REGIONAL PRIDE

JNDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY GROUP FOR THE NORTH EAST

S r c r e t a r y : M1ch-3~1 W h c e 1 ~ i - c / o The Bowes Muqrum. B? r n i r d C a s t l e , C o . D u v h a m .

T r e a s u r e r . W a l t e r A , C a r r 6 , Raby Avenue, Barn? rd Ca,st lc .

Certainly In the news at t h e moment is the f u t u r e of the proposed R t g i o n a l Open Air Museum for t he North of England. Is it ~ e a l l y go ing t o fail 7 WC cannot bcl ievc th i s , fo r it u ~ o u l d bc a museum ai Ihr. history of everyday peoplc, everyday people. And s u r e i y w e , t he eve ryday people of thc region, a re not going tu

s tand by and sec it fail.

Ti, as sc.c.ms possible, at t hc moment, Newcastle t u r r , s its back t ~ r n p o r a r i l y 011 the ~ c h e m e , cannot the o t h e r Loca l Authorit ies sti l l h a v c conflclence in t h c ~ r ic lea? E the worst came t o the w o r s t , c ould no t D u r h a m County Council alanc ruri the s c h e m e in

a mrnimal facllion Enr a y r a r o r two, lust to show what CAN bc d o n e ?

T l ~ c r c c a n be n o doubt , in the m i n d of anyone who has ever scen s! C o n t i n e n t a l Open A i r W u s e u ~ m , j u s t how popular and s u c c e s s f u l S 3 , For ed tic;-ltjor>al D ~ L ~ T ) O S P g , !r,l:6sfs <C?- ~ - - ; y t ? l ~

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r .- , 7 cblm fith<:r S. .%--I,! : t s :,v:!~,- T. !?-,-, L+,<,--:! l CC>:TI Fnz?+F.. wan !b L o s c l l it this year.

A l s u u r g c n t I S the i r n n i n ~ n t dcs t ruct ion of manv historic bui ld ings ancl machines. F a r the rapid dc:'eloprnent of the N o r t h East Is such that several examplcs a r e on thc very point of clestruction. Next y ra r map be loo late t o savt. somc af them.

R c r a u s e the r c sult s of Frank Atkinson ' S collectrng a r e not widely knuwn, we publish overlea! a seleclion Irom his l ist , of the s to red and temporarily re served m a t e r i a l . It & only a sc lcc t ion! M i l s k

ail thic; he l o ~ t *

Renional a Open Air Museum

.-\ h r l r i s r ! ( > c t i o n oi somt of the s t o r e d mater ia l .

R # . ; r m i s l ~ r o l l i r r y wiucling rng in r bp Joirrry of N e w c a s t l e , 1855 T l \ [ b !:is1 ~ ! : ; ~ n i ~ > l c ~ irk tll.<, K o ~ t l x E a . s t T11r s i t t - is : IDLY othr r \visc I. I ~ ; l r t : c l a:lcl >wai l ing r!e~elo;lrnc!ii

W c 5 t R n i d o n Lime ancl c r m i 1.rcpct 183,;. - 7 I1:e Isst of i t s Icinti. ol t l ~ c . Stnnilcpe j n d '1'!:11c Kailway ! r l t i l e way ( l ! ' i l r - \ r,!opment

~'halci r r ) n wagon< a t Sexham 11arhou1- Src i ! l r ~ tsote e1 sexvllr-rt. i n thls R u l l c t l n At p r r s t - n t re! a i n r d th rouqh thr- ~ ~ n e r o s i t y ot the Coa l Board >.nrl the D o t l c C o m p a n v

WaCer -powered c o r n mill In working condit ion If not moved soon the m a c h i n e r y w i l l bc taken out bv tllc owler

Ea r t I !err ingtr ln pumping ~n,qi ;ac s 2nd horse -gin A u n j q u e g rol.lp ir, t h c K o r t l i East The b u ~ l d i n g a z r l i t s c o n t e n t s will b e clemolishcd short ly , ~f n o t removed

F i l e -cu t tv r ' s works 'nof) arld contents Once a cornmr~rl h a n d - i r ? d u ~ t rv ; ~ r o w c d Sunt1crl; ind. This ~ ~ v o r k s h o p urill l ~ a ~ r , to ?e . -er~lo; .cd or delrlr>lish,:c! wltlhlr~ two year*. No o t h e r corrlpletr c s ~ r n p l e survives.

Engincc r i r ~ g 1 a t h e : a b o u t 1860 U s e d f o r huilcljn:: w a t e r -ml1enl.!4 :I:. T)!.11.l?:im ai irq c;ip;lh!r- c i f t u r n i n g ?,C) l(.-r,t diameter I1 \%-ill have: :IJ bi. taken un: witl~ir! t!:p ]:ercl iwr) \?(?;l r5

Wnrrler- Law ? ~ a u l x j i c enc ine , 1836

:'!l? 1.7 si ir tllc. Yul-! h Al.ioi.~t 5(! rr>1?5 r,f rnel.31

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:.ie,t~,txrl T-I.t!-l>our r o a l d r o p l ' o s s ib ly tht. !as1 in l he wor (I A1~oi.1: 80 f ,~- , : i? C.,-' r ~ ~ , i . ~ l :*T-,L~ 2Uf) ~ Q I I S , i ~ @ ~ ~ ~ u ~ o r > ,

A v c l i n q - P o r l e r ' ; t eam rr.barl-3-all?r, l @ ? ? .AL ,gorld e a r l y t u a l m p l r . . !'l-nm rJor:!~urnliel-land W c i g h s I S tons

Three Vor th -Eas tc rn t r amca r - At I c a s t orlr of t h e s e woulrl have zone a b r o a d . llacl it not b e e n b rungh t back t o ~ t s h o m e area

F o l ~ r Noi.i!i s t l?ailw;i?- p,-..;szfiger c o a c h r s , 1898 7 rot),?h!y tllc oil1 :Q- ~ c m ~ i r : i n 3 c--:umple S . V < > I , C at-c p l - l ~ - s ~ - ~ r - ~ - c < l ?lstic~ri;.~! l > 7

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f ) A q r i c u l t u r r Long-car t s , c o ~ r p ca r t s , ru l l ies Plough?, harrows R r a p ~ r -b inde r , mower C o r l t r ~ ~ t s of cuw-house Conte :~ ts of s tab1 e Ha rr:es s

D a i r y i n g i n p l ~ m e t i t s

Bar11 mac h ~ n c S , hand tools Steanl -powered t h r u s h c r : C-omp!cte I Io r se -pnwercd t h r v s h c r : comptete

g ) M;scr.IIant:ous v r l ~ i i l r - s Coaches I Iea rses k ' i r e -en,gil, e S (51 e n ~ n r71icI r n a ~ l r a l ) 5 t . t - e e I . - h ~ - e e p e ~ 51 uclgc -<:art

h! Le?<- I n t h r . cn1u ry Shops ctc.

G r o c c r < ,hemis t P u b l i c housc Stationer l 'hotographer D e n t i s t ' s s u r g e r y

1) Domest ic V e r y wide range of most nor th-eas te rn t ypes of f u r r l ~ t u r c { r am m a n y r l s a s c s oT 19th rrcntul-y homcs; ~niddlc-class, Inrmcrs, rnlncrs : crupboards, ' d c s s -

h c c i s ' , c l n r k?, r h d i r s a n d tabTcs, nrp,ms, w a s h i n g mar lli11e5, f l r r p l a c e s and l i r e - su r rou i ids r t c .

*i ) Er!uc xtiorln! V e r g ~ fiill r a n g e of schoo l r o n t c l ~ t s : s ix -qra tc r d c s k s , b lack l~oard S , t e a c h e r ' s desks , brlad f r a m e s e t c .

k ) Misce l l aneous Cas t - i ron Gents ' publ ic lavatory, c. l R R O 19th cen tu ry GPO post boxcs

NORTHUMBERLAND Additions to the check l i s t of sites In Bulletin Z

Seaton S I u i c e

Nor th Shie lds

B t;irichland

E a r s d u n

Keu-ca s t le

Iron : WO rkin g

T r a n s p o r t : r a i I

I I 1

Tr>-l~spcsr-t: wa te r

Power : w-incl

L e n d : smt~itir!g

(Ifial : rnininp

T,rdd

Tyrebender

Ouseburn Viaduct

f!arbour

S! one t cwer

h l i l l (Acton)

M e m o r i a l

Shot tuwer

Herrington Horse

The r e c c ~ ~ t l y tii,:covrrcrl ~ I O T S C - q i n at E a s t I I e r r i n q t o n has h a d its rnomcnt 01 2 l o ry . It w.vas "i1rnr.d rcr ,cnt ly, o n c c m o r c powcl-cri b y A Elorsr , Ier t ~ l r v i ~ i o ~ i c a m r r a s .

A :~ ln l w a s being rnacje by Tyne-Tee:; Televisior-! prr)l?ahl>- lo he put or1 tlze a i r oti J I J I ~ ZTllh, i n the ser ies ':310he-up'. Tliis p a r t i c u l a r iilm is b a s c d on inriustria! a r c l ~ a e o l o g y i n the N o r t h Eas t anti w h e n it W;AS s u f i g e ~ t e d that a h o r s e - g i n m i g h t a c t u a l l y ra ta tc once mo-rc !'or t h e c ;~mc?-as , n o t i i ~ c . w a s I o s t i n l i r ~ d i n g 3

dac i l e horse.

S o 101- A day thc: r!lr.i 1?0n clt lct .-r i i punlps 7r::)rked a n d n l iorse pIorldcd i : ~ h v,:r::ti-)- r- ir(-lc.

'The w a t e r - p u m p ~ n g s t ~ t i o r l , > t prcscnt Tea s u r i from t h r N a t ~ o n a l C o a l Buar r l I>y t he Turlderlanc! arld South S h l c l r i s Water Board, is s t i l l u s e d a l i t t le , ior a smalI sut,nlc'rsihlv pump is now s l ted thcre. Wr- hope that thrc; d ramat ic g r o u p oi e a r l y m ~ c h a n i s m wlll no t hr. l o s t . Thcy could f v r m a v e r y exciting p a r t of the R e g i o n a l Opcn Al r Muscum, e spec ia l ly if brought to l ife l ike this , from time t o t i m e .

b

RECORD1 NG FARMSTEADS Vera C ha pma n

N o lu r lge r is it poss ib le tu assume from cvterrlal appearances t h e

present day funckiorl of par t icu lar - farm bu i ld ings of old, s a y p r e - s e c o n d wurtd . war vinta,ge, Ilo\vever d j s t i n c t j . ~ ~ o r i n t a c t they may seem.

T h i s r ea l i sa t ion was f o r c e ? upcm t h e u - r i t c r dur ing an exploratc>ry atlcmpt to rccorcl farmstearls in t11c Mjdd!c Tr:cs V a l l c y . 'She followinp n o t c s a r e offered in c r d e r tci d r a w at.tc17tion t o t h e urgcnt need for syst!lr?latic recorclirlg and t o glride u t ? ~ e ? s i n thc l i p ! ~ t of ~:?i,l-l-ience s o

p a i n e d . A s imple rr .corcli~~g s c h r . ~ n e I s proposecl, ai:cl ahout r i g h t y l a r m s t t - a d s have !low Iier:!l rrcorclerl, gf rvhicll the wr i te r has do11c: t k i r t y - six.

h l o s t English farmsteads M . P I . P bui l t when h o r s e s powercri t h c irnl1lr.v-,rnts 01 ci.~ltivation iq the fielrl, p ~ ~ l l e r l the cart: o r v:a~~or? and t r a o at,o~.;l the i a rm a:-,? on the r.oxC, and poxxrer-er1 I h e rnacl>ii>cry in t h r l iar l~. Fi1r-m "llanc1.s" o r ''!lj.nclsl w e r e numer u u s , ofteii 'llix;in,q i n ' ' , a n d c a c 11 ' a r rns t t -ad i : l co rpn l -n t r t l a -,:.:icie ranqe r ) f f a r m i n g anrl r i.a!'t ar: t i \ , i t t r s and :-I. 1,;~rir;d r alijic of i>uiIdings.

'L'oclay cump!ex rn~cl~nl-i j .s ;~tion, t h e sl?ee?. quant.:ity ar~q1 . s t a i j d a r d oi' tecflniial a n d s c i e l ~ t i E i c knowledge r e o u i r e d , and t h e economics nC s c ~ l ~

hzve hecri leading i n r i i v id i i a l f a rmers t o $ ? - e a t c r spci:ia.lisation or) ;L f r w "lints", and to l r i r g c r - s c a l e nper-ations and il.et.xjhiljty.

r;E'iEK .AI, CHANGES IV F A R M B17JLIIPKGS - --F-----

In le rms o f a sct o' fa?-rn I ~ i i ~ l d i n g s , i h e r e arr tw;> t r cnc l s :

1) d X - a r l c t y or tunv l imna l ly specia l i sed building.; i s nc 1rlngr.r v c c c s s a r y I r r J c ~ l r a b l c .

2 ) p a r t i c u l a r 1,uildil igs nt5ccl ta hr- h l g g u r .

The f a m i l i a r , ndrrciw-s?an hujlrlinys, a>-r raging 15 to l8 lcct in width, with low ~ n t r a r l c r s , art. o i t h r \X-ronq s i z c and shape lor modcrn req i~ i re rne r l t s , alld a r e r ap id ly g i r l n g way to l a r g e shcds ancl covered y a r d s wit11 unobst ructed floor-spacc and towcr s i los . T h e new uni ts are s u i t a b l e fo r t h c mechnnj ca ' handling of c rops , fodder ancl " m u c k " , the t rac to r -fork i-cplacing I h e w h e e l - b a r r o w o r c a r t , and f o r the s torage of l a r g e rnach inus . They arc a l s o capahle of seasona l re-arranjicment f o r

altcrnatir-r . uscs, and for futi- re conversion to other use should the economic si tuation sn demand. Spans of ncw buildings have increased i r o n 40 i ce t i n t h e mid-1950s to 60 feet in 1960, wi th 70 and 8 0 feet spans a poss ib i l i t y .

T h c old brlildivgs ca:l h e and a r e s t i l l u s e d fo r f r i n g c requisemcnts, a s I<)ose-boxes and a s s t o r e s f o r gra.in, s t r aw and packaged Eecdstuffs a ~ d ler t i l iser S . 'The l icw regui-ation requiring a pro tec t ive cab on the t rac tor , ho.ruever, :~:ill soon p o s e fu r the r problems in low buildings. B z t Inort5 s r r j n u s is the expcnsc of m a i n t a b i n g cobble, stone o r b r i c k walIs ancl p an t i l e , s t o n e - s l a b o r slate r o u f s .

~ ' lddi t ions and r ep lacemr .n t s , alnd r e p a i r s and altcratiens too, a r e made in the cheaper and rnore casi ly adaptable proclucts of industrialised h ~ t i l d ? n g . in stantlarr! components of n e w e r mater ia l s : c o ~ c r c t r blocks, stcr.1 a!id cwncre tc i r a m e s , corru,g ,z tcr l and shee t asbestos, timber, and r e sin-bo11dr:d g l a s s f ibr~=.

S i l o s up to 7 0 feet t a l l an11 marly o the r agr icul tu l -a l bui ld ings c a n be built LT-ithu:~t n l f lnn 'ng perrnissiun as "?ermitted dr .vclopmcnts", and " ! i r < . c l rneer r~n!l;' h;a S I c retltliremt-rits ". F i i ~ a n c i a l gracts J a v n u r new '>uildings rather tlial: adaptations. ; ~ n d tlw ~ t - ; s t ~ l r l i t l t r l i n i n q a c c e H B

;~ac' .s -.l?-ze< newer '1!1i1 riiiig : o v i r d c th i ; !nai l1 l:ig!lr::avs. '

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ncw ent ra rces made. In several c a s e s the wheel-house has gonc to make way far a tall o p ~ n i n g r ight through the ba rn ; t h e b a r n door t a l l enough to take a l o a d e d rvaggoi, elocs not appcar to have 'scen common h e r e a s compared with the Y o r k s h ~ r e Dalrs and wes t of thc Pennines n e a r e r the Lake D i s t r i c t , w h c r c i t i s often porched. Perhaps the small cart used i n the d i s t r i c t would t a k e onIy lower loads " E n t r a n c e a rchcs m a y bc a mpre 7 f r e t 6 inches at t h e h ighes t point . 7 ) rZdditiorla1 h u i l d r n g s . R a r e , K non -exis tent , is t h e farmstead wlttlout c a s n a l add1 t ional b u l l d m g s , b e g i n n ~ n g long ago with thc Ican -to of u,oorl o r c u r r u y a l e d i r o n , t h e g a l v a n ~ s e ? Dutch b a r n n h i c h o n r t e n d 5 to acc rp t a s thr rloramal t h lnc , the ex-raalvcav c a r r i > - g e o r b o x - ~ . o n t a i n ~ r and t11c ~ a l v a l l i s e d ol- w n o d r r khed. d n u h t t h r s c r e f l ec t r i s ~ n g v-ields, ( har:g11:~ svs t e rns . c.xrsxnslo!l or e s i r a l'lin Aclc:itlon< from t h c 19505 , h o w eve t ou t pace ;ir~yIblng p r v i i or i s ly adrlc+l, and now oi l en ovc-rwh-lm tile o!tl n ~ l - l e u s ~f t h ~ . ; t ~ a d l n g , M ~ I C h may, inclcr*d, h e sc:Lr[ c ly x i s i b l ~ .

-4tt:trlcles t o i h i . r11d l > ~ ~ l r ~ u i g s V ~ I - y g r e l t l y . T o r r x a m p l e , one f a r m e r still kP?ps t l r k h c r s c Irar:1i .s~ OII tllr pr;.- iq t l ? ~ < l a l ~ l e arid r c p z i r s his s tnn r rooi? w r t i s l ~ ~ l > r f ru r .1 a t h c v u ld hr11Trllngs i i ~ t h c d i s t r i c t 4 s t h e v

J ~ c c o r n e available. 01: I he othr hand i l ls n e i g h b o u ~ Tn 3 snmi!ar \ l e a d ? r ~ g I 5 r - l ~ ~ vc h t1l;i-i '"v012 VC & O t tc) lafm. in tlloll ~ z r i d ~ t h c s c r i ~ v s " ;111d a ~ ~ o r d i n g l v

+ Ilxs e ~ l l t e r l his o r i q i n a l h u j l d i n ~ s a mchrc r z c t ~ r l g u l a r sllr 1 a n d ii~rr:bunr!e~l thlr wlth a r n ~ ~ c h l r ~ r q ? 7 - clre3 1 3 1 r n ~ d ~ r o p e n s 2nd s h v d s

( h ) Changes ;trfectin,r wholc farm steads. O t h c r ct1angc.s r o ! l i e rn the rundi t ior~ a n c l tht- v -e ry exister?ce of whrjle

[ a rms tea r l s . I ) -;'c~maigarnation. F a r m Ilulct iny s h a v v beer1 erlg r o S sed h ? amalgamatj.orl will ; u t l ~ r r s , not o:tlb- Loc;tlTy Gut a!so al. co!~sirier.ahlr. riistanccs. -4 lov.,larlcl f a r m c r , ior - ex ;~~n :~ !e , alsa "7-anr1:t.s" at a n o t h e r holding in the r ia lcs . 'I'hr, s ~ i r p l u s cLeadil,~=s of thc "n f i - l . t nn ( s ) " l ic ~ ~ n r n a i n t a i n e d , uscri ci111y l'or s t o r a g e or 2:; i o lds , r,r le t o r ~;t)rtvcrtr:cI a s coun t ry "~o t t a j i c s" . 2 ) pcser t ior i . h l n r g j n a l f a r m s of tllr rnc~o-lant l f r i l l g r ]lax-e b c ~ n d e s e r t e d ; t!ie r r r c d ~ n j i tidt. sir-[ce t h c h izh-wa ie r m:tr.l.: u i thr. c ~ n c l o s ~ r c s c ~ f th r l a l e 1 8 t h a n d r?;l:+ly 19tI.1 centi : . r ics 11xs I c F t x sp;l!ferinz of c r c m b l i n ~ builclings l.ike s o m u c h d.!-ifl~vood. F ~ ~ r r n i n g sctt l emc:~it w a s c a r r i ed to irnpressivt: lheigl~ts to war:!^ t h e n~rrorlancl wa.ters?~ocls. e ~ p c c i . a l l y irl t h e l ead -min ing dales of t h ? Nnrtll Pcn-rhillc: Oref ie ld: G r a s ~ h i l l F a ~ m a t 1, 9 8 0 f e e t in Upper TeesdaIc i s s t a t e d to h3ve br.c.1~ the !:lghest hdhitation i.n the R r i t i s h I s l e s (L.U.S. Repor t , CO Tlurham).

Whether , i n s u c h remote high-allitudc areas of r l i f f i cu l t cl i r r l a t e and t e r ram, p a s t u ~ c - r enewal without dccp plou;; hing by means o i the he rb ic ide " p a s s q u a t " will r e v e r s e the t r c n d of settlemr.ni -deser t ion remains to be seen.

In the mcantinte, however, the population of i lppcr Tee sdale decl ined

hy i l c ; iil li:e I cn yr.:, 1.5 l W $1-( , I . a~:d b!~ 33''-, in :.hp settlement:: at t h e head

of f h r . dale. J,Ve:!rd,zl<? :-~!r?<:rt:cl ; > r : ~ v i ! . \ ~ F r o ~ ~ i ~I.I?\ '~;-I .T~ niigra.tio!i i!i t h ~ t : s ~ l y rlt.i.acles of 1 - h ~ ~ T F S C T I : c r n t u r y , i l l l?CLT) - 1.3 r-.~!d l ' ? 2 L - 3 C . ~lrlci popu!atior,

rell k y 000 i ~ i tl-!c 1 Y; ? -c, l. c!ccar:, . ( ? . U'. . < C L : T ~ . " F7;r;tl Y. C. . L r . ~ l a n 5 . ! 9 5 l - 4 I 1 ' , )

L~;:I(> : I ; I ~ DC ?\?:cr.?, L I ? . ~ p o k : ~ i F j 1 ~ - i l j ! l ~ e f- ,11 111.p <.>ri 1-11> T:,. :- 5 l>\: ~ a k i ~ i c! $21;. -hot torn EIP:L,!o~, .~ :,PC-l "in -t,yc" l?i;r! l~?~r:r:rmi!~rv:l ' i ! ~ r . C;lrmi~i,c s y s t e v i , l ! , , l I ! , - ! $ 7 ' > ' B 2 1 ! l F ; 7 , . l lo. , l~i . \ .~.Y, 17:~s ~ n ~ ~ e ? 13:: r : i # . r n a ~ i i I i r , ~ /cl?- 1!3c iS?c.~; ,IL:- _ \ l r ~ s t h i i n for t h r Yer tk -Eas t . 17.. a s n , a l i Ynrl:s!iir-r- rl::l~. ,-i-,alj~c: cl? polir:' or, t!!? *a l . . uT nn r s t a t e w3.s

[>LIT i c > ~ ~ v z r ~ i a,?; t ! ~ (> r c > r i s ~ - > r . Ccbr I I C ~ I ~ -17. rr:i i n ~ c) : ~-~ip:~t i ?!I f ? .~!~! : t ead 7 , 1.h~

sIcspe!+ - 3 - C . nonr br,i::ir z i i l3 res te r l .

4.1 C..,:, : ~ 1 3 l [ i e s :,? " ~ l t ~ ~ p l t : ~ - : ~ ~ ? ~ q ' , p.;+:.~:?:,$c 7 ; ~ 7, y,-f ,. - * Lill r ' i%a[~l>c:-~-: i -~[; > . -

r !l(: m,? r<llls 0.- c:<psl;ci~;:~~, t42:.-? 5 . .i 1.. 7. yr ;.i: cm7 ia7:,-.= - 5.: :L!..:. i:-lr?1!~i.i.i71 r ~ p ~ , - ( - l [ , l ~ ~ r - o - - ; : : ; ~ r - ~ c ( j!* ?:::p :.I r ( h ~ ~ ! , ~ s l ~ ~ - . : , V c .:I 1 8 z r l ila.- ~ ! , - . - L G , 'J-r:,r !-.::, T E ~ L = , = c !

::-i:+i-,v :I:-,\,, ~)P,;!I : ~ I : ! - L at^,(!. j , ~ , r ~ i ! : ~ < l csr ,l,,~~-r,:i:!*,(-*c!.. !')I-, T:,r,>>-:icl~-: L)I-L-:~ 3 + ( \ [ : ! l JC: r ( , < ; 01 asr i r ~ . ! t : ~ r > l I ; I : ~ C : q,T,r~:!+r ~ l . v h ~ ? l ~ : s ~ - ~ ! ! I F ! - \ % ,:<.I. i ; 3 ~ r ! c , 1,350. anr. o1.l.r 5 , OCjO I - I - , O ~ P T-VLI! ht: t l i 'p r l~d l . , ~ l ! . ( F ? . F. n(.:;t >i ld -T. ' r . <-C';l]><hl;k. ' ' ' ~ l l ? 17.,L?L!.,ci!>c ITS<' 0; j J ; : . l ~ < ! j.81 ?,~if-!i~-!'', 1

, - 2 1 ~ 7 1 ~ : ~ , ;tpip~-~;:~s ~t A I ) r a ~ l ? : 5 t : l ~ c - IO?YI . ;:;LT? of F! l ~ ~ i c l i ~ ~ q . i: l c ~ z t , ;=;:cl t ! ~ c . ; c;nser:ut.r- t a ~ l j u e t ~ n e n t in i:!rm:,ng ~ y s t r r r r ~.f if- .cts tkr- u:eF of :,ullr.i~lgs. -4s ~ r - l : r i ~ i s e l l l r n ~ ~ n t d r ~ m s c l c r se . ~ a n ~ a l i e m ha? cirri-cr ajic?

ir-~dir.eil t:t'ret:t s on I>ui!d;ngs. I1 is r!ifTici~It to s a y \vhere the g r e a t e s t u r g e n c y for l i p ld - record ing

I i e ~ , o r Icr g e n e r a l i s e in so inrlividual a rn7ttr r as f n r n i r ~ g . S o m r dis t r ic t a a!i?ear to b e l e s s a l t ~ r r d tli,ul othr.rs, -for iristanr-c p a r t s of

the lower da les where cont inui tv of o c r upation drlcI a n agcirj g p o p ~ i l a t i ~ ~ l are f a c t n r s resist ins C ~ X I I ~ P ( c . g . J. E. W a l t h a m , J . W h e w a y avrli R. Gi les , "Middle Swaleciale"), a n d rsamplcs 0:' s u r v i v a l m a y 5c thc incentive- to r - c o r d . Thc t a r g u , pi-nspero~~.; : and p rog re s s i r~e farms are changing last, and t h c "thr<.atcncd" far-rnsteacl>; also c - all for e a r l y attention.

Hc t c v c ! ~ ? h e m o r e coneervnt ivr arr-:as will chat1,gr: a c a volrngcr gol-tr:ration ixkes o v e r . A chillirlg po in t c r 6 0 the Cuturc appea.rerl i.n the ?c,,-cnf I I o u s e of Lords er lqu i ry illto tllc propt>scri Cow G-recn r e servof r. T!iis :c fer red to a pcssihlr. a i t c r n a t i v r si te at Middleton in Teesdale which would have affectei? 39 holrlings and drow~icr l 20 homes. T h e L h a i r m a ! ~ of thr. R . I. C . S . said t h a t "in t h c normal rourse n!'gclntl

es ta te ~nanag-mcnt t h e s e 3Cr i x r n s w o ~ ~ l d I > ( . ill the next twenty y e a r s he merged into two farm?, on ly , o:le on each side o: tlic river". (quoted

ir! a Irttc-I- t he '"Xnrthr-rn ! l c s p a t c h U , 2.3 Dec. 1~466. b y the N. K.iding and S. Durham County S e c r r t a r y , N. I;'. U. )

I I

A Simple Recording Scheme The Bowes Museum i s the repository for the plans and photographs. It provides black and white f i l m s (E20 o r 35rnrn1, develops and p r i n t s

At t h ~ suggest ion of Frank Atkin son, the w r i t e r began i n 1964 an informal vo lun ta ry group pro j rc t to dev i se a srhemc f o r recording f a rm buildings. A i m s a r e two -fold:

1) t h e g ~ n c r a l a i m t o r e c o ~ d f a rms t e~ ld s a s workshops. 2) t h e s p e c i i i c a im t o fincl ou t what kinds o i i a r m s t r a d s to erect at

the O p e n A i r hiuseurn a s t r u l y ~ e p r e senta t ivc of thr North East

An 1nitia1 s c l ~ e m e with Ica i~l re : . t a b d a t e d In ~ r l d c n u m h e r s was kricd, but tliought t on sophi s t i ca t rd for i 11r v r r r ~ a c u l - ~ r b u l l d l n g s , a n d did not copr with the mut ip le a l t ~ r a t i w n s I t w a s a lso t o o s l o w and complex f o r thc w i c ; ~ r o v c r a g e it W A S h o p c d to achieve x ~ d t hc arnsieur he lp it was

hopvcl might br I o r i h t - o m i n g from schoo l s , c o l l e g e s , l o r al societies and ind1v2r'r1als.

Twjn p rub lems ,i rt !lie spet3c1 of change ancl the E ~ P ? r n u m b c l - 3 f s l t r s 3nvu lve r l . t21c la t te r a p r o b l t ~ l n not p r e s e ~ l t e d 8 0 arutelv by o t i e r l r ic lus t r~c s whicll r f . c * . i ~ c L h r b a t t e n t i o n of inc lus t r ia l arch;] e o l o ~ i s t s .

1'11esr f a c t o r * p o i n t ~ c l t o a curr .ey 111 h r c a d t h ratIler than i n clrpth. TTi:l.- a szmplc s u r v e y has r > v o I r e c l , from which g c n e r a l p a t t e r n s of s t y l e , c v ~ i t ~ n t ; ~ n d lay-oCl l s l luuId c m c r g c . More si,ynificant a n d more rrltact erca~nple s cou ld rr-ccii-e r l e t a i I ~ d >.ttcntlon, inclucling a1 s o a s t u d y of fittings.

'rh(. b a s i c ~ P ; L ~ L F V S to he r eco rc l rd a r ~ :

1) The t>uiIdi i~g-s ty lc a n d constrL~ctlon

3 ) ' F h e l a y o u t ~ b u i l d l n g s a l l d a rds

The r r co r r l c o n s i s t s or:

1) a s l rnple plan of the whole l ayou t , ~ * l i h e ach bui ld ing lab<-Dcd by m Functiox whcn f i r s t hull t a n d prc sent day functiorl, with m c a ~ u r e m e n t s 5tatc.d a l o n g s i r l e ( p a z ~ r l o r taped).

L ) br ief commcnt S alnngsidt, t hc I>uilrlings on anv rc l c v a n t pornts (c. g . clater, a n d i r~j t ra l s i~ i sc r ibec l o n h t l i t d i n g ~ ; a l t e ra t ions wlth d a t e s ; t y p v s of p o w e r usr:d, with clate.?: cha l t g r s in ownersh ip ; l\',tier supply. ctc, . )

them, retains one copy, and returns one to the recorder. The Museum will also photocopy and return plans if requested. Thus both recorder and M u s e u m wilI have a fu l l record. I t i s vital t o c e n l r a l i s e the records s o that c u m p a s i s o n s m a y b e made and conc lus ions d rawn .

Ins t ruc t ion sheets are i s s u e d by the M u s e u m on application. Farmsteads alrcarly vis i ted a r e listed at the M u s e u m , and t h i s l i s t wi l l bc published i n a f u t u r e Bullet in.

Experlencc so far shows that t he h e s t r e s u l t s a r e ybta ined w h e r e a family has been tenants o r owner -0ccupi e r s for severaI gene ra t ions , a ~ l d c a n r eca l l and g i v e da t e to al tera t ior ls ancl dcma1itlons. Even m u c h - a l t e red lay-outs can be u n r a v e l l e d and the o r ig ina l r c c o r ~ s t r u c t e d givcn a little t ime and p a t r e n ~ e or2 both s ides . An hour and a h a l l to t m r o hours p e r f a rm 1s u s u a l I y adequate .

W h e r c occupiers a r e n e w the in fo rmat ion will bc l c s s cornplc t r . and nnc m u s t r r l y o n c a r e f u l a l ~ s r r v a t l c ~ n of bullcling s ancl f i t t ings i n o r d e r to r ic l i i~c thr. illterldcd us?. N c i y r h h o r l r l n g f ami l i e s may be ab lp to supplv m i s s i n g i n f o r ~ l ~ a t i o r l . T h i s i r a n argument: f o r conier l t ra t ing on o l r ~ I i s t r l c t a t a t ime : a p a r i s h , t n w ~ l s h i p o r e s l a t e . f u r t h e r ~ n o r e n l a r r i a p r \ \ ? th in a IcrcnIity often m e a u s that rrlatlr.4.s car1 hclp. A s t r i k i n g lnatarlce r l f tlizs uarnc ~ I I C ~ C t he eldcr1)- mof ner uf one f a r m e r could compl i . t r ly rt-, a l l thc. dr t ;u l s of a n c ~ i g h h t ~ ~ i r i ~ ~ g f a r m now gut ted , at which s h e had spprlt her chilclhood i'rom hirtl:: this was a c h i ~ v r d dcsp i t c hcr s tonc- d r a i n c s s which obligcrl the w r i t e r t o c o n v e r s e bv r n c a n s of pcncit ancl pape r , a h a r d bu t cnjoyahle and rewarcling a f t r r n o o t l ' s worlr with a delightful pprson.

On the o t l l r r hand a s c l ~ o o l which s e r v e s a ma in ly r u r a l ca t c l~m, t r t a r e a found it convenient to r e c o r d the scatterecl f a r m s t e a d s at which sixth-forme r s ac tua l ly l ive.

A useful aid p o s s r s s e d by some Tees Valley f a r m e r s l ies i n t h c low-a l t i tude , oblique a i r -pho tographs tskrn hy two Leeds f irms in t h e e a r l y 1 9 5 0 ' s , often c a t c h i n g the i a r m s t e a d h e f o r c the m a i n spate of

s h r d s , s i l o s a n d clemolit ior~s. J\ s r c e n d \-ersic~n taken in the e a r l y 1960s i s s o m e t i m e s & > a i l able.

A sale ca t a logue o r Tenancy agreement may bc a uscful guide, giving building-use at a particular clale, l>ut it cloes not n c c ~ s s a r ~ l y l d c n t ~ l y the

or ig ina l p u r p o s e s of the bu i ld i~ igs . l ' o r i n s t a ~ ~ c c , a whr.el -sllr>d v:ouId not usual ly b e l i s t ed as such r n thc p r u s c n t cen tu ry .

3 p h o t o g r a p i ~ s : a l a v ~ s ? ~ n u m b e r to show s tyle , m a t e r i a l s , methods of cons t ruc t ion , a l t c r a t i n n s a n d Inyout. 12 to 20 photos per f a r m ~11.e rlccrlcci, poss ib ly more. The lavout as a whole , and e a c h h~ i i ld ing i rom chi:'ferent p o s ~ t l o n s should be madc L l car .

I4

% coat of manv colours"

Our Ecgaca of fa rmsteads is one of great v a ~ i e t v , and i t may be useful Pn review br ie f lv s o m e of the threads w h i c h have gone into w r a i ~ n z of thls "coat a! many co?ours iT, and s o m e of the ques t ions ?.ha: m1~Ilt be posed as we lank at these ' 7 f o s s i I " bulldines lef t e r e r f r o m the e r a or the horse, one m a n i f c s t a t ~ o v of the passing of an old rurz' w-ay of l Z p . hfavv fa rmsteads a re quite splendid buildings, b u t t'lt. hurmbler or,cs a r r ~o te r r t i a l ly sienificxnt. t o n .

ISOTTFI. a 5 e v i d e n c ~ d bv t h e uni ty 01 materia! S and construction, s n d l ~ y their requ la r plan wcrc b u ~ l t , o r r e b u ~ l t , as a whalc , and n3rgfi' he fermec! the " ~ ~ ; I I L + I * ~ I a r m s t c ~ d r ' . "Work-study1' i s not a m r u - c o ~ r e ~ t i o ~ . Ideally -arranged, commodious, labour -saving " fa r rnr r lc f" u7c-c 5 ~ i n g arl~.o:ate.l by pineteenth c e r r t ~ ~ r v wr i te r s .

?Tour many oi these. hou-r r 7 , urcre a c i u a l l v built 7

Byher., 5)- t!leir j r r r g u ? ; l r plan m d n i ~ r u r r ol m a t e r i a l s and curls?-uc!~ov proclaim their ex-olution b y a c c r e t i o n , extens ion a n d a! t r ra t ion, A r c these t h e m o r e u s u a l 7

T i p ~ITP oi : a r rn ixp ra~ : t i s rd sllould he rcilc'tcd in the t - ~ D P c! c W h a t d i f f e r ~ n c r - s w 7 e s e t h e r e L-etwcen moasland. dale aqd ; ~ T T ? : L T C ' r a r n s t r a d s , and br lu . rcn 'hosc \.;ii~re e m p h a s ~ s l a v o r ~ z s ? o r a l . a r n h l ? cr m i x e d "

! l v a ! r i nit' :he small f a r m Flaxre p----

tht. s a n E 7:ariety oi bu.:dinzc ;IS a ! a rpc r one p r z r t i s i n y t h c same s v F t e m . qr only a seler+lnn ? VTritt.rs were ;eiornrr~rlndin,y the ! .a t ter , -rvit!! 5 u i l r l i n ~ s pu! trr n j t e r n a t i v e uses.

X s t a t c : ~ r r n s t e a d s a r e o i t ~ ! ~ rrcoc,n;saSIc i n tha; cs!atc.s t r n d r d i o h a % ~ ~ t h l . 7 7 nwn stvles. plarls a n d orn2m.rtltation. a n d S r o u ~ h t alien 5trles tn a ??str ict . W h a t a E e ?he styles of thr la rpe North-Eastern

s t a l e~ ? D o ~ ~ r n r n t a r y hrlp 7 4 available h e r e . Estatr Suilding, hiwrever, w a s not ~ e c r s s a r ~ l y hornoqeneo~~s : ecta te 5 may have grown U? OV+>?- ;E p e r ~ o r l and ~ n c o r p o r a t r r.arlous styl~s: rebuilding p r o q r a m r n J = s 7 a l T h a y e ;)een cnlv partial l? sompltatcd w h r n Iunds r2.n out o r thp t c wnomic ~ J i m a t r bcL*amr u m ~ a ~ - i o u ~ a h l e . Moreover. the b r c a k i n r urn of e s t a t e s an sale br rn j i s d ~ v c r z e n i development.

V r r r a c u l a r hullcling 1s pr r t en t j a l ?~ of prex; l n t e r c s t sincr it more - ~ l o c e l v r c f F r r t s its loca!itv. T o what ex ten t d o t h e ypoman farmsteads uf a d i q t r j c t rr-scrnbTe each other, and d d i c r ' ~ n m those farther af ie ld7 n u Itrev r e f ' c ~ r r , p e r h a p s , the prc~i l iari t ics of :e r ta in c ra f t smen? Did r?ifLCrt~~rnf r lz !es producr the77 o w i .+I-les, and L: s o , why7

Thcre appear to be s u r v i v a l 5 of old t radi t ions . The Iong-house

peasant-dwellings be ing revealed in the excavation of l o c a l deser ted m e d i e v a l village sites m a y be r e p r e s c n t e d in linear farmsteads erected even as Pate a s in the c a s e of nineteenth century enclosure farmsteads. Simplc materials are still to be seen in use: boulders f r o m the e a r t h , cobbles f rom the r i v e r , heather thatch f rom the m o o r thc last now, however , v e r y rarc.

N o t e , too, local n a m e s for b u i l d i n g s . Nor th -eas te rn cows

w i n t e r i n a ' l cow~-l~ouse" , "shipponl ' o r f ' m i s t a l l l . The wheel -shed Tor the horse -gin a1 SO has a var ie ty of names. Alternative names

m e t so far are l i s t ed in Aprendix R, a check-list oI 013 stylc buildings. I t i s m o s t user~irul to rr.cord the at-tua: t e rm used by thr: farrner himserf.

Orle would cxpecl thr. ete of l3ullding to r e f l ec t c u r r e n t stvles ancl

idrlas. I s this moPc rr,lrleni i n t h r house than in t h c n~itb~rilrling r 7

T h e r e i s the t lme- lag f a c t o r i n t h c PJorth, too, FOP ;*ls!anie, ~ o v c s l n g rl'. y a r d s is .;'rll pror:eed'rrq, t h o u p h advocatcrl o u r r n r e n t u r v ape. 011

the o l h r r hand Ihc. horse -m-lice1 ~ n v c n t r d i n Scotldnd in I7.38 sprcad

r ap id ly soxrlh (F. Atkinson, "Tlhv H o r s e a$ a svu rc r. of Yotarv ~ o w c r ~ ' ) , a n d w a int.rorl~ceci i n i o t h ~ filortll R i d i n g " a h n u t thc y e a r 1700" /J. ' T I I I :~ . I1Ger.rral V l c w 01 the R p r l c . o l the a'. X . Y o r k c . If). D a t i n g of hu l l c l ings i n the field diiflcult , a n d n 5 j r r t i v f r e c o r d i n p 1s t1l.c alm.

On genr:ral ~ l . u u n d s o n r :m;cht expect a l a r o r proportic>~i n f 01~1.1~r h ~ i i l r l i n ~ s in the Nor th than ?.ay in I h c Mid l ands , p n r t i c ~ : l a r l y s i n ( : ? the i511rlasure c ; ! townijcid l a n d s was i n ih? main completed in l ! ~ r -:r1%,cn-

t e e n t h cen tu ry . Thvi-l. ma.v be some e a ~ l i e t - I i -~ i ld inps , bvt ycrtainlv o n e (-an looli to Ihc 18ti1-13tIl cen tn ry rxpansion in the leacl-rialr.~, 3.1-1d

extc :ns ion on t c ~ cnmmorls enc1osu1-es o n thc upland s lopes , rnoor.5 xnrl lowland commons. How, low, mesc t h c hct tcr b r e e d s aric! h;ghr.r c r o p - y ie ld5 h o u s c a , a n d t!le < lev~: l<~ping n a c l ~ i n e s ? W a s i t common for n e w

o ~ ~ t h u i l r l i ~ ~ g : : to he ac!dcc! 1a t . c~ t o 17th a n d 18t.h c e n t i t r v houses Anrl rlid new hui Id ing r e a l l v dir. out d t e r 1880 when thr. yrz?.rs of c1eores:;io~ S ct i n '?

h village site wac- ~::estric:~cd a n d clongate2 as cr l r r inarcd w i t h the unhampcrec! scope of a '"r rccn:'icldl'sit~ in t h e open r :uunt r y s i d ~ . H o w did this a f f e c t their- 1-espec!ii.c layouts '> Whi l s l . a vil!a.c:c fa.rm usrc? the genera l v i l l age s m i t h y : isolatf:d rarms, e s p e c i n l l ~ i ttic !arcr.r ones, hacl their own smi thy to w h i c l ~ ;L L1;lcltsmith r n m c by d.-?an.L;~rnent, i n r e x a m p l e , fortnightly from G a l n f o r d .

P u r e l y physical consi-leration S , too, had thei r i n f l u e n ~ e : aliiturle, evposurr to weather, a\pccl, slope, r l r a i n a g r , water-supply, s h e l t e r :or s t o c k , acce S F . Commonlv the fold -yard opcnr.d southward , wi th

3 u ! ! ~ : i . i - ~ ~ a t < ! r j d l 5 ~ J ? - G ~ L I . [I i lC tl:(: t z o s l il:~n-:riii?-t.ely \~ i s ih lc? ----.p

(!I I ' l 's7-encr?. 1 ;a r i t -c~lor~l . i~r l p i \ - c - - r>c-l~l>l~s ar.4 ~ i ~ h - ; i~?~u la . : - bcsul.cle-rs 13'

:'a?--:'lur;p o r i g i n frun: t l l i :ii;tira: c ! ~ - ~ f i . !~-o\ Idr:d 7 h s ~ i d y n1a:c:-i a1 v-hcr~. f > ~ - a ~ ct! wjt i~ :tcr:lf ~ L , : : ) ~ I I S ,::lrl iiq-itcl : T . The t F p ? oi stal:e vroa !'rs>rri 1.l-IE

l o ~ ;?l , 7~ra r rv 1-aried ,~ri.;?tl!: 01 ( v : - € h < >:.~i'rfh-Eas:: r i ~ d i r ias s a r i r l s f o n e ,

burf ? r l aq r : c~n i t i ! l i in lcs t IF. S C Y O ! ~ ~ ~ : ; . brolr-ii C0ja.l L:\:Teh-:l!res 6ar;d strbilc., p~~ i r : g i ~ t , atscl i -~c,~?~-ly --)?ZL-.S ( : : + - - i ? ~ ~ , l ' : ? r ~ > ~ l ~ ll.~:-.e+,jij~le:!~, r l ~ ~ k I J ~ : . I ~ - R T ? ~

i g r e ~ ~ u m v ! ~ i : : s t ~ : ~ n ~ . - . Tyl-'c r:nf.! riz.: c ~ l b r i k l i , p a n t i l c s , Lhi n f j s s i l e r-orbl'il:g sttotic. and a i t l i :r,iric:i'?:~ ;,.!-~m t ~ ! ; l . ,I! ;L),- S *:lai.c., irr;r; anrl otllr-y t n r t i 3 l ' L L = 1 c ! : T r . , wha: exlelit

:lid r: v l ~ R Y ; 5 2 from-i t l~r ' ~ : ; ? I l . l - ;~ i :. h ; ~ r a c : e r i ~ t i c s U( I hi. 1r )~a l s f n ~ - . e , a~:d

k:- iaL~~-,r -5 the?<,:!: '.' PI> : c;iv i 11i17:: ::I ; -<-v l < : ~ - ~ c i uf ;~:JYI e 51 211 Limp 5turj (L-

7.1ced st,r>;l r:, I ,:IF, .)? ':; i 1711!>l1 .-.: : ~ l i i xjil-, ea;!: o:.i~c.r, or- ,*. r d d c f ? to :1.:1,71 h:, ;I ,+:.l rt 5 ?,-171;lsf ri1lc: f!!icl,.l!, - l # ( c:~lcri ( F . I-. ~ y ~ r l i l f c ? . t!llflly - l~~~rdda~d c . g. l l r l l i f . i t l : i::? T I T < , , : c .> l . *~ i t r y s i< l r . l~t ; , , L ) ? < ; ~ r n a ! c r ~ ; ~ i : \~:<:r-(: 7-c. - 8 ~ s e c i .

FIO\L~ <do csisti i lg i31ii l r i : ~ ~ ~ rzf1r.1-t :!>c l ? i hliologiial I h a t . _ g ~ s , ! h r -.

;h;:ii:rc f r o m llat~r! t oo l 2 t r ! ;~urnereci r n a r i ~ i n c.s ? ' I ' ! l r > c i , rnnioj~es t aqrl r l ! c ) . ; l ~ l h i < i ; ~ s builr l lnrr i r~ t.h.,e Nn?:tll Ejs: 1 s Ihe w!~rcltlc:~usc. Appc:!lilcci ? o t h e Ibnsk. of thr. b a r n , ~ O I Y O J I R J , h e -~ , i i : u~ i l l o r r o ~ m r ! i n plan, with 2

: ~ n o c l t h o r ;! f a re l l e5 r o o l I i k ~ . a bcl: - l e n t , o r rvc:tany~;l.ar xnc! ?<:ss ob; ior.ls, o p e n - s i d e d rvlth pillrr v ! - . i t s t w o t!l.icl-;i.r srclc-pi!lnrs ~ u p p o r t c r l ill(, >cam fnl. t!ip o?~i.rh'aci l r r , r s e ear ~ 1 1 1 : h rlrove the 111~3 S ! X P ~ , ~ ~ l l a l i ' - ~ : i i t t ~ r a n d tl.!r!ilp-i.honper in the ha.1-n. T!lnugb

i ~ c : : i o i n i n ~ o h so le t e f rom t h r . micl -n i l -~eteenth ~ r r . n t ~ r ~ y , i t was still i n u s e i n p la i -cs in this c e n t u r y . Less easily ident i f ied i s t h e site ol t!ir formcl r round - l eve l hor- ecl -FCaT without rooiing.

M U L ~ r n i u r - a p p e a r s to 1 ~ - thr r ice oi x watcr-wheel , b u t sear11 m a y rr5\caT m e r e . One -tt Ylar~c~ilancl I s p re s t - r . xec l for t h ~ h,lusrum, and o n e w a s used at S u r n m u ~ h o u ~ e , h u t 1 3 have been locatcri or1 D o r s c t fa rms (.T. Addisr~r. and R r x W a i l e s , T r a n s . Newcomerl Soc. 1062-3) . Occas~ona l l y a f a r m F~pprars 4 0 have grown up around an oldei-(?) w a t r r - d r ~ r ~ e n col-n 0 1 - o t h e r i ndus t r i a l ln611, ; ! S a t D e n t o n , A l v ~ r n t a n d C~rat l lo l -nr , ancl a h i r l i n r wa.4 used a l Ki l l r rhy .

S t c ~ ~ r n powcr was being r rcarnmc~nclcd for I x r g r r farm5 in thp mid-ninctrrnth r t . n l u r y ( c . g . .I. R a i l r y I lenton, 1 Y 6 4 ) , a n d the factorv- l ikr r-himney Tor a fixed strbam ~ n a i n e is cornmoll o ; ~ the l a ~ ~ c s t c a c l l n ~ s of h i n r t l ~ ~ r m b e r l a r l c l u71lcre c o r n a n r k oal werrx c r o p p ~ r l in thc same l u c a l i i y . 0 1 - tv.0 r a n r l o m \ - n r . ~ u u i - n c y ~ i n Nortl!u~nbcrlancl last y e a r ,

16

t11e a r l t e r " s p o t t ~ d " 25 in the coastal plain and a f u r t h e r 5 bctwccn Berwick and St. Abbs. Again on general observa t~on they appear to h e l e s s common in County Durham, a n d o ~ l y t h r c c have so far been notrd within a wide radlu s of Darllngtorl. An N. F. U. representative

points ou t thst the l arge hol d l n z s of N u ~ t h u m b c r l a n c l were bet ter able t o a f fo rd the i o n s ~ d c r a h l c c apitcll outlay t h a t t hc r-xpeneive f ixpd steam eqi:ipmrrlt rcq~tircd. Irl how m a n y c a s c s h a s a chimnev bee? dismantled

or i s ~t s u m c t h l n g of a status symbol 7 W a s thc por ta l~ le steam rnqiue

much cornmnr>cr 7 G a s i :ng ines ,d~rsc I s dncl c1cctrir;ty have < ~ r p e r c ~ c l ~ d

horsc. and s team. X o t c s i u u l d be La1:r.n of i t ~ c t y p e s ci power uscd 2nd

dates of c h a n g c o v r r . 1-1 thr LieIds, too, l io t s r , steam ~ n q i n e and tr~8:tor in t u r n ha\-* p n ~ ~ r r c c l tiie c .~ ; l t l~ a t r a n , t h r a s h i n q , lift^^^^, loading

a n d t r a n s p o r t .

fl modc l n i Jo!ltl l,'o:r7le-'5 s l v n l ~ p i u u g h arF'a I s OI? .? m<-hmor in l

p l i n t h Ir? So~r th Par!-. . 13;. r l i r ~ g t r ~ r . Pt.r!l a p s %re :I~rb~iIri non: a L E O ~ r e r l a . .

s ta tue o f a i an r l ? ior5e , I ' o v i r ~ v a t o:ir r ~ f tile f a r m ~ , t s : t r ~ d i>y t l?r

wri t e r in 13!1+-i.t; !l-c rr. qtil! r l f a r m I IOTP~. oi Gee?-y+> Fwa r t

KV:LIIS' 57.1-fTulL; plouji'nrnvn ri .marked ("Ti le I I<lrsr 1-1 t h e ? - u r row' ' ) t!ml soon wc shou!d have tu yrn 10 t . l j r Zoc, to see une . I-!ov- much l-~r-tter to

1,r able i O go ? u t l lp O ~ r n h i 7 - hl,:-r :IT,I Llor t h e Nl.~rr ' l Eact ;i!!d see one

reall!; in aztiur..

Appendix A CYECK LIST 3 F OLD-STVLE BVlLClnlGS

T h i s is 5;~serl n?l ge~rerc t l nine:epnt l l ;entu;.y l i t e r a t u r e a n d U-:

s;iIt.s cz t ; l !o j iues anri f i e l d - w o r k i n ; h e Wi<d!e 'r:.es V a l l e y . Tt c o m p r i s e s all ern,l:i~,c 1 3 3 mt:.s f o r :)lalldill; 5 so far m r t , allrl. rn;iy n e e d addi t ion: : A!: wo r l - ~;ro::cc*!.-.

Thc H o r s c s

Stablr~, s t a h l c Jor h r a v g I~orsc. Hackney stab le , stab? e fur light her s e s

Loose box, Ioose hoilsr H a y loft, hay s t o ~ e , hay b a r n , hay room, chaff room Harness X Q O m

Clg house, t r a p house, coach house C a r t shed, c a r t hovel, cart lodge, waggon shed, waggon hor,el

Tmnlcments, - p r o c c s s i : ~ ~ ancl stars

E n c i n e h o n s e (rtc:am. 7 ~ - ~ t e r w h r c . l , diesel . i . lcc t r ic i ly) 3i1El room I!;,rc [i;encr~.1 cr sncrlall.sed. e . :. hay bar:-:, r t r ~ v irarn, t h r a s h i n g

.>A.rn, sheaf hnrri ; 7 ; 1 1 r l 7 barn. skc,eta~ i:arr:

.Joir:er's .,hen, : -~>en le : - s s h n r ) - . T .

"V ' ~ P ~ I w P ' ~ ? ~ ~ ' 5 -i!lop .:: , * ?1!311 ~ ~ 0 ~ 1 ~ ~

;. - - ! Ill ?

Cake housc, cake s t o r r Fodder ine hay, foddcring pas sagc, walk way Fodde r ing Mixing house Boi 1 ing house D a i r y , milk room Cheese room (for s to ragc) P r c s s room, drving room ( fo r cheeses) V c s s e I shed (washing and dry ing) , sculler)-. wash room

Churning room (for b u t t r r ) P i g s t y , hog s t y , p iqge ry Ven loft , hen roost , hen ! w u s e , pou l t ry house

i *ilk

1 Small

G r e s e pen IJ igeon rote, p i g e o n !oit M a n u r e pi!

Other b T n l d l t ~ g s etcz

- . ! ; r , r , j ~ y ! ~ [ - ~ , y \ : . 2 . -. - - . -.-- - .-A - - -

.- J 12L:c, --:!>:, ,-; --,-.: . . : ' , .G7, - ;>m- -L, . , - , , . ,,,: ;>- 7 ; . - < - l . - ?(,C, . .

p-,:;,:.: - .-;:; ;.!,-i * ' : ; . v - , , -

>C.. . ! : - ' : - ; - l , > , ~ ? , ; l ? 7 - - \ ,>!, p->, , - - , , - ,F< $.,,l,..,. - <cq , . 7 - , -.-l l.., T",. <L.> l< . - . . . " -- >,(.l < ,;!!>; ;-, - - > - , . . : 7 ,T-'

\ C ' , - - : ~-:<?[l , ,?!::.:-: ( 2 , 7- - , . , > . . m - , . : \ . , . , . , - . . . , . . . L . , - , ; . - , , , = l ' > - -

- > ;

S t ~ o h ~ 7 r . Gl'enrv 'zn~.; .: L i 7 ~ .::'31.7,- .!.<.!.l

L o l i d ~ ~ ? , J. C. ", 5 - , - i c t ~ ~ j ~ p : ! c . d i a 0:' . : \ ~ r i ~ ~ l f tc l r , . ! X , ? T ~ ~ I . L S ?',:h , . , cn t . -..-.li:i .:.'I:

Denton, J. Bai ley T h e Fasrn Ilome s t eads of England, E864 W r i g h t , R. Patr ick The Standard Encyclopaedia of Modern A g r i c u l t u r e ,

1911 5tephens.Henry and

B u r n , K. Scot i Book of Farm Buildings, 1861 J + Ray. .kg. Soc.. 1856 A g r i c . of Durham, p. 108 - 110 Farm Bui ld ings ;

Cul t l t a t lon 01 Moorland, p . 356 -36 1 Bullclings

F l i s lo r i e s and Recording Work

II~:dso!l, K e n n c t h I n d ~ ~ s t r i a l Archaeology, Chap. 10

I-ligg S , John 'The L a n d TIar-~rcy-, Ticcl The S t u r r (1' Fai-m B u i l d i n g s (Young Farmers '

C l r ~ h S u o l < c t , No. 6 7 ) S r-rbolim. I-?. Evolutir>rr of t h e E n g l i s h F.?rr-r, p. 28 1 - 2 F i n b r r ~ , Jocc lyn E x n l o r j n o V i l l x g c ~ , Chap. 5 A t k i n s o n . FF;LI~L: 'rhr P o r s e a s a s o u r c e ul' R o t a r v P o w e r , Trans .

N c ~ i - s o m e n S w i . Vt11. XXXTIT, 1960 -61. h t k i f i s o n , F r a n k An Opeil A i r Mu ceoim !'or t he S o r t h East (hooklet)

E\ nns, George E w a r t 'L'?le Ilu-!:e i n t hc F u r r o v : C. l',. A. !<r.eear;!? R e p o r t '4

TIT T1-tr Ttl\.c str;;ltion of S m x l 1 . e ~ Dnmc stir Bu i l d ings C:h,3?nlqn, V c ~ - ; j P,,.i-c-> *-!lj.!>g Farmstc:.:de, i.1 I l i y l o r y Ficlc l S tudies

i v thr- n t ~ ~ h z i r r ; h r t ? ~ , D u r . U r l i i - . 111 stil. Educ . S f a r n n , L . Tlii~llr:y I . . r i . S. 'Thl, I d a n ? of i3:itai.n. .r>uni.y Repor t s I h r f . Frlw;q l-f! A Yol-h-shire k 'armer ' s Kulch?.nr~k: F;trm R u l l d i n g s ,

i.1 The D a l c s r n a n , h1ay 1' 'hh. Wa1th:~rn .l . E. IV?i ?v-2)-

. l . 3116. G i l e ~ ~ R . llicti!c S~~,.;t lrdaln, D u r . i J . n iv . D e p t . C;eug.

W i l s o n , F. M. T a n n s , t t ic , S c p l o r l a i T3acl<ground, Farm Bui l r l ings In t l - c . T , d ~ d s:.al)r., t~o th i n Nnrtl-hern Arrh i tcc t , fin.

17, 'ulv-.hug. 1 q 6 4 Yor th~~rnber la r ld Plalzrlll:~

Qi i ic e r ' e Report Ir1r.e st lgation into Curl-cnt and Futur r . Trrnd s i n tl-te development oC Farm Ru i ld ings

IEolder, F. W. l n d u s t r ~ a l i s c d Farm B u i l d i n g s hoth i n A g r i c ~ ~ l l u r e ,

Dab s o n , Charles k la in t enancc of F a r m Bu i ld ings D e c . 1965, Vol . 7 2 ,

Rel lamy, D. J . h l o o ~ l a n d E o t h in report of t h e

Clemln son, N. 1-1. H ~ r b i c i d e s . U s c o r Abuse. Conference on N . E . Tlcrrelopmcnt artd the Plant Sciences , with special r e f e ~ t n c e to County Dlirh;~m, M r . 1964, D u r . Un i \ S c i e n c e L a l ~ o t a t o 6 ~ s

B c s t , R. 11. L. Crppock, The Lhanginq U s e of Idand in B r i t a i n , Chap. Y 4 .

MODERPI F R R M B I I ICD l rY65 O n i C U R E R COmBLED U E M N R U T BETlbC B 6 2 f t . ~ R YORICS.

No. 1 2 . I-Iouse, J. W. K u r a l North-Eas t England (Northumbrrland ancl

Dnrl lam) 195 1-6 1 (Papers os Migra t i on and Mobil i ty in N . E. England, No. 1 )

2 L

Chaldron waggons at Seaharn Harbour

W? axe indebted Lo t h e Ed i to r of the ' l n d ~ r s t r i a l Khl lway R e c o r d ' ( p u b l ~ s l ~ e c l by t l ic . T3irmingllam L o c o m o t i v e Club) for permiss ion t o r e p r o d u c e tile m ~ a s u r e c ! draw-lnq by h2r. K . f ' leming. Our thanks a r e a l s u due t o h i r . F i e r n i r l p for h l s p r r m i s s i u n . In the I n d u s t r i a l R u ~ l w a ) ; Record S o . I n ( , ; ~ i n e I q b b ) , t h i s drawing -xTa.: ?uhLisF~ed L ~ > < e l h e ~ : wi th a l l s t l b waporL3 seer; ~t Seaharn !Iarl>our hv M r . TIc J r l n g ir: 1964.

' r h e s e wagons scs seern to tyo i fy t h e N u r t h Eau; LI3at we u s c R r ) l ~ 1;;: r n d e l . 1 's drz7.r-iny gf one f o r O ~ I r o i r r ~ syrnhol .

Perhaps one day shall have t ime to l i s t al l I hc r e m a i n i n g e s a m p l c e (po s si'>iy aba:~t 3n 7 \ 'I'lle Seallam I !ar.:)aur Dclck Boat-d w h o slill ha1.e a l ~ u ~ l t 15, ar-[ri t h e !:op.l E o a r d \;-flu ~ i ~ , 7 ~ ~ 1 1 a s imi la r

n1;rilhe- 11 ;IT.E ~ ; I c I ~ pyc~rni .-;er3 lI~erc i .11~ Kegiona l O]>r: n hi r M u s t ~ u n i . Adc!iliunally the h l~ ise i . t r r~ h a s tur<l r eu to red examples il-. s tory at nurha.m, t h e r e is onc i n Ihe Cla.pham T r i t n s p o r t hlusQum i11 I , a ~ i d o ~ ~ ;:nd rlvo s tor t :~! ( t a ~ ~ t h r r w i t h a "c:offcc.-pot" l o c o t n o t i r . ~ ) out s ide T-i(!ad V:ri,gIltson's L\-orks at 'I'hurrlaby.

Many I n t e 1 9 t h c t :n t r~ ry p h a t o ~ ~ r a p h s oC p i t - h e a d s i n the G r e a t T o r t h e r n coaliielcl sIlolx: l o n g l i n c s oi these wagons , ancl th is i s why thc K c ~ i o r l a l Cper: Ai r h luseuni I-tceds t o p r e s e r v e nl l e a s t a b o u t t h i r t y . Noth ing wi i l help lo g i v e t ha t n o r t h e r n ' f l a v m ~ r ' 1,eClcr than these wag u n s stacdirly a t t h e hlnseum pit-head.

Hunting the Waddle D r i d e ~ t h r s l lcx; tdl i [~~ l y e have aq3earcd ill ' T l i c Time&' (7 A p r i l 1967), w!~ose r ~ a c l r r s ~ c t , ~ - c rolrl: . . . . . "ln t h c 1890 ' s t h e y w e r e all. the vogue

f o r venti lat i l ig c . u l l i e ~ - i e s a n d now t h r Industrial Arcl laeo logy G r o u p f u r t11c N o ~ t h Easl wanls lo unea r th s p r c i r n ~ n s Lhal: may s t i l l be lyine, s r o u n d , , s t h r h a p s al t h e bottom oi s o m e o n e ' s gardrn.. . . . "

C l e a r l y ' Tlir T1rnr.c ha.: n e v e r s e e r a wacldle w h e e l , f o r a 30ft. r r ~ o n r t e r xxmoulcl not b r c a s i l y o v r ~ - l o o l < e d , a t ally ] - a te I n o u r g a r d e n .

P i t \ c r t l - reFess one han t u r n r d up: of a rnc=rr 121t. d iameler , in a C l r x ~ e l a n d i r o n s t o n e minc and we a r e a w a i t i n g m o r e detailed ~ n f u r m a t j o n f rom M r . K . Chapman of Brotton.

Famous North Easterners

Latc. !.xst year t h e I V a shi.i;g: on Dv~-r:lopnlent C o r p o r a t i o ~ ~ tl~oug!lt it t n ~ ~ l l t l > ( . ;I g o o d i d e a to dr;c\~; I.]? a l i s t nnr-nes O F p v r i n ~ i r ~ c n t Nor th E a s t scie:ltiet.: and i : i r l~i . i t : iaI i+t; , XI-ilh 3 v j cw t n s c l cc t i ng l rom t h c s c , i n u r i l c i - i r i E;trne inr !~ is t - -131 bites w i t h i n t h c t o w r ~ Her-t: i s a II:,~ 01 l b \Y! I~L t i p r o d u ; !,tl A:> , ! s::mpl(-. :.::1!1 :lr:v of o u r m e m b e r s s ~ l g g e s t othcrs "

F A

T,or-cl i \ R h ? 5 TRONC K>csigncd ! i ~ v l r a ~ i l i c clii,:inc s e t c

i V i l l ~ ; ~ r n EI;IERSQ!.!

'.l;:l l ~ c n ~ x t i c i a n r.>t the 1Ytl1 c e n t c r y . i,ivpcl at F u r w o r t h n e a r I r t W r o t r 'Pr i? :c ip lcs of > . \ ; l r : r h a ~ i r . 5 ' ( 1 755).

Thornas HEDLEY In 1837 starter1 s o a p - r n a k ~ n g in New%.astle. (tlis f ~ r m is no&

Proctcr a t ~ d C i a r n b l ~ )

5is Chs r l e s PARSONS Invented the stearri turhlnc. ( l Turbinia ' 1 s presc r v e d a t ~ e w c a s t l e ) .

I lugh Lcc PATTINSON In 1833 patented p r o c e s s [or extrac t ing silver frc>m lead. Ln 1841

patentecl method oi m a k i n g rn2Pr.e sla f rom dolarnitc. I-lelprd l0

s ta r l thc W a s h i n g t o n C h e m l c x h W o r k s .

Th(~mn.; S 0 P W I " T H L v a d m i n e aqcn t i n t hc ~ a r ? y 17th c e n t u r y i n W c a r r l a l r a n d TccsdxLe. Ri. spnn sil3l c Tor rrtan y rninir-IF: J r . ; ~ e l o n r n r n t ~ .

Georee STEPHENSPY R o : ~ c ~ l S'FFl-'F1ENSOnT

Kt r r l J say rnflrr 7i

J o.;~:l:l. W,? i,iiEl-!. 1 , $ 5 . - - t : I : l 1 . L 7 . Hail ;,?~1:111 :?harniac c ~ r t i c 31

'jltr,rr ;+,i ?;"':l<f".,i -"l., - 7 ' . ~ 5 .

P1 d r r. r i a s s i l i c a t l o n Ob jec t

Bedale Tr,:n:.por-t: ,;.nal i a n a l basin

B u e s i c ~ k I r o n r n l r . i i a q nea t . r rcd m i n e

E r i g n a l l

Cattc r i c k R r i d g e

Cronk ley Sn ar

Power: w a l e r C o r n mi l l

T r a n s p o r t : r oac! E ri dg e

M ~ n e r a l s P e n c i l m i l l

Tt-ansport: ra11 Viadui t

P o w c r : w a t e r Corn nm1I

M i n e r a l s : l i m e k i l c s Railway lime kiIns

130wrr: watrr Con1 m i l l

East Laytor1

Eggjes tone A b b r y

Fo rc r t ? Minerals : l ime L i n ~ e s t n n e q u a r r i e s k i lns .

G f l l i n g t V c s t R g r i ~ u l t u r c : t h r c > I ~ r n g Chimneys

G r e a t hytr>i-.

G s e t a n r i d g ~

1-7 -lo l w I r

Ingleby GreenIlow

l<i~-lhy I1111

L e e ~ n i n g

I - , ~ , F millE D a r

T r a n s p o r t : r oac! Y r i d g e

T I - a n s l ~ a r t : ruac! G r l d g r .

P u w e r : wat r - r Corn mill +

h f i n c r a l s : I ~ m e Litnc Iclln .;

T r a n s p o r t : w-.i?t(: r :;anal l ~ c k

. - : ood p ~ - u ~ . . ~ ~ t ; r j : i g 9 r r . w ~ r v 7 ,- - - . , , . , c > . l - ; " , - - . . l , , , ' r I r

h l ~ c l ~ l e l u a

h l iddl r . shrough

M i d d l e t o n T yas

Tran'Gport: r o a d Br idge

M i n e r a l s : copper Copper pits

N e w S h a m

Newlol l M o r r c l l

K e d c a s

H o s e d a l e

Power: watr r C o r n mill

A ~ r i c u l t i l l - e : t h r e s h i n g C!lirnney

Tritnsport: w a l e r sea Breakwater

I r o n m i n ~ n g F l ~ r n a c e s k hous ing