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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
Regional Report on Progress Towards Education for All in Asia
and the Pacific Gwang-Jo Kim
Director UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
Global EFA Meeting (GEM) 12-14 May 2014 Muscat, Oman
Outline
I. Introduction
II. Progress Towards the EFA Goals
III. The Big Push
IV. Status of the National EFA 2015 Reviews
V. Post-2015 Agenda
VI. Next Steps
GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
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I. Introduction
GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
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Changes in Asia and the Pacific Notable development opportunities
– Continuous economic growth
– Increasing number of middle-income economies, with AP’s share of world’s GDP rising from 15 % to 27% between 1972 and 2012.
– Rapid shift in employment structure
– Increased access to new technologies
Issues and challenges
– Persistent income disparities (within and across countries)
– Persistent youth unemployment
– Shift towards ageing society
– Increasing migration: brain drain and brain waste
– Digital divide
– Incessant disasters and conflicts in the region GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
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Implications for education
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
The need for education to address the changes and challenges:
– Education systems to adapt and to transform, to contribute to inclusion in education and sustainability
– Increasing prominence of “non-cognitive/transversal” skills and competencies for the 21st century, including leaning to live together and education for peace
– Educating/training also for non-existing jobs
– Preparing students to cope with future mobility and migration
– Lifelong learning to support learners to continue to explore and master new skills throughout life
– Leveraging cultures, value systems, languages and traditions
In sum, there needs to be transformative changes in education!
GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
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II. Progress Towards the EFA Goals
Quick overview of the progress made since 1999
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
Asia and the Pacific World
Note: Goal 1 is represented by the GER in pre-primary, Goal 2 by the ANER in primary, Goal 3 by the GER in secondary, Goal 4 by the adult literacy rates, Goal 5 by the GPI of the ANER in primary and Goal 6 by the gross intake rate in the last grade of primary as a proxy of completion rate.
• From 1999 to 2011, all 6 EFA goals have improved in the Asia-Pacific region and globally.
• For all 6 goals, the achievement done was more important in Asia-Pacific than globally. For example, the GER in pre-primary in A-P improved by 25 percentage points between 1999 and 2011 compared to 17 percentage points globally. Goal 1 saw the biggest improvement.
A-P World A-P WorldG1 25 > 17 54.4 > 50.2G2 8 = 8 94.9 > 91.2G3 16 > 11 69.3 < 70.7G4 3 > 2 82.5 < 84.1G5 7 > 5 0.99 > 0.98G6 11 > 10 93.5 > 90.6
Percentage points
change between 1999-
2011
Comparison between
the values for 2011
Source: UIS database February 2014
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
Goal 1 - ECCE
Pre-primary GER for selected countries, 2011
<= 35% Between 40% and 80%
> 80%
• Progress continues steadily since 2000 in the region but in 2011 universal participation in pre-primary education remains a distant goal for many countries in the region
• E-Asia and the Pacific and S-West Asia have the most rapid improvement in access to pre-primary education in the world since 2005, with increases in enrolment of 19 and 14 percentage points respectively
• Many countries have not developed sustainable ECCE Programs yet, even and/or initiatives but at least they recognize the importance of ECCE
Source: UIS database February 2014
Goal 2 - UPE
• Asia-Pacific is on track to achieve the goal (unless dramatic change). All of the sub-regions have reached an Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate (ANER) over 90%
• 10 countries have already achieved universal participation (99% or more) in primary education and 9 countries are very likely to achieve the goal by 2015 (97% and 98% in 2011)
• Many children are still out of school. A ANER of 100% is necessary in order to achieve the goal. Now Asia-Pacific share of the out of school global number is 30%
• The regional focus has shifted from ‘access’ to the second facet of the goal: Ensuring that children complete their education
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
ANER by region, 2000-2011
Source: UIS database February 2014
Goal 3 - Youth and Adult Skills
Note: The number of Community Learning Center (CLCs) which has been developed to provide life skills and livelihood skills for youth and adults outside formal education have been increasing rapidly.
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The ratio has jumped more than double between 2000 and 2011
The ratio has increased significantly
GER in secondary education, 2000, 2005 and 2011
E-Asia and the Pacific GER rose from 63% to 80% and S-West Asia rose from 46% to 60% between 2000 and 2011
Source: UIS database February 2014
Goal 4 - Adult Literacy
• Out of 497 million illiterate adults in the A-P region in 2011 (64.2% of the global numbers), 82% illiterate adults live in S-W Asia, and 18% live in East Asia and the Pacific. Central Asia has achieved the goal already.
• Even though the literacy rates rose by 4 percentage points in S- W Asia, the absolute number of illiterates is increasing.
• The most disadvantage group is women: Gender represents a significant barriers to literacy with 0.70 as GPI for adult literacy in S-W Asia
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
The number is increasing
Distribution of adult illiterate by region, 2011 Number of illiterates
goal achieved
Source: UIS database February 2014
Goal 5 – Gender equality
• The region is able to reduce the gender disparity in education participation in both primary and secondary level. E Asia and Pacific region increased GPI from 0.99 for the primary ANER and from 0.95 for the GER for the secondary education in 2000 to 1.00 and 1.03 in 2011. South and West Asia did not reach gender parity at the secondary level
• Where Gender Equality has not yet been attained, gender disparities in primary and secondary education have been reduced
• The social inequalities within the classroom should be addressed as the next step: eliminating gender disparities in teaching and leadership position
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
Gender Parity Index by level of education, 2011
Source: UIS database February 2014
Goal 6 – Quality Education
• Although the enrolment and participation, gender parity and literacy rate are steadily progressing, there is a big concern about the quality of learning at different levels of education
• Simply obtaining a suitable number of teachers by 2015 remains a big concern in some countries
• The change in proportion of trained teachers from 2000 to 2011 has been modest. Most of the countries in S-W Asia still have problem about the number of untrained teachers
• Essential life skills, especially new and emerging skills, are not firmly established in formal education systems
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
Total public expenditure on education as % of total government expenditure
From 2009, there is a sharp decrease in education expenditure, which is the effect of the economic crisis
Source: UIS database February 2014
III. The Big Push
GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
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Big Push Initiatives in Asia-Pacific – Legislative reforms (India, Pakistan)
– Analytical work and dissemination of promising EFA practices to Member States (Global Initiative on Out-of-School Children, case studies on promising EFA practices)
– Increased partnerships with development partners, private sector, NGOs/CSOs [Korea Institute of Child Care and Education (KICCE) and the Korea Development Institute (KDI)]
– Increased funding by governments (China, Pakistan, Nepal)
– Alternative/Innovative learning approaches (flexible learning strategies)
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
Big Push Initiatives in Asia-Pacific
• Advocacy for EFA acceleration (regional, sub-regional and national)
- Global Action Week activities (advocacy video, joint statements)
- Promoting gender equality through the East Asia and Pacific United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative (EAP UNGEI)
- Global Monitoring Report launches
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
IV. Status of the National EFA 2015 Reviews in Asia-Pacific
GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
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High participation in Asia-Pacific
• Technical support provided to countries by UNESCO, UNICEF and EFA partners to undertake the review work – First technical workshop organized in November 2013 to train the
reviewers
– Second technical workshop organized in April 2014 to provide feedback on the draft EFA reports
• 40 or more Member States in Asia-Pacific are participating in the National EFA 2015 Reviews and are preparing national EFA reports
• EFA reports prepared by OECD countries (Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea) and Singapore
• A Regional EFA Report to be prepared
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
V. Post-2015 Agenda
GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
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UN My World survey results: Asia
GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
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Regardless of their age groups, respondents from sub-regions (Central Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia and West Asia) also ranked “a good education” as the overall priority in
the post-2015 development agenda.
(as at 5 May 2014)
UN My World survey results: Oceania
GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
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Respondents from Oceania ranked “a good education” as the overall priority in the post-2015 development agenda.
In the age group <30 years old, “a good education” is also ranked first.
(as at 5 May 2014)
Selected regional events on post-2015 Main
Organizer(s) Event Date
UNESCO Regional High-Level Expert Meetings on Education Beyond 2015 May, November 2012
UNESCO, UNICEF
Regional Thematic Consultation on Education in the Post-2015 Agenda
February 2013
UNESCO Regional High-Level Expert Meetings on Education Beyond 2015 October 2013
UNESCO Regional Consultation on a Post-Decade of Education for Sustainable Development Framework
May 2013
UNESCO Regional Technical Workshop and Feedback Workshop: National EFA 2015 Reviews
November 2013; April 2014
UNESCAP Regional Ministerial Meeting on Post-2015 August 2013
UNCTs National Consultations on Post-2015 2013
ARNEC Regional Early Childhood Development Conference November 2013
SEAMEO Consultation and Workshop on Post-2015 Education Scenarios and Post-EFA Education Agenda in Southeast Asia
January, March 2014
GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
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ARNEC: Asia-Pacific Regional Network for Early Childhood SEAMEO: Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization UNCTs: United Nations Country Teams UNESCAP: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Key messages from national and regional consultations
National Consultations supported by UN Country Teams
National consultations were conducted in 17 countries in the region: • Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Lao PDR, Pakistan, Philippines,
Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam
Regional Meetings and Consultation on Education led by UNESCO/UNICEF
Three regional high-level expert meetings and a regional consultation were held.
Proposed focus areas for consideration on education beyond 2015
– Orientations for education post-2015 need to go beyond EFA Goals
– Lifelong learning as a key guiding principle
– Equitable and inclusive access to quality learning for all
– Focus on addressing inequity, inequality and exclusion
– Learning relevant skills for decent work and a better life
– Responsible and participatory governance
– Commitment of financing in education
GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
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Education Post-2015: Some milestones so far
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
Asia-Pacific Consultation on Education beyond 2015
Asia-Pacific Expert
Meeting Beyond 2015
Rethinking Learning in a
Changing World
March
February 2013 November
Global Consultation
on Education
Asia-Pacific Expert
Meeting Towards EFA
2015 and Beyond
Shaping a New Vision for Education
The World We Want global consultations
October
Asia-Pacific Expert
Meeting Beyond 2015 Transforming Teaching and
Learning
May 2012
High-Level Panel
Report
UN Secretary- General’s
Report
May July
UNESCO General
Conference
Regional Technical
Workshop: National EFA 2015 Review in
Asia-Pacific
November
SDSN Report
June
April 2014
Regional Technical Feedback
Workshop: National EFA 2015 Review in
Asia-Pacific
Key messages from Asia-Pacific consultations fed into the global development and education agendas.
Asi
a-Pa
cifi
c ev
ents
G
lob
al e
ven
ts
Education Post-2015: Way forward
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
September
SDG OWG Report
Asia-Pacific Regional Education
Conference Bangkok, Thailand
Intergovernmental dialogue
World Education Forum
Incheon, Republic of
Korea
August 2014
World Conference on Education for Sustainable
Development Nagoya, Japan
UN Summit and
Adoption of SDGs
May 2015
The regional recommendations on education beyond 2015 will continue to feed into the global development and education agendas.
November September
Asia-Pacific Regional
EFA Review Report
Asi
a-Pa
cifi
c ev
ents
G
lob
al e
ven
ts
Regional UN discussions in relation to MDGs/SDGs • UN ESCAP Asia-Pacific Ministerial Dialogue on Post-2015 (26-28 August 2013, Bangkok,
Thailand)
– Adopted the Bangkok Declaration of the Asia-Pacific region on the United Nations Development Agenda beyond 2015.
– Stressed the need for inclusivity and argued that poverty reduction and education must remain at the core of global development objectives.
• ESCAP/ADB/UNDP Regional MDGs Report 2012/2013: "Asia-Pacific Aspirations: Perspectives for a Post-2015 Development Agenda“ (September 2013)
The report proposes 12 goal areas beyond 2015, including quality education for all.
• UNDG-AP Side Event at SDG OWG's sixth session (11 December 2013, New York, USA)
– Organized an expert panel discussion on the new partnerships and the means of implementation.
– The panel agreed on the need for a new goal on global partnership for development, to succeed MDG Goal 8, with elements of the global partnerships and means of implementation present in each of the SDGs.
• UN ESCAP Asia-Pacific Forum for Sustainable Development (19-21 May 2014, Pattaya, Thailand) The summary outcome of the forum will contribute to the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development.
GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
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Post 2015 Development Agenda and SDG preparatory process in Asia and the Pacific
ESCAP-Thailand
Ministerial
Dialogue
26-28 August 2013
Objective:
To discuss the post
2015 development
agenda from the
perspectives of AP,
including viewing
the post 2015
development
agenda in the
overall of context of
sustainable
development, and
resilience
Outcome:
Ministerial
Declaration on AP
perspectives on
post 2015
development
agenda and
sustainable
development
ESCAP lead
RCM-UNDG
1st Asia-Pacific
Consultative
Meeting on Post
2015 Agenda and
Sustainable
Development
January-February
2014
Objective:
To discuss
opportunities and
challenges in
operationalizing the
post 2015
development
agenda and
sustainable
development in AP
Outcome:
Preliminary ideas
on opportunities
and challenges for
implementation of
sustainable
development in AP.
ESCAP lead
Special session at
ESCAP Annual
Commission,
19-23 May 2014.
Objective:
To bring outcomes
of consultation
process to member
States at senior level
and further refine AP
inputs to GA
discussions.
Outcome:
Concrete inputs
including
Commission
resolution to GA
discussions on post-
2015 / SDGs.
Decision to be taken
on final intergovern-
mental meeting in
August to conclude
process and prepare
for GA.
ESCAP lead
RCM-UNDG
Moderated online
forums /
roundtable
discussions on
priority issues,
opportunities and
challenges on
implementing the
post- 2015 agenda
in AP
March-May 2014
Objective:
To continue
discussions and
inputs on priority
ideas and
opportunities and
challenges in
implementation
Outcome:
Validated regional
narrative
summarizing
discussions and
highlighting sub-
regional & country
perspectives
UNDG lead Regional MDG
reports
Substantive inputs
into process
Thai / ESCAP
Ministerial
Dialogue 2013
HLP Report /
SG’s report
RIM Chair
Summary 2013
Manila
Declaration 2013
ESCAP
Commission 2013
OHRLSS/ESCAP
Meeting
Statement
G 7+ Fragile
States Dili
Statement
Thematic/
country inputs
Other relevant
global / AP docs
6th session ,
OWG,
9-13 December
2013
Objective:
To hold side event
to present AP
perspectives on
means of
implementation of
post-2015
development
agenda / SDGs
Outcome:
Influence OWG
discussion on
“means of
implementation:
Global partnership
for achieving
sustainable
development”
Background papers
to be prepared and
key resource
people confirmed.
UNDG lead
SIDS global
conference,
Samoa, 1-4 Sept
2014
70th and 71st
Sessions of the
Commission
(May 14/ 15)
Global
deliberations of
the OWG
HLPF and
regional
preparatory mtgs
2014-2015
GA deliberations
VI. Next Steps
GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
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Upcoming Events
• Asia-Pacific Regional Education Conference (APREC), 6-8 August 2014, Bangkok, Thailand.
o High level officials of ministries of education and diverse stakeholders will take stock of regional EFA progress; discuss lessons learnt for the future; develop regional recommendations for education post-2015
• World Conference on Education for Sustainable Development, 10-12 November 2014, Nagoya, Japan.
• World Education Forum 2015, May 2015, Incheon, Republic of Korea,
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
THANK YOU!
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GJ Kim – UNESCO Bangkok – Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
@UNESCO_AsiaPac
https://www.facebook.com/unescobkk
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