t
he a
ctiv
itie
s of
thei
r na
tion
als (
priv
ate
or p
ublic
) th
at m
ay a
ffect
AB
NJ.
Lond
on C
onve
ntio
n -
Def
init
ion
of
Dum
ping
•
Dis
posi
tion
of m
ater
ial f
or p
urpo
ses
othe
r th
an d
ispo
sal w
hen
it is
like
ly to
cau
se
harm
is a
lso
cons
ider
ed “
dum
ping
”
– D
umpi
ng"
is d
efin
ed a
s th
e de
liber
ate
disp
osal
at s
ea o
f was
tes
or o
ther
mat
ter
from
ves
sels
, air
craf
t, pl
atfo
rms
or o
ther
man
-mad
e st
ruct
ures
, as
wel
l as
the
delib
erat
e di
spos
al o
f the
se v
esse
ls o
r pl
atfo
rms
them
selv
es.22
7 –
“Dum
ping
” do
es n
ot in
clud
e th
e “p
lace
men
t of m
atte
r fo
r a
purp
ose
othe
r th
an
the
mer
e di
spos
al th
ereo
f, pr
ovid
ed th
at s
uch
plac
emen
t is
not c
ontr
ary
to th
e ai
ms o
f thi
s Con
vent
ion.
” A
rtic
le 1
(5)(
b)(i
i)
Lond
on C
onve
ntio
n –
Pro
hibi
ted
mat
ter
and
duti
es
• Pr
ohib
its
the
dum
ping
of c
erta
in h
azar
dous
mat
eria
ls, r
equi
res
a pr
ior
spec
ial
perm
it fo
r th
e du
mpi
ng o
f a n
umbe
r of
oth
er id
enti
fied
mat
eria
ls a
nd a
pri
or
gene
ral p
erm
it fo
r ot
her
was
tes
or m
atte
r.
• Si
nce
its
entr
y in
to fo
rce
in 1
975,
Par
ties
hav
e ag
reed
to p
hase
out
com
plet
ely
the
dum
ping
of r
adio
acti
ve w
aste
, ind
ustr
ial w
aste
(w
ith
som
e ex
cept
ions
) an
d se
wag
e sl
udge
at s
ea. I
ncin
erat
ion
is a
lso
proh
ibit
ed.22
8
• D
umpi
ng is
pro
hibi
ted,
exc
ept f
or w
aste
s on
the
so-c
alle
d "r
ever
se li
st",
sub
ject
to
EIA
, was
te a
sses
smen
t and
per
mit
s.
Con
vent
ion
on t
he
Pre
vent
ion
of M
arin
e P
ollu
tion
by
Dum
ping
of
Was
tes
and
Oth
er
Mat
ter,
(Lo
ndon
C
onve
ntio
n), 1
972,
in
forc
e: 1
975
Lond
on C
onve
ntio
n -
Dut
y to
coo
pera
te
Part
ies
are
to c
oope
rate
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of p
roce
dure
s fo
r th
e ef
fect
ive
appl
icat
ion
of th
is C
onve
ntio
n, p
arti
cula
rly
on th
e hi
gh s
eas,
incl
udin
g pr
oced
ures
fo
r th
e re
port
ing
of v
esse
ls a
nd a
ircr
aft o
bser
ved
dum
ping
in c
ontr
aven
tion
of t
his
Con
vent
ion.
229
56
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
Pro
toco
l to
the
Lond
on C
onve
ntio
n,
1996
, in
forc
e: 2
006
Obj
ecti
ves:
To
elim
inat
e po
lluti
on c
ause
d by
du
mpi
ng o
r in
cine
rati
on o
f was
tes
and
othe
r m
atte
r at
sea
, req
uire
s Pa
rtie
s to
ap
ply
a pr
ecau
tion
ary
appr
oach
, and
en
cour
ages
“po
llute
r pa
ys”
impl
emen
tati
on.23
0
Scop
e: I
n 19
96, t
he "
Lond
on P
roto
col"
was
ado
pted
to fu
rthe
r m
oder
nize
the
Con
vent
ion
and,
eve
ntua
lly, r
epla
ce it
.
Und
er th
e Pr
otoc
ol, t
he p
reca
utio
nary
app
roac
h is
app
lied
and
all d
umpi
ng is
pr
ohib
ited
, wit
h th
e ex
cept
ion
of m
ater
ials
list
ed in
Ann
ex 1
. 231
The
se a
re: 1
. Dre
dged
mat
eria
l; 2.
Sew
age
slud
ge; 3
. Fis
h w
aste
, or
mat
eria
l re
sulti
ng fr
om in
dust
rial
fish
pro
cess
ing
oper
atio
ns; 4
.Ves
sels
and
pla
tfor
ms
or
othe
r m
an-m
ade
stru
ctur
es a
t sea
; 5. I
nert
, ino
rgan
ic g
eolo
gica
l mat
eria
l; 6.
O
rgan
ic m
ater
ial o
f nat
ural
ori
gin.
Bot
h th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d Pr
otoc
ol r
equi
re P
arti
es to
issu
e pe
rmit
s fo
r th
e du
mpi
ng
of w
aste
s an
d ot
her
mat
ter
at s
ea.
Whi
le th
e Lo
ndon
Con
vent
ion
and
Prot
ocol
do
not a
pply
to p
lace
men
t of m
atte
r fo
r a
purp
ose
othe
r th
an th
e m
ere
disp
osal
ther
eof,
they
do
appl
y if
such
pla
cem
ent
is c
ontr
ary
to th
e ai
ms
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n/Pr
otoc
ol.23
2
Agr
eem
ent
to P
rom
ote
Com
plia
nce
wit
h In
tern
atio
nal
Con
serv
atio
n an
d M
anag
emen
t M
easu
res
by F
ishi
ng V
esse
ls o
n th
e H
igh
Seas
(FA
O
Com
plia
nce
Agr
eem
ent)
, 199
3, in
fo
rce:
200
3
Obj
ecti
ves:
To
dete
r th
e pr
acti
ce o
f fla
ggin
g or
re
flagg
ing
as a
mea
ns to
avo
id c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith
inte
rnat
iona
l con
serv
atio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t mea
sure
s fo
r liv
ing
mar
ine
reso
urce
s an
d to
rei
nfor
ce th
e du
ties
of
flag
Stat
es to
exe
rcis
e ef
fect
ivel
y ju
risd
icti
on a
nd c
ontr
ol o
ver
vess
els
flyin
g th
eir
flag.
Scop
e: A
pplie
s to
fish
ing
vess
els
of P
arti
es th
at a
re u
sed
or in
tend
ed fo
r fis
hing
on
the
high
sea
s233 b
ut it
doe
s no
t ap
ply
to v
esse
ls fi
shin
g in
are
as w
here
ther
e ar
e no
R
FMO
s or
agr
eed
inte
rnat
iona
l con
serv
atio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t mea
sure
s.
• T
he fl
ag S
tate
mus
t aut
hori
ze it
s ve
ssel
s to
fish
on
the
high
sea
s, a
nd it
may
onl
y do
so
if it
can
eff
ecti
vely
exe
rcis
e it
s re
spon
sibi
litie
s un
der
the
Agr
eem
ent.
The
A
gree
men
t rel
ies
prim
arily
on
flag
stat
e ju
risd
icti
on b
ut a
lso
prom
otes
in
tern
atio
nal c
oope
rati
on a
nd p
rovi
des
for
the
abili
ty o
f por
t Sta
tes
to in
vest
igat
e w
heth
er v
esse
ls in
thei
r po
rts
have
bre
ache
d th
e A
gree
men
t.234
• FA
O h
as e
stab
lishe
d a
Hig
h Se
as V
esse
l Aut
hori
zati
on R
ecor
d to
dev
elop
a
com
preh
ensi
ve c
entr
aliz
ed d
ata
base
on
vess
els
auth
oriz
ed to
fish
on
the
high
sea
s bu
t due
to th
e lo
w n
umbe
r of
par
ties
to th
e C
ompl
ianc
e A
gree
men
t, it
is fa
r fr
om c
ompl
ete.
57
Annexes
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
GO
VE
RN
AN
CE
-FO
CU
SED
A
GR
EE
ME
NT
S
Man
date
/obj
ecti
ve
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
UN
EC
E C
onve
ntio
n on
Acc
ess
to
Info
rmat
ion,
Pub
lic
Par
tici
pati
on in
D
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
and
Acc
ess
to J
usti
ce in
E
nvir
onm
enta
l Mat
ters
(A
arhu
s C
onve
ntio
n),
in fo
rce:
200
1
Obj
ecti
ve: I
n or
der
to c
ontr
ibut
e to
the
prot
ecti
on o
f the
rig
ht o
f eve
ry p
erso
n of
pr
esen
t and
futu
re g
ener
atio
ns to
live
in
an e
nvir
onm
ent a
dequ
ate
to h
is o
r he
r he
alth
and
wel
l-be
ing,
eac
h Pa
rty
shal
l gu
aran
tee
the
righ
ts o
f acc
ess
to
info
rmat
ion,
pub
lic p
arti
cipa
tion
in
deci
sion
-mak
ing,
and
acc
ess
to ju
stic
e in
en
viro
nmen
tal m
atte
rs in
acc
orda
nce
wit
h th
e pr
ovis
ions
of t
his
Con
vent
ion.
235
Scop
e: T
he A
arhu
s C
onve
ntio
n se
ts fo
rth
envi
ronm
enta
l gov
erna
nce
stan
dard
s,
prim
arily
wit
h re
spec
t to
nati
onal
inst
itut
ions
, but
it a
lso
has
a fo
cus
on
part
icip
atio
n of
civ
il so
ciet
y in
inte
rnat
iona
l agr
eem
ents
.
• T
he P
arti
es a
re to
pro
mot
e th
e ap
plic
atio
n of
its
prin
cipl
es to
inte
rnat
iona
l en
viro
nmen
tal d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
proc
esse
s an
d w
ithi
n th
e fr
amew
ork
of
inte
rnat
iona
l org
aniz
atio
ns in
mat
ters
rel
atin
g to
the
envi
ronm
ent.
• A
t the
sec
ond
mee
ting
in 2
005,
the
Part
ies
adop
ted
the
Alm
aty
Gui
delin
es o
n Pr
omot
ing
the
App
licat
ion
of th
e Pr
inci
ples
of t
he A
arhu
s C
onve
ntio
n in
In
tern
atio
nal F
orum
s.
• T
he a
gree
men
t may
be
acce
ded
to b
y st
ates
out
side
of E
urop
e, b
ut th
is is
not
w
ell p
ublic
ized
.
Con
vent
ion
on
Env
iron
men
tal I
mpa
ct
Ass
essm
ent
in a
T
rans
boun
dary
C
onte
xt (
Esp
oo
Con
vent
ion)
and
its
Pro
toco
l on
Stra
tegi
c E
nvir
onm
enta
l A
sses
smen
t (S
EA
P
roto
col)
, Esp
oo
Con
vent
ion
in fo
rce:
19
97
SEA
Pro
toco
l: no
t yet
in
forc
e.
The
Esp
oo C
onve
ntio
n se
eks
to e
nsur
e ex
plic
it c
onsi
dera
tion
of e
nvir
onm
enta
l fa
ctor
s at
an
earl
y st
age
in th
e de
cisi
on-
mak
ing
proc
ess
by a
pply
ing
EIA
, at a
ll ap
prop
riat
e ad
min
istr
ativ
e le
vels
, as
a ne
cess
ary
tool
to im
prov
e th
e qu
alit
y of
in
form
atio
n pr
esen
ted
to d
ecis
ion
mak
ers
so th
at e
nvir
onm
enta
lly s
ound
dec
isio
ns
can
be m
ade
payi
ng c
aref
ul a
tten
tion
to
min
imiz
ing
sign
ifica
nt a
dver
se im
pact
, pa
rtic
ular
ly in
a tr
ansb
ound
ary
cont
ext.23
6
Scop
e: T
he E
spoo
(E
IA)
Con
vent
ion
sets
out
the
oblig
atio
ns o
f Par
ties
to a
sses
s th
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct o
f cer
tain
act
ivit
ies
at a
n ea
rly
stag
e of
pla
nnin
g. I
t als
o la
ys
dow
n th
e ge
nera
l obl
igat
ion
of S
tate
s to
not
ify a
nd c
onsu
lt ea
ch o
ther
on
all m
ajor
pr
ojec
ts u
nder
con
side
rati
on th
at a
re li
kely
to h
ave
a si
gnifi
cant
adv
erse
en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct a
cros
s bo
rder
s. T
his
agre
emen
t may
als
o be
acc
eded
to b
y st
ates
out
side
of E
urop
e.
Bot
h th
e E
spoo
Con
vent
ion
and
its
SEA
Pro
toco
l set
fort
h st
anda
rds
for
whe
re th
e ac
tion
s in
one
sta
te w
ould
impa
ct a
noth
er s
tate
, but
not
whe
n su
ch a
ctiv
itie
s wou
ld
impa
ct a
reas
out
side
the
terr
itor
y of
ano
ther
stat
e (i
.e. t
he H
igh
Seas
).
58
Key
Glo
bal A
gree
men
ts
Obj
ecti
ve/K
ey r
ight
s and
dut
ies
Scop
e in
rel
atio
n to
bio
dive
rsit
y in
AB
NJ
The
obj
ecti
ve o
f the
SE
A P
roto
col i
s to
pr
ovid
e fo
r a
high
leve
l of p
rote
ctio
n of
th
e en
viro
nmen
t, in
clud
ing
heal
th, b
y:,
inte
r al
ia,
(a) E
nsur
ing
that
env
iron
men
tal,
incl
udin
g he
alth
, con
side
rati
ons
are
thor
ough
ly ta
ken
into
acc
ount
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of p
lans
and
pr
ogra
mm
es;
(b) C
ontr
ibut
ing
to th
e co
nsid
erat
ion
of
envi
ronm
enta
l, in
clud
ing
heal
th,
conc
erns
in th
e pr
epar
atio
n of
pol
icie
s an
d le
gisl
atio
n;
(c) E
stab
lishi
ng c
lear
, tra
nspa
rent
and
ef
fect
ive
proc
edur
es fo
r SE
A;
(d)
Prov
idin
g fo
r pu
blic
par
tici
pati
on in
SE
A; a
nd
(e) I
nteg
rati
ng b
y th
ese
mea
ns
envi
ronm
enta
l, in
clud
ing
heal
th,
conc
erns
into
mea
sure
s an
d in
stru
men
ts d
esig
ned
to fu
rthe
r su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t.
Scop
e: T
he K
iev
(SE
A)
Prot
ocol
, onc
e in
forc
e, w
ill r
equi
re it
s Pa
rtie
s to
eva
luat
e th
e en
viro
nmen
tal c
onse
quen
ces
of th
eir
offic
ial d
raft
pla
ns a
nd p
rogr
amm
es. S
EA
is
und
erta
ken
muc
h ea
rlie
r in
the
deci
sion
-mak
ing
proc
ess
than
EIA
--
it is
th
eref
ore
seen
as
a ke
y to
ol fo
r su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t. T
he P
roto
col a
lso
prov
ides
fo
r ex
tens
ive
publ
ic p
arti
cipa
tion
in g
over
nmen
t dec
isio
n-m
akin
g in
num
erou
s de
velo
pmen
t sec
tors
.
59
Annexes
KE
Y U
N A
ND
O
TH
ER
BO
DIE
S Sc
ope
in r
elat
ion
to b
iodi
vers
ity in
AB
NJ
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
(UN
GA
)
The
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y (U
NG
A)
is t
he k
ey p
olit
ical
for
um f
or m
embe
r st
ates
to
rais
e is
sues
rel
evan
t to
oce
ans
and
law
of
the
sea.
The
UN
GA
ado
pts
an a
nnua
l re
solu
tion
on
ocea
ns a
nd l
aw o
f th
e se
a, w
hich
com
bine
d w
ith
the
rela
ted
reso
luti
on o
n su
stai
nabl
e fis
heri
es, p
rovi
de g
ener
al p
olic
y gu
idan
ce t
o a
wid
e ra
nge
of in
tern
atio
nal i
nsti
tuti
ons
as w
ell a
s st
ates
. T
hese
res
olut
ions
ide
ntify
a b
road
ran
ge o
f m
arin
e an
d m
arit
ime
issu
es,
and
incl
ude
spec
ific
reco
mm
enda
tion
s, c
alls
and
in
vita
tion
s to
inte
rnat
iona
l ins
titu
tion
s an
d st
ates
on
acti
ons
to b
e ta
ken.
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
D
ivis
ion
on O
cean
s an
d La
w o
f the
Sea
(D
OA
LOS
or t
he
Div
isio
n)
The
Div
isio
n se
rves
as
the
secr
etar
iat
of t
he U
nite
d N
atio
ns C
onve
ntio
n on
the
Law
of
the
Sea
and
prov
ides
inf
orm
atio
n,
advi
ce a
nd a
ssis
tanc
e to
Sta
tes
wit
h a
view
to
prom
otin
g a
bett
er u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he C
onve
ntio
n an
d th
e re
late
d A
gree
men
ts,
thei
r w
ider
acc
epta
nce,
uni
form
and
con
sist
ent
appl
icat
ion
and
effe
ctiv
e im
plem
enta
tion
. M
ore
spec
ifica
lly,
the
Div
isio
n m
onit
ors
deve
lopm
ents
in a
ll re
leva
nt a
reas
in o
rder
to
repo
rt a
nnua
lly t
o th
e G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
on m
atte
rs r
elat
ing
to t
he la
w
of t
he s
ea a
nd o
cean
aff
airs
. Si
nce
1999
, the
Div
isio
n ha
s se
rvic
ed t
he m
eeti
ngs
of t
he U
nite
d N
atio
ns O
pen-
ende
d in
form
al
cons
ulta
tive
pro
cess
on
ocea
ns a
nd t
he l
aw o
f th
e se
a an
d si
nce
2005
the
mee
ting
s of
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up t
o st
udy
issu
es r
elat
ed t
o th
e co
nser
vati
on a
nd s
usta
inab
le u
se o
f m
arin
e bi
olog
ical
div
ersi
ty i
n A
BN
J. T
he D
ivis
ion
also
pro
vide
s se
cret
aria
t se
rvic
es t
o th
e M
eeti
ngs
of S
tate
s Pa
rtie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion
and
to t
he C
omm
issi
on o
n th
e Li
mit
s of
the
C
onti
nent
al S
helf.
237
The
UN
Inf
orm
al
Con
sult
ativ
e P
roce
ss
on O
cean
s an
d La
w o
f th
e Se
a
(UN
ICP
OLO
S)
The
UN
Inf
orm
al C
onsu
ltati
ve P
roce
ss o
n O
cean
s an
d La
w o
f th
e Se
a (U
NIC
POLO
S) w
as e
stab
lishe
d in
200
0 to
pro
vide
a
foru
m f
or in
form
al d
iscu
ssio
ns o
n pr
essi
ng is
sues
in t
he a
rea
of o
cean
s af
fair
s an
d to
enh
ance
coo
rdin
atio
n. M
eeti
ng a
nnua
lly,
it e
nabl
es s
tate
s, i
nter
nati
onal
ins
titu
tion
s, N
GO
s an
d ot
her
acto
rs t
o ex
plor
e sp
ecifi
c pr
oble
ms,
exc
hang
e vi
ews,
and
ide
ntify
ac
tion
whi
ch s
houl
d be
tak
en t
o ad
dres
s th
ese
prob
lem
s. T
he r
epor
ts o
f UN
ICPO
LOS
prov
ide
guid
ance
and
enr
ich
the
annu
al
deba
tes
on o
cean
s an
d la
w o
f th
e se
a in
the
UN
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y, w
hich
als
o ag
rees
on
the
focu
s an
d to
pics
of
fort
hcom
ing
UN
ICPO
LOS
mee
ting
s. T
he p
rote
ctio
n of
vul
nera
ble
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms,
inc
ludi
ng t
hose
in
AB
NJ,
was
dis
cuss
ed b
y U
NIC
POLO
S in
200
3 an
d 20
04.
60
KE
Y U
N A
ND
O
TH
ER
BO
DIE
S Sc
ope
in r
elat
ion
to b
iodi
vers
ity in
AB
NJ
UN
-Oce
ans
UN
-Oce
ans
is a
n in
tera
genc
y co
ordi
nati
ng m
echa
nism
wit
hin
the
UN
sys
tem
, w
hich
was
est
ablis
hed
in 2
003
by t
he U
N
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y to
bri
ng t
oget
her
UN
age
ncie
s an
d bo
dies
, int
erna
tion
al f
inan
cial
ins
titu
tion
s su
ch a
s th
e W
orld
Ban
k an
d m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
tal
conv
enti
on s
ecre
tari
ats
deal
ing
wit
h oc
eans
and
coa
stal
iss
ues.
It
is j
oint
ly c
oord
inat
ed b
y D
OA
LOS
(adm
inis
trat
ion)
and
the
IOC
(sc
ienc
e).
The
func
tion
s of
UN
-Oce
ans
incl
ude:
• St
reng
then
ing
coor
dina
tion
and
coo
pera
tion
of U
nite
d N
atio
ns a
ctiv
itie
s re
late
d to
oce
ans
and
coas
tal a
reas
;
• Id
enti
fyin
g em
ergi
ng is
sues
, def
inin
g jo
int a
ctio
ns a
nd e
stab
lishi
ng s
peci
fic ta
sk te
ams
to d
eal w
ith
thes
e, a
s ap
prop
riat
e;
• Pr
omot
ing
the
inte
grat
ed m
anag
emen
t of o
cean
s at
the
inte
rnat
iona
l lev
el; a
nd
• Pr
omot
ing
the
cohe
renc
e of
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
sys
tem
act
ivit
ies
on o
cean
s an
d co
asta
l are
as w
ith
the
man
date
s of
the
Gen
eral
A
ssem
bly,
and
the
prio
riti
es c
onta
ined
in th
e M
illen
nium
Dev
elop
men
t Goa
ls, t
he J
ohan
nesb
urg
Plan
of I
mpl
emen
tati
on
and
of g
over
ning
bod
ies
of a
ll m
embe
rs o
f UN
-OC
EA
NS.
UN
-Oce
ans
is a
lso
empo
wer
ed t
o pu
rsue
tim
e-bo
und
init
iati
ves,
wit
h w
ell-
defin
ed t
erm
s of
ref
eren
ce,
thro
ugh
ad h
oc T
ask
Forc
es.
The
CB
D S
ecre
tari
at a
nd D
OA
LOS
are
curr
ently
spe
arhe
adin
g a
UN
-Oce
ans
Hig
h Se
as T
ask
Forc
e on
bio
dive
rsit
y co
nser
vati
on in
mar
ine
AB
NJ.
A m
ore
rece
nt T
ask
Forc
e ha
s be
en e
stab
lishe
d on
MPA
s.
UN
-Oce
ans
has
no a
utho
rity
to
revi
ew t
he p
erfo
rman
ce o
f it
s m
embe
rs t
o as
sess
the
ir c
onsi
sten
cy w
ith
the
envi
ronm
enta
l ob
ject
ives
of
U
NC
LOS,
th
e M
illen
nium
D
evel
opm
ent
Goa
ls,
the
Joha
nnes
burg
Pl
an
of
Impl
emen
tati
on,
or
othe
r in
tern
atio
nal l
egal
inst
rum
ents
.
61
Annexes
KE
Y U
N A
ND
O
TH
ER
BO
DIE
S Sc
ope
in r
elat
ion
to b
iodi
vers
ity in
AB
NJ
The
Int
erna
tion
al
Seab
ed A
utho
rity
(I
SA)23
8
The
ISA
is
esta
blis
hed
unde
r U
NC
LOS
as t
he o
rgan
isat
ion
thro
ugh
whi
ch S
tate
s or
gani
se a
nd c
ontr
ol a
ll ac
tivi
ties
for
ex
plor
atio
n fo
r an
d ex
ploi
tati
on o
f th
e re
sour
ces
of t
he A
rea,
239 p
arti
cula
rly
wit
h a
view
to
adm
inis
teri
ng m
inin
g ac
tivi
ties
.240
The
ter
m ‘
reso
urce
s’ on
ly r
efer
s to
non
-liv
ing
reso
urce
s,24
1 the
refo
re t
he I
SA d
oes
not
deal
wit
h th
e co
nser
vati
on a
nd
man
agem
ent o
f liv
ing
natu
ral r
esou
rces
.
The
ISA
is
resp
onsi
ble
for
deve
lopi
ng r
ules
and
pro
cedu
res
to p
rote
ct a
nd p
rese
rve
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent
wit
h re
spec
t to
ac
tivi
ties
in
the
Are
a; f
or p
rom
otin
g an
d en
cour
agin
g M
SR a
nd f
or t
he c
olle
ctio
n an
d di
ssem
inat
ion
of t
he r
esul
ts o
f su
ch
rese
arch
and
ana
lysi
s, w
hen
avai
labl
e, w
ith
part
icul
ar e
mph
asis
on
rese
arch
rel
ated
to
the
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
of
acti
viti
es in
th
e A
rea.
Act
ivit
ies
in t
he A
rea
mus
t be
car
ried
out
for
the
ben
efit
of
all m
anki
nd a
nd t
he I
SA m
ust
prov
ide
for
the
equi
tabl
e sh
arin
g of
fin
anci
al a
nd o
ther
eco
nom
ic b
enef
its
deri
ved
from
act
ivit
ies
in th
e A
rea.
242
The
ISA
is
appa
rent
ly n
ot e
mpo
wer
ed t
o ad
opt
rule
s to
pro
tect
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent
wit
h re
spec
t to
the
con
duct
of
MSR
, bi
olog
ical
pro
spec
ting
, the
layi
ng o
f ca
bles
and
pip
elin
es, o
r th
e co
nstr
ucti
on o
f se
abed
inst
alla
tion
s w
hen
thes
e ar
e no
t re
late
d to
sea
bed
min
ing,
eve
n th
ough
all
such
act
ivit
ies
may
hav
e an
impa
ct o
n bi
odiv
ersi
ty.
UN
Foo
d an
d A
gric
ultu
re
Org
aniz
atio
n (F
AO
),
Com
mit
tee
on
Fish
erie
s (C
OFI
)
CO
FI i
s th
e gl
obal
int
er-g
over
nmen
tal
foru
m w
here
maj
or i
nter
nati
onal
fis
heri
es a
nd a
quac
ultu
re p
robl
ems
and
issu
es a
re
exam
ined
an
d re
com
men
dati
ons
deve
lope
d fo
r go
vern
men
ts,
regi
onal
fis
hery
bo
dies
, N
GO
s,
fishw
orke
rs,
FAO
an
d in
tern
atio
nal
com
mun
ity.
In
its
wor
k, t
he C
omm
itte
e su
pple
men
ts r
athe
r th
an s
uppl
ants
oth
er o
rgan
izat
ions
wor
king
in
the
field
of f
ishe
ries
and
aqu
acul
ture
(FA
O C
OFI
web
site
).
CO
FI is
to
revi
ew t
he p
rogr
amm
es o
f w
ork
of F
AO
in t
he f
ield
of
fishe
ries
and
aqu
acul
ture
and
the
ir im
plem
enta
tion
, and
to
cond
uct
peri
odic
rev
iew
s of
fis
hery
and
aqu
acul
ture
pro
blem
s of
an
inte
rnat
iona
l ch
arac
ter
and
appr
aise
suc
h pr
oble
ms
and
thei
r po
ssib
le s
olut
ions
wit
h a
view
to c
once
rted
act
ion
by n
atio
ns, b
y FA
O, i
nter
-gov
ernm
enta
l bod
ies
and
the
civi
l soc
iety
.
The
Com
mit
tee
can
also
rev
iew
spe
cific
fis
heri
es-r
elat
ed m
atte
rs a
t th
e re
ques
t of
Mem
bers
or
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Gen
eral
A
ssem
bly
CO
FI h
as a
lso
been
use
d as
a f
orum
to
nego
tiat
e gl
obal
agr
eem
ents
and
non
-bin
ding
ins
trum
ents
suc
h as
the
FA
O C
ode
of
Con
duct
for
Res
pons
ible
Fis
heri
es,
the
FAO
Com
plia
nce
Agr
eem
ent
(see
bel
ow)
and
four
Int
erna
tion
al P
lans
of
Act
ion
(IPO
As)
. The
IPO
As
call
for
the
deve
lopm
ent
of n
atio
nal a
ctio
n pl
ans
for
redu
cing
ove
rcap
acit
y, c
onse
rvin
g sh
arks
, red
ucin
g se
abir
d by
-cat
ch a
nd c
omba
ting
IU
U f
ishi
ng.
CO
FI m
eeti
ngs
regu
larl
y as
sess
im
plem
enta
tion
of
thes
e ag
reem
ents
, an
d th
e FA
O a
ssis
ts in
thei
r im
plem
enta
tion
inte
r al
ia, t
hrou
gh d
ata
gath
erin
g an
d as
sist
ance
to d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies.
62
KE
Y U
N A
ND
O
TH
ER
BO
DIE
S Sc
ope
in r
elat
ion
to b
iodi
vers
ity in
AB
NJ
Inte
rnat
iona
l M
arit
ime
Org
aniz
atio
n (I
MO
)
IMO
pro
vide
s th
e m
achi
nery
for
co-o
pera
tion
in t
he fi
eld
of g
over
nmen
tal r
egul
atio
n an
d pr
acti
ces
affe
ctin
g sh
ippi
ng e
ngag
ed
in i
nter
nati
onal
tra
de,
in o
rder
to
enco
urag
e th
e ge
nera
l ad
opti
on o
f th
e hi
ghes
t pr
acti
cabl
e st
anda
rds
in m
atte
rs c
once
rnin
g m
arit
ime
safe
ty,
effic
ienc
y of
nav
igat
ion
and
prev
enti
on a
nd c
ontr
ol o
f m
arin
e po
lluti
on f
rom
shi
ps.
IMO
can
als
o co
nsid
er
any
mat
ters
con
cern
ing
the
effe
ct o
f sh
ippi
ng o
n th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t th
at a
re r
efer
red
to i
t by
any
org
an o
r sp
ecia
lized
ag
ency
of t
he U
nite
d N
atio
ns.24
3 Its
man
date
is: t
o en
sure
“sa
fe, s
ecur
e an
d ef
ficie
nt s
hipp
ing
on c
lean
oce
ans.
”
IMO
Rul
es a
nd s
tand
ards
are
wid
ely
reco
gniz
ed a
s m
inim
um s
tand
ards
app
licab
le t
o al
l Sta
tes
vess
els
both
wit
hin
and
beyo
nd
nati
onal
jur
isdi
ctio
n. I
MO
is
cons
ider
ed t
he c
ompe
tent
aut
hori
ty t
o es
tabl
ish
spec
ial
prot
ecti
ve m
easu
res
in d
efin
ed a
reas
w
here
shi
ppin
g pr
esen
ts a
ris
k. T
hese
app
ly u
nifo
rmly
to
all
ship
s (n
on-d
iscr
imin
ator
y) a
nd i
nclu
de r
outi
ng a
nd d
isch
arge
re
stri
ctio
ns a
nd r
epor
ting
req
uire
men
ts.24
4
IMO
has
als
o de
velo
ped
the
conc
ept
of P
arti
cula
rly
Sens
itiv
e Se
a A
reas
as
“an
area
tha
t ne
eds
spec
ial p
rote
ctio
n th
roug
h ac
tion
by
IM
O b
ecau
se o
f its
sig
nific
ance
for
reco
gniz
ed e
colo
gica
l, so
cio-
econ
omic
, or
scie
ntifi
c at
trib
utes
whe
re s
uch
attr
ibut
es m
ay
be v
ulne
rabl
e to
dam
age
by i
nter
nati
onal
shi
ppin
g ac
tivi
ties
.” U
nder
the
Rev
ised
Gui
delin
es f
or t
he I
dent
ifica
tion
and
D
esig
nati
on o
f Pa
rtic
ular
ly S
ensi
tive
Sea
Are
as, o
ne o
r m
ore
gove
rnm
ents
may
see
k pr
otec
tive
mea
sure
s fo
r di
scre
te a
reas
bot
h w
ithi
n an
d be
yond
the
lim
its
of t
he t
erri
tori
al s
ea w
hich
are
vul
nera
ble
to t
he i
mpa
cts
of i
nter
nati
onal
shi
ppin
g ac
tivi
ties
. PS
SAs
are
not
base
d on
any
tre
aty
leve
l in
stru
men
t, bu
t pr
ovid
e a
lens
to
revi
ew p
oten
tial
pro
tect
ive
mea
sure
s av
aila
ble
thro
ugh
exis
ting
IM
O in
stru
men
ts o
r w
ithi
n IM
O’s
com
pete
nce
to a
dopt
.
Inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l O
cean
ogra
phic
C
omm
issi
on (
IOC
)
The
IO
C o
f th
e U
N E
cono
mic
, So
cial
and
Cul
tura
l O
rgan
izat
ion
(UN
ESC
O)
focu
ses
on “
deve
lopi
ng a
nd f
acili
tati
ng
inte
rnat
iona
l oc
eano
grap
hic
rese
arch
pro
gram
mes
to
impr
ove
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
glo
bal
and
regi
onal
oce
an p
roce
sses
and
the
ir
rela
tion
ship
to
the
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent
and
stew
ards
hip
of o
cean
res
ourc
es;
the
esta
blis
hmen
t an
d co
ordi
nati
on o
f an
op
erat
iona
l gl
obal
oce
an o
bser
ving
sys
tem
and
the
dis
sem
inat
ion
of o
cean
dat
a an
d in
form
atio
n.”
IOC
als
o pr
ovid
es
inte
rnat
iona
l lea
ders
hip
for
educ
atio
n an
d tr
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
es a
nd t
echn
ical
ass
ista
nce
esse
ntia
l for
sys
tem
atic
obs
erva
tion
s of
th
e gl
obal
oce
an a
nd it
s co
asta
l zon
e an
d re
late
d re
sear
ch. M
uch
of I
OC
’s w
ork
has
clea
r re
leva
nce
to e
nhan
cing
con
serv
atio
n an
d su
stai
nabl
e us
e of
ope
n oc
ean
and
deep
sea
bed
area
s.
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
E
nvir
onm
ent
Pro
gram
me
(UN
EP
)
UN
EP
has
supp
orte
d an
d co
ordi
nate
d ac
tivi
ties
and
maj
or in
tern
atio
nal p
rogr
amm
es f
or t
he c
onse
rvat
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
use
of th
e oc
eans
, inc
ludi
ng R
egio
nal S
eas
Con
vent
ions
and
Act
ion
Plan
s co
veri
ng 1
40 c
ount
ries
, the
Glo
bal P
rogr
amm
e of
Act
ion
for
the
Prot
ecti
on o
f th
e M
arin
e E
nvir
onm
ent
from
Lan
d-ba
sed
Act
ivit
ies
(GPA
), a
nd p
rogr
amm
es o
f w
ork
on S
mal
l Is
land
D
evel
opin
g St
ates
(SI
DS)
and
cor
al r
eefs
. UN
EP
also
coo
pera
tes
clos
ely
wit
h va
riou
s ot
her
ocea
n-re
late
d in
itia
tive
s, s
uch
as t
he G
loba
l Inv
asiv
e Sp
ecie
s Pr
ogra
mm
e (G
ISP)
and
the
Mar
ine
Mam
mal
A
ctio
n Pl
an. I
n re
cent
yea
rs, U
NE
P, in
col
labo
rati
on w
ith
vari
ous
part
ners
, has
pre
pare
d a
num
ber
of r
epor
ts a
nd p
rodu
cts
to
info
rm g
over
nmen
ts a
nd s
take
hold
ers
and
to r
aise
aw
aren
ess
of t
he n
eed
to c
onse
rve
and
sust
aina
bly
man
age
and
use
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
in a
reas
bey
ond
nati
onal
juri
sdic
tion
.
Annexes
63
Annex III: List of acronyms and abbreviations used in the report
ASMA(s) Antarctic Specially Managed Area(s)
ASPA(s) Antarctic Specially Protected Area(s)
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CCAMLR Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
CCSBT Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
CEP Commission for Environmental Protection
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
CMS Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
CoML Census of Marine Life
COP Conference of the Parties
DOALOS (United Nations Office of Legal Affairs) Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of theSea
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
GFCM General Fisheries Commission of the Mediterranean
HSMPA(s) High seas marine protected area(s)
IATTC Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Seas
IGO Intergovernmental Organisation
IMO International Maritime Organization
IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
ISA International Seabed Authority
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature
64
IUU Illegal, unreported and unregulated (fishing)
IWC International Whaling Commission
MARPOL 73/78 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modifiedby the Protocol of 1978
MPA(s) Marine protected area(s)
NAFO Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation
NASCO North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization
NEAFC Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission
NPAFC North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission
OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic
RFMO Regional Fisheries Management Organisation
SBT Southern Bluefin Tuna
SEAFO Southeast Atlantic Fisheries Organisation
SIOFA South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement
SPAMI(s) Specially Protected Area(s) of Mediterranean Importance
SPREP Pacific Regional Environment Programme
UNGA United Nations General Assembly
UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNFSA United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
UNICPOLOS United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea
WCPFC Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
65
Endnotes
1 Although giving the ISA a clear mandate relating to the “marine environment,” neither UNCLOS nor the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the Convention (the “Part XI Agreement) specifically discuss any particular responsibility relating to benthic marine life of the Area. Hence, it is not clear who is responsible for these resources, or which elements of UNCLOS’s regime shall apply to them, other than in some areas with respect to fishing for sedentary species (see Table 2).
2 UNGA Res. 61/105, among other things, calls upon flag States and RFMOs to take action to prevent significant adverse impacts to vulnerable marine ecosystem from high seas bottom fishing, but this still leaves them vulnerable to other human activities such as mining, cable-laying, construction of seabed installations, marine scientific research and bioprospecting.
3 “Norms” are standards or practices that may not yet be codified in formal law, but that nevertheless influence the behaviour of individuals, corporations, or governments. In the realm of environmental governance, emerging norms include increasing expectations for transparency and public participation in decision-making. Environmental Governance Today, WORLD RESOURCES 2002–2004, Chapter 2. The Espoo Convention and its Protocol and Aarhus Conventions (described in Annex II) arguably reflect modern norms of conservation and governance with respect to environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and strategic environmental assessments (SEAs,) and public participation and access to information, respectively.
4 Growing pressure for measurable results through programs such as the Millennium Development Goals has increased emphasis on performance assessment. Additionally, an analytically based understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the current system is necessary to developing effective plans for improvement. UNEP Global Environmental Governance project, http://www.environmentalgovernance.com/foundations/analysis.php.
5 Equitable use of natural resources implies that use by one state must take account of the needs of other states (intragenerational equity) and of future generations (intergenerational equity). These aspects are considered by many to be fundamental components of the general principle of sustainable development. See, Philippe Sands, 1995. Principles of international environmental law, vol. 1, Frameworks, standards and implementation. Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York, pp. 198-200.
6 The ocean regions in ABNJ that have some mechanisms for biodiversity conservation are the Northeast Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Southern Ocean, as described in Table 2.
7 The FAO Compliance Agreement is only applicable where “international conservation and management measures are in place”; hence is arguably not applicable in areas where there are no RFMOs, or no agreed interim measures. Article 1.
8 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney at 231-232.
9 This is evidenced by discussions during the negotiations for a new RFMO in the South Pacific, aimed at managing discrete, non-migratory species. A call for interim measures prohibiting bottom trawling was initially blocked by several of the negotiating states. See “Northern Nations Block South Pacific Fish Conservation”, available at http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2006/2006-11-13-03.asp. However, at the third meeting of the negotiations, parties agreed on extensive interim measures conforming to General Assembly Resolutions on destructive fishing practices. The negotiations of the RFMO are creating interesting practice. See www.southpacificrfmo.org for more information.
10 IMO now encourages flag States to participate in a voluntary performance audit, but does not require it. 11 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy, University of Sydney, p. 254. Under the Annexes of MARPOL 73/78, States “undertake to ensure” that their ports are provided with facilities for the reception of wastes, but are not directly required to provide them.
12 Art. 2(9) of the BWM Convention requires contracting Parties to cooperate to address threats and risks to biodiversity in ABNJ, but does not contain a specific procedure for the designation of ballast waster control areas if needed to restrict BW exchange in certain areas in ABNJ.
13 See Annex II. 14 UNCLOS Article 218.1. 15 IMO’s Revised Guidelines for the Designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas provide some scope for protection of ABNJ vulnerable to the impacts of
shipping but there are no provisions yet for recognition or endorsement of representative networks of MPAs. IMO Assembly Resolution A.982(24), adopted 2005.
16 UNCLOS, articles 1(1)(4), 192, London Convention article I and III 1(b(ii)). 17 Statement of Concern from the Scientific Groups to the London Convention and London Protocol, issued 22 June 2007, IMO Briefing 25/2007 13 July 2007.
“The Scientific Groups of the London Convention and the London Protocol take the view that knowledge about the effectiveness and potential environmental impacts of ocean iron fertilisation currently is insufficient to justify large-scale operations”.
18 The London Convention encourages States Parties to develop a cooperative system of monitoring compliance with the Convention’s provisions on the high seas but there has been no practical implementation of this article as yet, Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney, p. 271.
19 UNCLOS Part XIII does not cover all types of science conducted in the marine environment. 20 In addition to its mandate to encourage MSR in the Area, the ISA has jurisdiction to regulate the impacts of MSR on mining activities in the Area. What
remains unclear is whether the ISA has jurisdiction to regulate the impacts of (non-mining) MSR on the environment and biodiversity. 21 MARPOL 73/78 Art. 3(3). 22 UNCLOS art. 246.5(b)) 23 Philome` ne A. Verlaan, ‘Experimental Activities that Intentionally Perturb the Marine Environment: Implications for the marine environmental protection and
marine scientific provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea’ (2007) 31 Marine Policy 210-216. 24 MARPOL 73/78 Art. 3(3). 25 Philome` ne A. Verlaan, ‘Experimental Activities that Intentionally Perturb the Marine Environment: Implications for the marine environmental protection and
marine scientific provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea’ (2007) 31 Marine Policy 210-216. 26 Bioprospecting and MSR are often carried out by the same institutions to decrease cost of research expedition. 27 UNCLOS art. 147.3 only provides that other activities in the marine environment shall be conducted with ‘reasonable regard for activities in the Area’, but says
nothing about environmental protection. 28 UNCLOS art. 114, 115. 29 Lee A. Kimball, 2005. The International Legal Regime of the High Seas and the Seabed Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction CBD Technical Series No. 19 at 9.9 30 Art. 236 provides that provisions in UNCLOS regarding the protection and preservation of the marine environment do not apply to warships, naval auxiliary,
other vessels or aircraft owned used for government non-commercial service, but each State is to ensure that such vessels or aircraft act in a manner consistent with the Convention, so far as is reasonable and practicable, and do not impair operations or operational capabilities
31 The London Convention and Protocol also regulate dumping from aircraft. 32 The Kyoto Protocol does not include international aviation emissions in its targets, but calls on Parties to pursue limitations or reductions by working through ICAO. 33 Under UNCLOS art. 208.3, State regulation shall be no less effective than international regulation. 34 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy, University of Sydney, at 406. NEAFC applies to fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic sector. The Arctic states have agreed on an non-binding Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy
35 CCAMLR applies to the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica south of 60OS latitude and between that latitude and the Antarctic Convergence 36 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy, University of Sydney, at 209. The catch documentations scheme adopted by CCAMLR in 2000 has attracted the participation of nonmember states. 37 Antarctic Treaty art. 4. Some Antarctic treaty claimants with offshore maritime zones do not necessarily agree that ABNJ begin at the continent’s edge. (e.g.
Australia, New Zealand, France and Norway.
66
38 Antarctic Treaty Preamble 39 Antarctic convergence is included in the remit of CCAMLR, but not the ATCM. 40 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy, University of Sydney at 427 41 Environment Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty, Preamble, art. 2 and 3. Five annexes set forth detailed provisions for: i) Environmental impact assessment; ii)
waste disposal and waste management; iii) prevention of marine pollution; and iv) area protection and management.41 Annex IV specifically provides for the establishment of a system of Antarctic Specially Protected Areas and Antarctic Specially Managed Areas, including in the marine environment.
42 As part of its comprehensive regime, the Environment Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty requires environmental impact assessments for all proposed activities, such as scientific research, tourism and related logistic support. If the activity is deemed likely to have more than a minor or transitory impact, a comprehensive environmental evaluation is subject to review by a meeting of the Parties before the activity may proceed (article 5).
43 Willock A. and Lack, M. 2006. Follow the Leader: Learning from experience and best practice in regional fisheries management organizations. WWF International and Traffic International, at 19.
44 ICCAT covers the Atlantic Ocean, including adjacent seas. In November 2004 ICCAT adopted a binding measure on shark finning but it does not appear that any regulations regarding targeted shark fisheries are in place.
45 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney at 187. Warner notes that there appears to be a disjunction between ICCAT’s failure to adopt a cooperative compliance and enforcement scheme among its members and its rigorous measures against fishing by non-party vessels
46 NASCO applies to salmon stocks which migrate beyond areas of fisheries jurisdiction of coastal States of the Atlantic Ocean north of 36°N latitude throughout their migratory range.
47 Evelyne Meltzer. 2005. Global Overview of Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks: Maps and Charts: Maps and Charts Detailing RFMO Coverage and Implementation. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, volume 20, numbers 3-4. NASCO has adopted resolutions to incorporate precautionary approach and to apply it to habitat protection and bycatch reduction.
48 NEAFC covers roughly the North East Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Oceans including the Reykjanes-Azores area, and the Irminger Sea (Banana Hole), but not the Barents Sea Loophole.
49 Willock and Lack, Follow the Leader: Learning from experience and best practice in regional fisheries management organizations. WWF International and Traffic International at 19.
50 Willock and Lack, Follow the Leader: Learning from experience and best practice in regional fisheries management organizations. WWF International and Traffic International at 19.
51 Evelyne Meltzer. 2005. Global Overview of Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks: Maps and Charts: Maps and Charts Detailing RFMO Coverage and Implementation. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, vol. 20, nos. 3-4.
52 Amendments to the 1982 Convention have been adopted in 2004 and 2006 by the NEAFC Commission. Contracting parties have agreed to use the “new” Convention on a provisional basis, pending ratification.
53 WGFN 2007-06, 22/03/2007 para. 4.4.1, 54 The ‘OSPAR Maritime Area’ includes a substantial high seas area adjacent to national EEZs and includes the seabed. 55 OSPAR Convention, Preamble 56 The three annexes to the OSPAR Convention elaborate on obligations to prevent and eliminate pollution from land-based sources (annex I), dumping or
incineration (annex II), or from offshore sources (annex III), one annex details requirements for assessment of the quality of the marine environment (annex IV), and one, adopted after the main instrument, in 1998, on ecosystems and biodiversity (Annex V) details obligations for protecting ecosystems and conserving biodiversity. (See Erik Jaap Molenaar and Harm Dotinga (in press), The Mid-Atlantic Ridge: A case study on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction).
57 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney at 412
58 NAFO proposed convention, article II. 59 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy, University of Sydney at 171 60 Erik Jaap Molenaar, 2005. Addressing Regulatory Gaps in High Seas Fisheries. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, volume 20, numbers 3 - 4, at
538. 61 Anna Willock and Lack, 2007, Follow the Leader: Learning from experience and best practice in regional fisheries management organizations. WWF
International and Traffic International at 19 62 In September 2005, the North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) adopted a resolution modeled after the IATTC and ICCAT measures, banning shark
finning in all NAFO-managed fisheries, and mandated the collection of information on shark catches. Gilman, E., Clarke, S., Brothers, N., Alfaro-Shigueto-J., Mandelman, J., Mangel, J., Petersen, S., Piovano, S., Thomson, N., Dalzell, P., Donoso, M., Goren, M., Werner, T. 2007. Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline Fisheries: Industry Practices and Attitudes, and Shark Avoidance Strategies. Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, Honolulu, USA.
63 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney at 173
64 The Cartagena Convention applies to the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea and the adjacent areas of the Atlantic Ocean south of 30° north latitude and within 200 nautical miles of the Atlantic coasts of states parties to the convention.
65 Protocol Concerning Co-operation in Combating Oil Spills in the Wider Caribbean Region; adopted 1983, in force 1986, Protocol concerning Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW); adopted 1990; (not yet in force) Protocol on the prevention, reduction and control of land-based sources and activities; adopted 1999 (not yet in force).
66 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney at 391
67 WCAFC covers extensive areas of the Western Central Atlantic, including areas both within and beyond national jurisdiction. FAO area 31 and part of 41. 68 http://www.fao.org/fi/body/rfb/wecafc/wecafc_mandate.htm FAO, 1973 Constitution Resolution 4/61 FAO Council, Sixty-first Session, November 1973 69 SEAFO covers the Southeast Atlantic Ocean beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. Northern limits of area under review to reflect inclusion of Cabinda,
Angola 70 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy, University of Sydney at 173 71 Evelyne Meltzer. 2005. Global Overview of Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks: Maps and Charts: Maps and Charts Detailing RFMO Coverage and
Implementation. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, volume 20, numbers 3-4. 72 The Indian Ocean north of the Antarctic convergence. FAO areas 51 and 57, and adjacent seas, north of the Antarctic Convergence. There is an overlap on the
western boundary with WCPFC. In 1999, it was agreed that area of competence be extended to 20°. Evelyne Meltzer. 2005. Global Overview of Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks: Maps and Charts: Maps and Charts Detailing RFMO Coverage and Implementation. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, volume 20, numbers 3-4.
73 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney at 201
74 Southern Indian Ocean between Africa and Australia. Covers all species save tuna and selected tuna- like species. 75 In 1997 the General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean was transformed from an advisory body to the General Fisheries Commission for Mediterranean
which has regulatory functions.
Endnotes
67
76 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy, University of Sydney at 190 77 Anna Willock and Lack, 2007, Follow the Leader: Learning from experience and best practice in regional fisheries management organizations. WWF
International and Traffic International. 78 In 1995, the Barcelona Convention was revised to incorporate principles contained in the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21. 79 The obligations are elaborated in a series of associated protocols addressing: i) dumping from ships and aircraft and incineration at sea; ii) cooperation in
combating pollution emergencies; iii) pollution from land-based sources; iv) specially protected areas (1982) revised in 1995 to cover specially protected areas and biodiversity; v) pollution from exploration and exploitation of the continental shelf; and pollution from transboundary movements of hazardous wastes. For full list and access to protocols, see http://www.unep.ch/regionalseas/main/hconlist.html.
80 Convention contains a commitment to invite non-parties to the protocol and international organizations to cooperate and implement an implementation of the protocol and to adopt appropriate measures consistent with international law to ensure that no one engages in activity contrary to the principles or purposes of the protocol. Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney, at 386.
81 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney at 386 citing Barcelona Convention, article 3(d).
82 The Central Bering Sea Convention applies to pollock resources in the high seas area (donut hole) of the Bering Sea. 83 NPAFC covers the waters of the North Pacific Ocean and its adjacent seas, north of 33 degrees North Latitude beyond 200-miles zones of the coastal States. 84 The NPAFC Convention prohibits directed fishing for anadromous fish (seven species of salmon) in the Convention Area; requires minimization to the
maximum extent of the incidental taking of anadromous fish and prohibits the retention of incidental catchhttp://www.npafc.org/new/about_convention.html. 85 The scope of application of the Northeast Pacific Convention comprises the maritime areas of the Northeast Pacific, defined in conformity with the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 86 NWPOFA applies to the high seas areas of the North Western Pacific Ocean defined, for the purposes of this document, as those occurring within FAO
statistical area No. 61, including all such areas and marine species other than: (i) those already covered by existing international fisheries management instruments, including bilateral agreements and regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, and (ii) closed high seas areas that are surrounded by the EEZ of a single country.
87 The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) area extends from the south coast of Australia south along 141° E to its intersection with 55°S then east along 55° S to its intersection 150°E; then south along 150° E to its intersection with 60°S; then east along 60°S to its intersection with 130°W; then north along 130° W to its intersection with 4°S; then west along 4°S to its intersection with 150° W; then north along 150°W.
88 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney
89 Noumea Convention, article 2(a)(ii) applies to the maritime areas out to 200 nm from contracting Parties and also areas beyond national jurisdiction that are completely enclosed by 200-nautical miles exclusive economic zones (EEZ), i.e. high seas enclaves.
90 Noumea Convention article 5.1. 91 The Convention builds on UNCLOS by setting forth obligations with respect to pollution from various sources, mining and coastal erosion, the protection of
wild flora and fauna and the establishment of specially protected areas, environmental impact assessments, scientific and technical cooperation and other assistance. Noumea Convention articles 5-18.Protocol for the Prevention of Pollution of the South Pacific Region by Dumping; adopted 1986, in force 1990. Protocol Concerning Co-operation in Combating Pollution Emergencies in the South Pacific Region; adopted 1986, in force 1990
92 IATTC applies to large area of eastern Pacific Ocean off the coasts of North, Central and South America. The Antigua Convention extends southern boundary and more precisely defines the area to be along the 50º N parallel from the coast of North America to the intersection with 150º W, and from that line to the intersection with 50º S and from that line to its intersection with the coast of South America (extends the notional IATTC boundaries by 10º both N and S).
93 In 2003 the member states adopted the Convention for the Strengthening of the IATTC Convention, which was designed to implement the provisions of the UN Fish Stocks Agreement and the Code of Conduct.
94 In June 2005, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) adopted a Resolution on the Conservation of Sharks Caught in Association with Fisheries in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, which bans shark finning and mandates the collection of information and advice on stock status of shark species. The resolution also requires members to comply with the FAO International Plan of Action on sharks and take measures to require that their fishers fully utilize any retained sharks. Gilman, E., Clarke, S., Brothers, N., Alfaro-Shigueto-J., Mandelman, J., Mangel, J., Petersen, S., Piovano, S., Thomson, N., Dalzell, P., Donoso, M., Goren, M., Werner, T. 2007. Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline Fisheries: Industry Practices and Attitudes, and Shark Avoidance Strategies. Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, Honolulu, USA.
95 The Lima Convention applies to the sea area and the coastal zone of the South-East Pacific within the 200-mile maritime area of the High Contracting Parties and, beyond that area, the high seas up to a distance within which pollution of the high seas may affect that area
96 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney at 403
97 The western boundary of the proposed South Pacific RFMO should abut the eastern boundary of the proposed Agreement area to be established under the Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement; the southern boundary of the proposed South Pacific RFMO should abut the northern boundary of the Agreement area of the Commission for the Conservation of the Antarctic Living Marine Resources (CCAMLR); the eastern boundary of the proposed South Pacific RFMO should abut the outer limit of the maritime jurisdictions of South American states; the northern boundary of the proposed South Pacific RFMO should not be delineated until the meeting had discussed fishery resources to be managed, the regulation of high seas enclaves within the proposed area and had received further scientific and technical information”.
98 http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/ 99 CCSBT covers entire range for southern bluefin tuna, in all oceans and the spawning ground south of Java, Indonesia. 100 CCSBT Commission has established an Ecologically Related Species Working Group charged with reducing bycatch and evaluating effects on associated species. 101 Anna Willock and Lack, 2006. Follow the Leader: Learning from experience and best practice in regional fisheries management organizations. WWF
International and Traffic International at 38. Provisions for NGO participation at the CCSBT include a very long lead time for applications to attend, the possibility of applications being rejected its on the basis of an objection by single-member and the possibility of excluding observers from a session of the commission at request for single-member.
102 UN Sec. General Report A/60/63/Add.1 para. 132. 103 Gilman, E., Clarke, S., Brothers, N., Alfaro-Shigueto-J., Mandelman, J., Mangel, J., Petersen, S., Piovano, S., Thomson, N., Dalzell, P., Donoso, M., Goren,
M., Werner, T. 2007. Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline Fisheries: Industry Practices and Attitudes, and Shark Avoidance Strategies. Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, Honolulu, USA.
104 Quantifying the loss of marine resources due to "ghost fishing" is difficult to estimate, but several studies on static gears have shown it to be about 10% of the target population. http://www.oceansatlas.com/world_fisheries_and_aquaculture/html/issues/ecosys/gearloss/default.htm
105 Greenpeace, 2006. Where have all the tuna gone? How tuna ranching and pirate fishing are wiping out bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean Sea. http://oceans.greenpeace.org/en/documents-reports/tuna-gone
106 UN Sec. Gen. Report A/60/63/Add.1 para. 147-148. 107 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy, University of Sydney, page 236, figure 6. 108 Accidental oil spills and chronic discharges can have significant impacts on open ocean oceanographic features where biological activity is concentrated, such as in
convergence zones, gyres and eddies, near sea-ice fronts and in polynyas (areas of open water surrounded by sea ice). Impacts can be particularly significant in high latitudes, where low temperatures impede the microbial breakdown of toxic hydrocarbons. A/60/63/Add.1 para. 156.
68
109 http://www.usatoday.com/money/world/2006-08-03-cargo-problems-usat_x.htm (quotes the figure of 2,000 to 10,000 containers fall off ships each year, less
than 1% of the number of containers sent by sea annually but shipping containers are 20 feet to 40 feet long and 8 feet high, and such information is not monitored in a coordinated manner).
110 Some unscrupulous firms with ships hired to transport hazardous cargoes may instead dump them at sea to save transport costs. 111 Steve Raaymakers, 2003. ‘Maritime Transport and High Seas Governance – Regulation, Risks and the IMO Regime’, Paper presented at the International
Workshop on Governance of High Seas Biodiversity Conservation: Cairns, Australia, 17-20 June 2003, 112 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy, University of Sydney, p. 248. 113 John Vidal, 2007. CO2 output from shipping twice as much as airlines.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/mar/03/travelsenvironmentalimpact.transportintheuk 114 UN Sec. Gen report A/59/62/Add.1 para. 234 115 UN Sec. Gen report A/59/62/Add.1 para. 234 116 UN Sec. Gen report A/59/62/Add.1 para. 234 117 Hjalmar Thiel has reported that cable-laying has interfered with a long-term research site in the North East Atlantic, underscoring the need for the anticipatory
designation of “Unique Science Priority Areas”, See Hjalmar Thiel, 2003. Science as Stakeholder: a proposal for Unique Science Priority Areas, Ocean Challenge, Vol. 12, No1 (special European Issue).
118 Many potentially adverse side effects had been observed from iron fertilization experiments but none of the experiments conducted so far has been designed to quantify or assess these effects. Mark Lawrence, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, personal communication, following Woods Hole Symposium on Ocean Iron Fertilization, September 25-27, 2007.
119 UN Sec. Gen report 2005. A/ 60/63/Add.1, para. 174. 120 S. Arico and C. Salpin, Bioprospecting of Genetic Resources in the Deep Seabed: Scientific, Legal and Policy Aspects (Yokohama: United Nations University Institute
of Advanced Studies, 2005), para. 3.3. 121 Faber, Maunsell and Metoc Plc, 2007 Scottish Marine Renewables Strategic Environmental Assessment (Sea) Non-Technical Summary.
http://www.seaenergyscotland.net/SEA_Public_Environmental_Report.htm 122 Necropsies on toothed whales that mass stranded after being in the vicinity of sonar-using military vessels and seismic vessels have shown ruptured earbones,
haemorrhages in fatty tissues of the head, and air bubbles in the lungs and brain. Other observed effects include stranding and displacement from habitat, tissue damage and mortality.
123 Sec. Gen report 2005. A/60/63/Add.1, para. 161-164. 124 http://www.atmocean.com/sequestration.htm and http://www.atmocean.com/faqs.htm. According to the company website, a single pump consists of a buoy,
flexible tube, valve assembly, cable between the buoy and cylinder, and solar panel to power. To prevent interference with shipping, they intend to deploy these buoys only outside of the 200 mile territorial limit. “When fully deployed, our 3m diameter by 200m deep pumps spaced 2 km apart will be positioned across 80% of the world’s oceans”. (emphasis added)
125 John J. Cullen. “Intended and Unintended Consequences of Large-Scale Ocean Fertilization, presentation at Woods Hole Symposium “Exploring Ocean Iron Fertilization: the scientific, economic, legal and political basis” Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, September 25-27, 2007.
126 Statement of Concern from the Scientific Groups to the London Convention and London Protocol, issued 22 June 2007, IMO Briefing 25/2007 13 July 2007. 127 See e.g. http://www.planktos.com/PlanktosStore which offers to help you green your carbon footprint by replanting trees, cleansing skies, and reviving starving
seas. 128 Koslow and Smith: K. H. Coale and others, 1996. “A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial
Pacific Ocean”, Nature, vol. 383, No. 6600); G. C. Rollwagen Bollens and M. R. Landry, 2000. “Biological response to iron fertilization in the eastern equatorial Pacific (IronEx II). II. Mesozooplankton abundance, biomass, depth distribution and grazing”, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 201.
129 Mark Lawrence, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, personal communication; and Andy Watson, 2007, “Some (other) possible climate and biogeochemical effects of iron fertilization” presentation at Woods Hole Symposium on Ocean Iron Fertilization, September 25-27, 2007.
130 Statement of Concern from the Scientific Groups to the London Convention and London Protocol, issued 22 June 2007, IMO Briefing 25/2007 13 July 2007. 131 IPCC Working Group III., 2005 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: summary for policymakers and technical summary. Cambridge University Press.
Available at: htpp://www.ipcc.ch/ 132 See e.g., Scott Doney, 2006. "The Dangers of Ocean Acidification", Scientific American, March 2006, pp.58-65; http://www.eur-
oceans.eu/WP9/Factsheets/FS7/FS7_webprint.pdf 133 UN Sec. Gen report A/60/63/Add.1, para. 163. 134 UN Sec. Gen report A/60/63/Add.1, para. 163. 135 Saving Gaia, New Scientist, 29 September 2007, page 4. 136 UNCLOS art. 133(a). 137 Anna Stablum 12 Sep 2007(Reuters) ANALYSIS-Seabed miners face delays, environmental woes.
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/44293/story.htm 138 UN Sec. Gen report A/60/63/Add.1, para. 166. 139 Hydrate is a crystalline solid consisting of gas molecules, usually methane, each surrounded by a cage of water molecules. Japan, US, Canada, India, EU and
others are developing the technology needed for commercial production of methane from hydrate by 2015 and for understanding the role of hydrate deposits in global climate change and seafloor stability. Edith Allison, (Office of Natural Gas and Petroleum Technology, United States Department of Energy), Presentation to 4th UN Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and Law of the Sea. June 2004.
140 UN Sec. Gen report A/60/63/Add.1., para 142. 141 Anna Stablum 12 Sep 2007 (Reuters) ANALYSIS-Seabed miners face delays, environmental woes.
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/44293/story.htm. 142 Jochen Halfar and Rodney M. Fujita, Danger of Deep-Sea Mining threat to marine ecosystems, 2 SCIENCE VOL 316 18 MAY 2007, 987. 143 UN Sec. Gen report A/60/63/Add.1, para. 168-171. The predicted impacts of nodule mining have been judged to be so large that a number of studies have
recommended the abandonment of manganese mining efforts to avoid a large-scale and long-term risk to Pacific ecosystems and fisheries. See e.g. Jochen Halfar1 and Rodney M. Fujita, Danger of Deep-Sea Mining threat to marine ecosystems, 2 SCIENCE VOL 316 18 MAY 2007, 987, citing Tusch Research Group, in Proceedings International Symposium Kiel Institute of International Law, R. Wolfrum, Ed., Kiel, Germany, 17 to 20 May 1989 (Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1990).
144 Jochen Halfar and Rodney M. Fujita, Danger of Deep-Sea Mining threat to marine ecosystems, 2 SCIENCE VOL 316 18 MAY 2007, 987, Anna Stablum 12 Sep 2007 (Reuters) ANALYSIS-Seabed miners face delays, environmental woes. http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/44293/story.htm.
145 UN Sec. Gen report A/60/63/Add.1, para. 166. 146 Carole Durussel, 2007. Methane Hydrates: Implications and management, Presentation prepared for IUCN Global Marine Program. 147 UNCLOS preamble, paragraph 4. 148 Michael W. Lodge and Satya N. Nandan, 2005. “Some Suggestions Towards Better Implementation of the United Nations Agreement on Straddling Fish
Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks of 1995, the international Journal of marine and coastal law, vol. 20, no. 3-4, pp. 345 -380. 149 The Convention on Biological Diversity expressly excludes “components” of biodiversity from its scope with respect to areas beyond national jurisdiction, while
acknowledging that the fundamental requirement for the conservation of biological diversity is the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings (preamble). What the CBD provides instead is for parties to regulate processes and activities carried out under their jurisdiction or control and for cooperation with other parties, directly or through competent international (CBD
Endnotes
69
Article 4(b) and 5) (see Annex II). An indicative list of categories of biodiversity ‘components’ relevant for identification and monitoring purposes is set down in CBD Annex I.
150 Although giving the ISA a clear mandate relating to the “marine environment,” neither UNCLOS nor the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the Convention (the “Part XI Agreement) specifically discuss any particular responsibility relating to benthic marine life of the Area. Hence, it is not clear who is responsible for these resources, or which elements of UNCLOS’s regime shall apply to them, other than in some areas with respect to fishing for sedentary species (see Table 2).
151 UNGA res. 61/105 calls upon flag States and RFMOs to take action to prevent significant adverse impacts to vulnerable marine ecosystems, but there are no comparable provisions regarding the protection from other activities.
152 UNCLOS Article 87(1) 153 UNCLOS Article 192 154 See UNCLOS Article 194(1), noting also the duty to minimize to the fullest possible extent pollution and accidents (art. 194(3)) and the duty not to transfer
damage or hazards or transform one type of pollution into another (art. 195). The duty to monitor risks or effects of pollution is provided for in UNCLOS art. 204. 155 UNCLOS indirectly incorporates by reference treaties on dumping and pollution from ships, thus making rules adopted by the bodies authorized to regulate
these issues binding on all parties to UNCLOS, even if not parties to the directly applicable agreement. UNCLOS arts. 211(2) and 210(6). 156 In taking measures to prevent and control pollution, States to refrain from “unjustifiable interference” with legitimate activities of other States.
UNCLOS art 194(2). 157 Specifically UNCLOS art.194(5) states that “The measures taken in accordance with this Part shall include those necessary to protect and preserve rare or fragile
ecosystems as well as the habitat of depleted, threatened or endangered species and other forms of marine life. The placement of this paragraph in the article dealing primarily with measures to control pollution has led to confusion, with some suggesting that this paragraph of Part XII only applies in the context of pollution control and not the full range of human activities. Others point out that the text specifically refers to “measures “taken in accordance with this Part”, which is Part XII, containing the more general obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment in article 192.
158 UNCLOS art. 195. 159 UNCLOS art. 196 160 UNCLOS art. 196 161 UNCLOS art. 206. This duty is to be implemented if the State has reasonable grounds for believing that such activities may cause substantial pollution of or
significant and harmful changes to the marine environment. 162 Resources” means all solid, liquid or gaseous mineral resources in situ in the Area. Resources when recovered are referred to as minerals (UNCLOS art. 133). 163 UNCLOS art. 136. 164 UNCLOS art. 137. 165 UNCLOS art. 140.1. 166 UNCLOS art. 145. 167 UNCLOS art. 162(2)(x). Under the Polymetallic Nodules Regulations, the ISA has the right to take measures to ensure compliance with its provisions,
including the right to suspend operations likely to cause substantial harm to the marine environment of the Area. 168 UNCLOS art. 209. 169 UNCLOS arts. 139 and 215. 170 UNCLOS art. 197. 171 In accordance with UNCLOS art. 91(1) “there must exist a genuine link between the state and the ship.” See also Articles 94, 211, 217-220. 172 UNCLOS art. 217 (1)-(8). See Warner at 91. 173 UNCLOS art. 117. 174 UNCLOS art. 118. 175 UNCLOS art. 119. 176 UNCLOS art. 211(1)-(2). 177 UNCLOS art. 194.3(b). 178 UNCLOS art. 210. 179 UNCLOS art. 210.3. 180 UNCLOS art. 194.3(a). 181 UNCLOS art. 210.4. 182 UNCLOS art. 210.6. 183 UNCLOS arts. 112, 79.5. 184 UNCLOS art. 113, see also art. 114 & 115 regarding indemnity and costs of repairs. 185 UNCLOS art. 240.(d)). 186 UNCLOS art. 241. 187 UNCLOS art. 240.(c). 188 UNCLOS art. 244(1) 189 UNCLOS art. 143 (1) 190 UNCLOS arts. 143(1), 256 191 UNCLOS art. 143(3) 192 UNCLOS art. 147.3 only provides that other activities in the marine environment shall be conducted with ‘reasonable regard for activities in the Area’. 193 UNCLOS art. 194.3(d) 194 UNCLOS arts. 95, 96 195 UNCLOS art 236 196 UNFSA art. 2 197 With respect to discrete high seas fish stocks, the UNGA has called for States to apply the general principles of the UNFSA, but this does not include the specific
provisions of the agreement (e.g. flag state and RFMO duties, enforcement, dispute resolution). A/RES/61/105, adopted 6 December 2006, paragraph 19; 198 UNFSA art. 8. 199 Lee A. Kimball, 2005. The International Legal Regime of the High Seas and the Seabed Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction CBD Technical Series No. 19, at
11; UNFSA also contains detailed provisions for compliance and enforcement, including: at sea boarding and inspection arrangements, port State inspection and controls, (Articles 19-23); special requirements for developing States (Article 24); and peaceful settlement of disputes (arts. 27-32).
200 UNFSA art. 6 and Annex II, and art. 5. 201 UNFSA art. 5 (d)- 5(g)) 202 UNFSA art. 1. 203 CBD art. 4, under national jurisdiction there is an additional application of the provision to components of biological diversity. 204 CBD COP Decision VIII/24. Protected areas paragraph 42 205 CBD See art. 7(c). With respect to threats to genetic resources in the seabed beyond national jurisdiction, COP8 also requested Parties and urged other States to
take measures to urgently manage activities and processes under their jurisdiction and control which may have significant adverse impacts and to report on measures taken as part of the national CBD reporting process.
206 CBD art. 14.(a) 207 CBD art. 14 (c) 208 CBD, art. 8. 209 CBD art. 5.
70
210 CBD art. 22(2) The CBD recognises that UNCLOS provides the legal framework for regulation of activities in marine ABNJ and the law of the sea prevails in
instances where the implementation of CBD conflicts with it. 211 CBD art. 22.1. Article 22(1) provides an important exception to the requirements for consistency with the law of the sea where the exercise of those rights and
obligations would cause a serious damage or threat to biological diversity. Thus in the case of serious damage or threat to biological diversity, the CBD prevails. See also Alan Boyle, Further Development of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea: Mechanisms for Change, in The Law of the Sea: progress and prospects, edited by David Freestone, Richard Barnes, and David Ong, Oxford University Press, 2006. at 57.
212 Under the framework agreement of CMS, Agreements (e.g. Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels) and Memorandum of Understanding (e.g. MOU concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa) are also developed. See http://www.cms.int/ for further information.
213 CMS art. III(5). 214 CMS art. V(5)(f) and (k). 215 CMS art. VI(2). 216 Defined in CITES Article I(e), further outlined in Article III(5) in relation to Appendix I species and in Article IV(6)-(7) for Appendix II species. 217 See Introduction from the sea, CoP14, Doc. 33, Fourteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, The Hague (Netherlands), 3-15 June 2007.
http://www.cites.org/eng/cop/14/doc/E14-33.pdf. 218 Fish species with a commercial value were listed at COP12 in 2002 including basking (Cetorhinus maximus) and whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) and all seahorse
species (Hippocampus spp.); at COP13 in 2004 the Humphead Wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) and the Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) were listed and at COP14 in 2007 the European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) was listed. See http://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.shtml
219 Lee A. Kimball, 2005. The International Legal Regime of the High Seas and the Seabed Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction CBD Technical Series No. 19. at 13. 220 MARPOL 73/78 Preamble. Article 3(1). MARPOL does not extend to ships owned or operated by a Party and used only on government non-commercial
service (e.g. warships, research vessels), though Parties are to ensure that such ships act consistently so far as is reasonable and practicable. (MARPOL 73/78 Art. 3(3)).
221 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney at 237.
222 Raaymakers, Steve, ‘Maritime Transport and High Seas Governance –Regulation, Risk and the IMO Regime," Paper presented at he the International Workshop on Governance of High Seas Biodiversity Conservation: Cairns, Australia, 17-20 June 2003.
223 Lee A. Kimball, 2005. The International Legal Regime of the High Seas and the Seabed Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction CBD Technical Series No. 19 at 16. 224 Ballast Water Convention, regulations B3 and B4. 225 London Convention, art. 1. 226 London Convention art. VII.5. 227 London Convention, art. III. 228 Robin Warner, 2006. Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy, University of Sydney at 256, citing Olave Schram Stokke, ‘Beyond Dumping? The Effectiveness of the London Convention (1998) Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development 39 & 41 and Molenaar, Erik Jaap, ‘The 1996 Protocol to the London Convention' (1997) 12(3) International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 397, 397.
229 London Convention art. VII.3. 230 Lee A. Kimball, 2005. The International Legal Regime of the High Seas and the Seabed Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction CBD Technical Series No. 19 at 16. 231 London Protocol, art. 4. 232 London Convention Article III (1) (b)(ii), London Protocol article 1.4.2(2) and (3). 233 FAO Compliance Agreement Article II. 234 FAO Compliance Agreement Article V FAO Compliance Agreement. 235 Aarhus Convention, art. 1. 236 Espoo Convention Preamble and art. 2 237 Source: http://www.un.org/Depts/los/doalos_activities/about_doalos.htm 238 Other institutions created under UNCLOS include the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental
Shelf. 239 UNCLOS art. 1, para. 1 (3). 240 UNCLOS art. 157. 241 UNCLOS art. 133: ‘resources’ means all solid, liquid or gaseous mineral resources in situ in the Area at or beneath the seabed, including polymetallic nodules’ 242 UNCLOS art. 140. 243 IMO Convention article 1(a) and (d)) 244 Lee A. Kimball, 2005. The International Legal Regime of the High Seas and the Seabed Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction CBD Technical Series No. 19 at 15.
IUCN Environmental Law Programme
Environmental Law Centre
Godesbergerallee 108-112
53175 Bonn, Germany
Phone: ++ 49 228 / 2692 231
Fax: ++ 49 228 / 2692 250
www.iucn.org/law
![Governance Task Force Trends in Regulatory Governance · Governance essentials for regulatory boards... and lessons for all boards [PowerPoint slides], slide 5 Features of an effective](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/5ec6e047b3b4e018c14c7cd1/governance-task-force-trends-in-regulatory-governance-governance-essentials-for.jpg)
