Regional Trends (ASEAN):

Vehicle Emission and Fuels Standards

Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana

Air Pollution Expert

Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific

Asian Institute of Technology

Supporting the Implementation and Advancement of Vehicle Emission Policies in Southeast Asia

February 23-24, 2016Metro Manila, Philippines

Air Pollution problem in ASEAN cities

Why air pollution problem is

a serious concern in Asia

and ASEAN ?

A Very Big Question

???

Nagashima et al., (2011) Nagashima et al., (2011)

Air pollution in Asia reaching crisis levels, especially PM2.5 and O3

PM2.5

Simulated O3

Van Donkelaar et al. (2010)

Haze in Asia

NOx

O3 ( SMOG )

VOCs

Bad “Ozone” Day

กทม. วนท 9 ม.ค. 51

Effect of O3 on Bangkok Visibility

Bangkok, 25 January 2008

Bangkok, 9 January

2008

Maximum 1-hr average O3 = 131 ppb

Maximum 1-hr average O3 = 60 ppb

SO2

NO2

Emissions of air pollutants (e.g. NOx) and CO2 in

Asia reaching 40% of the global total of each

2008

Based on EDGAR v 4.2 Based on CDIAC

Middle East4%

South Asia7%

East Asia30%

Europe + FSU18%

North America

15%

Central and South America

9%

Oceania1% Africa

16%

NOx

Middle East5%

South Asia6%

East Asia33%

Europe+FSU23%

North America

23%

Central and

South America

4%

Oceania2%

Africa4%

CO2

Air Pollution problem in ASEAN cities

Very Frightening Findings !!!from WHO

In June 2012 – International

Agency for Research on

Cancer (IARC) of WHO has

classified diesel engine

exhaust as Group 1 known

carcinogen to humans.

Diesel engine exhaust is

carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) !!!

BC Containing PM Emission from Diesel Engine

Lung of a rat after exposure to diesel exhaust

Expose to Diesel Exhaust Expose to Clean Air

Compared to the normal pink lung, it has been blackened by soot

NIES, Japan

In October 2013, IARC

of WHO has classified

outdoor air pollution

and particulate matter

(PM) as carcinogenic

to humans (Group 1),

not only a major risk

to health in general.

Outdoor Air Pollution and PM are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) !!!

Particulate Matter in Bangkok’s Air

Particulate Matter Size is a Matter

Average Hair Diameter 70 mm Passage of PM by Particle Size

WHO - News release on 25 March 2014

WHO reports that

- In 2012, around 7 million people died – 1/8 of total

global deaths – as a result of outdoor and indoor air

pollution exposure.

- This finding is more than doubles of previous

estimates and confirms that air pollution is now the

world’s largest single environmental health risk.

- Reducing air pollution could save millions of lives.

176

5894

236

14

203

279

936

1669

68

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Afr Amr LMI Amr HI Emr LMI Emr HI Eur LMI Eur HI Sear Wpr LMI Wpr HI

Nu

mb

er o

f d

eath

s

Amr: America; Afr: Africa; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Sea: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMI: Low- and middle-income; HI: High-income

Number of deaths attributable to ambient

air pollution in 2012, by region

Sear: South-East Asia Region

ALRI : Acute Lower

Respiratory

Infections, in

Children

COPD : Chronic

Obstructive

Pulmonary

Disease

IHD : Ischaemic Heart

Disease

Causes of deaths from

ambient air pollution

breakdown by disease

Impacts of Air Pollution (PM10)

One of the studies on health risks associated

with PM10 examined the relationships between

daily fluctuations in PM10 and daily mortality in

Bangkok from 1992 through 1995 and suggested

a 10-μg /m3 change in daily PM10 is associated

with;

- a 1–2% increase in natural mortality;

- a 1–2% increase in cardiovascular mortality; and

- a 3–6% increase in respiratory mortality.

1st UNEA in June 2014

Air Quality Resolution

Encourage Governments

1. To take action across sectors to improve air

quality to protect human health and the

environment, reduce negative impacts […];

2. To formulate action plans and establish and

implement nationally determined ambient

air quality standards […] and to establish

emission standards for significant sources

of air pollution;

3. […]

SDGs adopted in 2015

Goal 3 : GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

(Ensure healthy lives)

Target 3.9 : By 2030, substantially reduce the number of

deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air,

water and soil pollution and contamination

Goal 11 : SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

(make cities and human settlements inclusive,

safe, resilient and sustainable)

Target 11.6 : By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita

environmental impact of cities, including by paying

special attention to air quality and municipal and other

waste management

Why transport sector is so

important ???

Emission Inventory of Bangkok

PM CO NOx SO2 HC

Mobile 20,602 349,771 264,648 9,973 232,973

Point 3,735 6,266 56,002 229,859 2,005

Area 13,855 107,738 8,511 184 33,904

Total 38,192 463,775 329,161 240,016 268,882

Emission Loads in BKK in 1997 (Tons/Year)Sources

53.9

75.480.4

4.1

86.6

9.8

1.4

17.0

95.8

0.836.3

23.2

2.60.1

12.6

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

PM CO NOx SO2 HC

Mobile Point Area

1994 Emission Loads of Air Pollutants

from Vehicles in Bangkok

Vehicle Technologies

Maintenance

Fuels

Better Air Quality

Traffic

Factors Effecting Emissions from Automobile

Emissions

Role of Standards & Regulation in AQM

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

EVALUATION AND IMPACT

Compare with standards

AIR QUALITY MONITORING

(POLUTANT CONCENTRATION)

POLICY ISSUES AND

REGULATION

NAAQS & EMISSION STANDARDS

AIR POLLUTION

CONTROL

REDUCTION STRATEGY AND

TECHNICAL OPTION

Cleaner fuels are needed for cleaner

vehicle technologies

High Performance Catalytic Converter

Why low sulfur fuels are important ?

Reducing fuel sulfur content in gasoline and diesel is

crucial to any serious effort to reduce air pollution from

existing and new vehicles.

Providing immediate air quality and public health benefits

from lower emissions from existing vehicles.

PM and SO2 from all vehicles

PM emissions from all vehicles as well as reduced

acidification.

CO, HC, NOx, Toxics and secondary PM from all vehicles

equipped with any type of catalyst technology

Near-zero sulfur fuels (10 ppm or less) are required for

advanced vehicle technologies and tight emission

standards for new vehicles.

Enabling retrofit technologies for cleaner existing vehicles.

Zeolite or refractory oxide support

Precious Metal

SO3

SO4

Transition Metal

H2SO4

O2

Sulfate

Sulfate Poisoning

SO2

Sulfur

inhibition

Sulfur Effects

Emission Standards for New Vehicles in ASEAN

Officials of ASEAN countries met in a

workshop in Singapore in 1992 in an effort

to harmonize standards related to air

pollution.

It was decided to adopt European emission

standards for new vehicles as reference

standards for ASEAN countries.

Implementing date of emission standards

might be different each country.

Commitment to Clean Fuels and Vehicles in Asian Region

• In AICHI STATEMENT (2005), Asian countries recognized

the need to “Phasing out leaded gasoline as rapidly as

possible, and phasing dowin sulfur levels in gasoline and

diesel as required to achieve advanced vehicle emission

standards.

• Resolution No. 16 of ASEAN Declaration on Environment

Sustainability at the 13th ASEAN Summit in Singapore in

Nov. 2007 “To intensify cooperation on the joint research,

development and deployment of low emission technologies

for the cleaner use of fossil fuels, recognizing that fossil

fuels will continue to play a major role in our energy mix”

• The 1st Governmental Meeting on Urban Air Qualiy in Asia

in December 2006 recommended countries to “develop

roadmaps for fuel quality and vehicle emission standards

for new vehicles”

Global Phasing Out of Pb and Phasing Down of Sulfur

Pb

Sulfur

Asian Phasing Down of Sulfur

in Gasoline and Diesel Fuels

PCFV/CAA (2014)

Emission Standards for New Vehicles

Emission Standards for New Light Duty Vehicles

Notes:

*The level of adoption vary by country but most are based on the Euro emission standards

a – gasoline; b – Diesel; c – Entire country; d – Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Lucknow, Kanpur, Agra, Surat, Ahmedabad,

Pune and Sholapur; Other cities in India are in Euro 2; e – Beijing [Euro 1 (Jan 1999); Euro 2 (Aug 2002); Euro 3 (2005); Euro 4 (1 Mar 2008); Euro 5

(2012)], Shanghai [Euro 1 (2000); Euro 2 (Mar 2003); Euro 3 (2007); Euro 4 (2010)] and Guangzhou [Euro 1 (Jan 2000); Euro 2 (Jul 2004); Euro 3

(Sep-Oct 2006); Euro 4 (2010)]; f – Equivalent to Euro 4 emissions standards; Vietnam will implement Euro 3 standards for motorcycles by 2017.

Source: CAI-Asia. September 2011. Emission standards for new light-duty vehicles

Current and Proposed Sulfur Levels in Diesel in Asia, EU and USA

Clean fuels and clean new vehicles

are major factors responsible for

today Bangkok’s cleaner air

Thank you for your attention