Regional review on status and trends - Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa

8/2/2019 Regional review on status and trends - Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa

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International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2012 Perendale Publishers L td. All rights reserved. No par t of this publication may be reproduced in any form

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March | April 2012

Feature title: Regional review on status and trends- Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
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FAOregularly conductsglobal and

regional reviews of aquaculture

status and trends, most recently

during2008and2009.

Thepresentregionalreviewandsynthesis

for sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) provides an

overviewof majorissuesandtrendsinthe

aquaculturesectoroverthepastfewyears.

Theregionalreviewreflectsdevelopment

in42ofthe55 countriesinSSAforwhich

production wasreportedto FAOin 2008.Theproductionvolumeandvaluedatahave

beenderivedfromthelatestFAO-FISHSTAT

plusdatabasefor2009.Between1998 and

2008,therehasbeenafive-foldincreasein

productionfrom42,587to238,877tonnes.

Thegreatestcatalystforincreasedproduc-

tionhasbeentheemergenceandintensifica-

tionofprivatesectorledsmallandmedium-

sizeenterprisesandthe expansion oflarge

commercialventuresstimulatedinsomecases

bygrowingpublicsupportand theinflowof

foreigncapitalandexpertise.

In addition, the implementation of the

FAO Special Program for Aquacul ture

Development in Africa (SPADA),

as well as theintroduction of new

production systems, for example

cages and tanks previously untried

or unproven in SSA, accompanied

bytherefinementofexistingproduc-

tionsystemshavecontributedtothis

development.

Trends in socialdevelopment

Progresstowardsmeetingthetar-

getsof theMillenniumDevelopment

Goals(MDGs)hasbeenmixed.

Sub-Saharan Africa continued

to make progress ina number of

socialdevelopmentareas,with con-

crete gainsin suchareasas primary

school enrolment, measles vaccination, the

useof insecticidetreatedbed nets, reduc-

tionsinhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)

prevalenceratesinsomecountriesandsome

aspectsofgenderequality.

However,verylimitedgainsweremade

onpoverty, eradicationof hunger,maternal

mortality andaddressingdisparitiesdue to

genderincomeanddisability.

Recent estimatesindicate thatthe per-

centageofthe populationlivinginextreme

poverty in SSA has almost doubled from200millionin1981to 380millionin2005

(RavallionandChen, 2008).SSA unemploy-

ment declined slightly from 8.5 percentin

1997 to eight percent in 2007 and was

expectedtorisesharplyin2009asaresultof

theglobalrecession(ILO,2008).

Intheareaofeducation,althoughprimary

enrolmentratehas beenimproving,thepri-

marycompletionrateis anareaof concern.

Between 1999 and 2006, the completion

rate improved from 49percentto 60but

thecompletionforgirlswasmuchlower.The

grossenrolmentratioinsecondaryeducation

rosefrom25percentin1999to32percentin

2006andintertiaryeducationitstoodatonly

fivepercentin2006comparedto17percent

fordevelopingcountriesand 25percent for

theworld(UNECA,2008).

Improvements were reported in one

of thekey human developmentindex,life

expectancyandthemeanofwhichwere54

years andthe range 4477yearsin 2009,

ascomparedtoanaverageof 43.9yearsa

decadeago.

However,childmortalityhasnotdeclined

in27SSAcountriesduemainlytoprevent-ablediseasesandmalnutrition.Theunder-five

mortalityratedecreasedslightlyfrom185per

1000livebirthsin1990to165livebirthsin

2005(UNICEF,2008;UNECA,2008).

Progress in responding to HIV/AIDS,

tuberculosis,malaria andother diseaseshas

generallybeenlimited.

Despitethe positiveoutcomes recorded

insome countriesin termsof growinginte-

grationof HIV/AIDSconcernsintonational

developmentplansandtheincreasingnumber

of peoplereceiving antiretroviral treatment

(ART),UNAIDS(2008),reportedthatHIV

prevalence is apparently on thedecline in

theregion, butrates arestillfar

higherthaninotherworldregions.

TheKingdomofSwazilandhasthe

worldshighestrateofHIV:26per-

centofthepopulationages1549

isHIVpositive.

In SSA, HIV disproportionately

affectsyoung women.1.6 Sources

of livelihood and importance of

aquaculture. Agriculture in the

broadsenseplaysadominantrole

inmostAfricaneconomiesas an

importantsourceoflivelihood,but

theroleofaquacultureasamajor

contributortolivelihoodin allbut

a few countries(Nigeria, Uganda,

Madagascar, Mozambique) is still

verysmall.

Figure 1: Aquaculture production and value in sub-

Saharan Africa excluding aquatic plants (19902008).

Source: FAO, 2009a. FAO Fisheries and AquacultureDepartment, Fishery Information, Data and Statistics

Unit. FishStat Plus Version 2.32. Universal software

for fishery statistics time series. Rome (www.fao.org/

fishery/statistics/software/fishstat/en)

26 | IntentIon AquAFeed | March-pril 2012

FEATURE

Regional review on status and trends

Aquaculture developmentin Sub-Saharan Africa

by Benedict P. Satia, University of Washington, School of Marine andEnvironmental Affairs, Seattle, USA

However, in view ofthe potential role

aquaculturecouldplayin foodandnutrition

security, employment,wealth generationto

bothsmall-andlarge-scaleproducersinboth

ruralandperi-urbanlocalities,asexemplified

in a fewcountries, theAU/NEPAD Food

SecuritySummitinDecember2006,inAbuja,

agreedtopromoteandprotectfisheriesand

aquacultureasstrategiccommodityalongside

rice,maizeandotherstrategicfoodproducts.

Farming environmentsTheproductionoffishandshellfishthrough

aquaculturein SSAas described is limited

compared withthehistoricalproductionin

Asia,EuropeandevenLatinAmerica.

Aquacultureisnotatraditioninmostsub-

SaharanAfricancountries.

However,inafewcountries,suchasBenin,

GhanaandtheMauritius,thepeoplesattach-

ment tocapturefisheriesprobablyenabled

them toevolvetraditional11formsof aqua-

cultureandmanagement inacadjas,whedos

andbarochois,etc,(Satia,1989;Welcomme,

1972;GTZ,2002).

Aquaculture is presently practiced in

all three environments,namely freshwater,

brackishwaterandmarinewaters, butmost

oftheactivitiesareconcentratedinfreshwater

whichaccountsformorethan95percentby

tonnageoftheregionsproductionin2008.

Thisispredominantlyfishandinparticular

the indigenous and ubiquitous species of

tilapias and the African catfishes including

Clariasgariepinus.Brackishwateraquaculture

andmarinefishculture,aswellastheculture

ofcrustaceans,datebacktolessthan2030

yearsagoand productionisconcentratedin

afew countrieswhilethe cultureof marine

algaeisrecentinnovation.

Producersin the regionSocio-economic

surveys and National Aquaculture Sector

Overviews(NASOs)revealthataquaculture

producers in SSA include crop and l ive-

stockfarmers, butalso civilservants, retired

civilservants,localbusinessmenandwomen,

storekeepersandindividualswithotherjobs.

Furthermore,womenareinvolveddirectly

asowners offishpondsin several countries

includingBenin,Cameroon,CtedIvoire,the

DemocraticRepublicof theCongo, Ghana,

Kenya,Malawi,NigeriaandUganda(Abbanet

al.,2009;Ranaetal.,2005;Satia,1989).Some

studies(Abbanetal,2009;Ranaetal.,2005)

havereportedthatmostsuccessfulfishfarmers

particularlytheperi-urbanproducershavehad

primaryoratleastpost-primaryeducation.

Therearetwomaintypesofproducersin

SSA,namelytheowner/operatorandowner/

non-operator.Differentgroupsofindividuals

appearalsotobeattractedbydifferentaqua-

culturesystems.

Inmostcases,thesmall-scaleruralfarmers

areowner/operatorsand practiceextensive

farming.The more aggressivefarmers, par-

ticularlythoselivingnearlargetownsandwho

inmostcaseshaveotherprofessionaljobs,

practice semi-intensivefarming. Well-placed

individuals,corporatecompaniesandestates,

allof whooperate large production units,

dominatesemi-intensivefarming.

Themoreintensivesystems,forthemost

part,are ownedby themoredynamicand

enterprisingfarmers,aswellaslargecorporate

ventures,withaninfluxofforeigncapitaland

expertisethatproduceforoverseasmarkets.

(FAO,2009b;RidlerandHishamunda,2001).

Main production systemsProduction systems andtechnologiesin

SSAshowgreatdiversityrangingfromexten-

siveaquacultureinponds,lagoonsandcoastal

areas; semi-intensive farmingin ponds and

lagoons and intensive culture using tanks,

cagesandrecirculatingaquaculturesystems.

Inaddition, thereis agrowinginterest in

integrated aquaculture and aquaculture in

rice-based systems,for example, inBurkina

Faso,Malawi, Madagascar,Mali, Nigeria,etc.

Non-commercial producers undertake the

extensivesystem,whilefarmerswiththeprin-

cipalobjectiveof generatingwealthpractice

thesemi-intensive andintensivesystems. In

March-pril 2012 | IntentIonAquAFeed | 27

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primarilywealth generatingenterprises, the

production unitscouldbe furtherclassified

assmall andmediumenterprises(SME) and

large-scaleaquaculture.

Whereas, the typical non-commercial

extensive system is characterized by low-

input,low-outputandvery littleorno value

added andgenerallylocated inruralareas;

in the semi-intensive approach the inputs

amountsare increasedandquality ofinputs

areinprinciplebetter;whilesmallandmedi-

um enterprisesand large-scale commercial

aquaculturesystemsaretoanextentvertically

integrated,locatedin urbanand peri-urban

areasandarealsocharacterisedbyhigherlev-

elsofmanagement,capitalinvestment,higher

levelsofqualitycontrolandamorecomplex

andstructuredmarket (Abbanet al.,2009;

RidlerandHishamunda,2001).

Depending on the system, a variety of

speciesareculturedincontainmentorholding

facilitiessuchas:earthenponds,concretetanks,

raceways,pens, cagesand racks.Production

unitsorsystemsthatarebeingpromotedin

the regioninclude: enhancement/restocking,

integratedagriculture-aquaculture(IAA) and

aquacultureinrice-basedsystems.

Regional aquacultureproduction, species and values

From a production of42,587tonnesin

1998,production in2008 wasreportedto

haverisento 238,877tonswitha valueof

US$665million(seeFigure1). Thisconverts

intoanaverageannualgrowthrateof18.8

percentfortheyears1998to2008.However,

severalcountries registerednegativegrowth

duringthe period.Thefive-foldincrease in

productionsince1998 hasbeenlimitedto

onlya fewcountriesindicating theimmense

possibilityforincreasedproductionifthe full

potentialisrealisedbysmall-,medium-and

large-scale investors and many govern-

mentswerecommittedto thedevelop-

mentof thesubsectorandhelpedthe

growth of the industry by removing

constraints.

Top producersNigeriaisconsistentlythe largestpro-

ducer.

In2008,itaccountedfor60percentof

production by quantityand 56 percent of

thetotalvalue.Othermajorproducersare

UgandaandMadagascar(seeFigure2).

These three countriestogether contrib-

uted86percentofthetotalproductionin

SSAin2008(thefirstsevenmajorproducers

accountfor93.7percentoftotalproduction

in2008byquantity).

Thesuccess ofthesethreecountriesis

attributedtothepromotionofaprivatesec-

torledstrategy accompaniedwithincreases

inexpansionand productivitydrivenbysig-

nificantimprovementsinfeedandimproved

technologies (tanks in Nigeria), aqua-feed

productionandutilisationinUgandaandfarm

management,aswellasgovernmentpolicies

infavour ofthe sector,for exampledivest-

ingredundant andundeliverableservices in

UgandaandMadagascar.Stronggrowthwas

alsoexhibited byGhanaandKenya(FAO,2009a).

Potential for an increase indemand for aquaculture products

It is estimatedthatby 2015,thetotal

annual fishconsumptionin SSAcould be

1.52.0million tonneshigherthanin2005

iffishsuppliesexpandatanequalpacewith

demand.

Thiswouldresult froma yearlyincrease

involumeof fishconsumedby aboutthree

percent in volume terms (FAO, 2009b).

Some70 percentofthe growthindemand

comesfromanincreaseinpopulation,which

means thatdemandgrowthis steady and

large.Dependingon theeconomic situation

thiscouldevenincreasemore.

Thisis dueto highnutritionalsignificance

offishproductsgiventhatintakeofredmeat

isrelativelylow.

By 2015, neither domestic production

from capture fisheries (marine and fresh-

water) nor local aquaculture will be able

toprovide theincreased quantities of fish

neededforhumanconsumption.Apart of

thisneedmaycontinuetobesatisfiedthrough

increasedimportsoflow-valuespecies.

Sub-SaharanAfricahasbeenanetimport-

er of fish for some time. Growing local

demandwilltend toincrease thistrade gap

bypullingin moreimportsand retainingfor

local consumptionsome ofthe fishmainly

fromcapturefisheriesnow

exported.Anumberoffac-

torsaffect fishconsumption

ordemand.

Theseinclude income,prices

of fish, prices of fish comple-

ments suchas rice, tastes and

nonpricefactorsthat affectthe

transaction costsof purchasing

andpreparingfish,theavailability

ofcoldchainsetc.

Intheabsenceofdata,Delgado

etal, (2003)usedregressionanalysis

andproxies fordisposal income,cost

offisheryproducts,changesintastesand

nationaldifferencesinthetraditionoffish

consumptionandcameupwithanaggre-

gateincreaseof fishconsumption of2.7percentperyearor anadditional1.6million

tonnesoffishayearby2015justtomaintain

currentconsumptionof7.8kgperpersonper

year.Giventheprojectedpopulationincrease

(>than2percentayear),thegrowthratein

overallfishconsumptionandthestagnationin

boththemarineandinlandfisheries,theques-

tionisnotwhatwouldbethedemandbut

wherecouldsupplycomefromtofillthegap.

Theexpansionofcommercialaquaculture

is likely to berapidparticularlyunder the

aegisoftheSpecialProgramforAquaculture

DevelopmentinAfrica(SPADA)whichaims

totrainapproximately28000 in20 target

countriesto produceanadditional 259000

tons of aqua-productsper yearwithinsix

years and if the enabling environment is

providedbythepublic sectorandthe inter-

nationalclimateisfavourable,theproduction

couldevenbehigher.

Smallandmediumenterprises,as wellas

large-scaleundertakingswillgeneratewealth

inmostcasesthroughinternationaltradebut

alsocontributetofoodsecurityatsubregion-

al levels while small-scale aquaculture will

contributeto foodsecurity andfor national

marketsandpossiblyintraregionaltrade.

By2015andassumingtheSPADAinitia-

tiveisfullyembracedbythecountries,aqua-

cultureproductionfromSSAwouldbemore

than400000tonnesayear,buteventhiswill

belittleincomparisontothedemand.

Figure 2: Major aquaculture

producers by quantity and value in

sub-Saharan Africa (2008).

Source: FAO, 2009a. FAO Fisheries

and Aquaculture Department,

Fishery Information, Data andStatistics Unit. FishStat Plus Version

2.32. Universal software for fishery

statistics time series.Rome (www.

fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/

fishstat/en).

28 | IntentIon AquAFeed | March-pril 2012

FEATURE

Salient issuesExportsofaquacultureprod-

uctsinthecontinentareincreas-

ing andthi s i s l i ke ly to havea

posit i ve impact on growth of

the sector as organisations of

producersandwholesalerscon-

tinueto influencedevelopment

inseveralaspectsoftheindustry.

However, trade in aquaculture

productsbetweenregionsisvirtually

inexistentbecause of lowsupplies,

butalsobecauseofhighcostsdue

to poor infrastructure and insuf-

ficienttradefacilitation. Theroleof

producer organisations serving as

acatalystforaquaculturedevelop-

mentandmarketing

The way forwardOnthewhole, thedemandfor

aquacultureproductsinSSA ishigh

andthepotentialforfurthergrowth

oftheindustryintheregionisprom-

ising.Alongwithtechnical improve-

ments,increasedmarketopportuni-

ties arecentralto thesustainable

developmentofaquacultureinSSA.

The over a rch ing ob je cti ve

should beto promote aquacul-

tureas aviablewealthcreating,

undertaking,andlayingemphasisonpri-

vate sector-led initiatives with govern-

mentsprovidingtheenablingenvironment

forgrowth.Theincreasedgrowthcould

be rea li sed through improvements in

technologies andresourceuse,41 inte-

grationofaquaculturewithotherfarming

activities accompaniedwith appropriate

policiesand strategiesin marketingand

trade.

Afewofwhichare:

Enlarging markets for aqua-products

through improved market regulation

frameworkandsupportservices,byzon-

ingareasforaquacultureandorganizing

producer organisations, by enhancing

informationflow,byassistingwithestab-

lishingappropriate tradepractices and

trans boundarymovement of aquatic

products

Expanding the consumption of aqua-

productsthrough suchstrategies asby

improvingaccesswhileensuringmarket

competitiveness, or by demonstrating

highqualitycontrol

Developingstrategies forvalueaddi-

tion foraquatic productssuch asby

demonstrating high quality control,

improvebiosecurityandaquaticanimal

healthmanagementandbyundertaking

market/product-relatedresearch


FEATURE

"The overarching objective

should be to promote

aquaculture as a viable

wealth creating,

undertaking,

and laying

emphasis on

private sector-

led initiatives

with governments

providing the enabling

environment

for growth"

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V olume 15 Is sue 2 2012

the internationalmagazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Filtrationinrecirculation

particle control

FishProtein Hydrolysates FPH enhanceresistance ofaquacultures pecies to

different types ofstress

The quest tokeep Salmon

inthe pink naturally

Aquaculture development inSub-SaharanAfrica

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Regional review on status and trends - Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa